ASTM D5679-95a

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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Designation: D 5679 – 95a
Standard Practice for
Sampling Consolidated Solids in Drums or Similar
Containers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5679; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.3 Government Documents:
Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites,EPA/
1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods for
600/2-86/013, January 1986
collecting samples of consolidated solids in drums or similar
Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for
containers. These methods are adapted specifically for sam-
Hazardous Waste Site Activities, National Institute for
pling drums having a volume of 110 U.S. gal (416 L) or less.
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Occupational
These methods are applicable to hazardous material, product,
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Coast
or waste. Specific sample collection and handling requirements
Guard (USCG), and U.S. Environmental Protection
should be described in the site-specific work plan.
Agency (EPA), October 1985
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
3. Terminology
information only.
3.1 Definitions:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1 bonding—touching the sampling equipment to the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
drum to form an electrically conductive path to minimize
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
potential electrical differences between the sampling equip-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ment and the drum, reducing the buildup of static electricity.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.2 bung—usually a 2-in. (5.1-cm) or ⁄4-in. (1.3-cm)
2. Referenced Documents diameter threaded plug designed specifically to close a bung
hole.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.3 bung hole—an opening in a barrel or drum through
C 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to
which it can be filled, emptied, or vented.
Testing Size
3.1.4 consolidated—the characteristic of being cemented or
C 783 Practice for Core Sampling of Graphite Electrodes
compacted, or both, and not separated easily into smaller
D 4547 Practice for Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile
particles.
Organics
3.1.5 deheading—removal of the lid of a closed-head drum;
D 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
usually accomplished with a drum deheader.
D 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
3.1.6 drum—implies any drum, barrel, or non-bulk con-
D 5088 Practice for the Decontamination of Field Equip-
tainer of 5 to 110 U.S. gal (19 to 416 L) capacity.
ment Used at Non-Radioactive Waste Sites
3.1.7 pail—a small container, usually with a capacity of 5
D 5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data
U.S. gal (19 L). Pails typically have bungs or spouts, or the
Related to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assur-
entire lid can be removed.
ance and Quality Control Planning
3.1.8 paperwork—all required site documentation, which
2.2 NSC Document:
may include the manifests, waste profiles, material safety data
Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations,
6 sheets (MSDS), site forms, sample labels, custody seals, and
chain of custody forms.
3.1.9 work plan—a plan, specific to a particular site, for
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-34 on Waste
conducting activities specified in the plan.
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01 on Sampling
and Monitoring.
Current edition approved June 15, 1995. Published August 1995. Originally 4. Summary of Practice
published as D 5679 – 95. Last previous edition D 5679 – 95.
2 4.1 The drum and its contents are inspected, and appropriate
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
sampling equipment is selected. A clean device is then used to
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.04.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
Available from National Safety Council, P.O. Box 558, Itasca, IL 60143-0558.
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 5679
auger, chisel, chip, or core into the consolidated solid material protected from contamination. This may include, but not be
to be sampled. The sample is collected and placed in a sample limited to, storage in aluminum foil, plastic bags, polytetrafluo-
container. The sampling device is then cleaned and decontami- roethylene (PTFE) film, or other means of protection that will
nated or disposed of. not impact the sample quality or intended analysis.
7.2 Basic Pre-Sampling Practices:
5. Significance and Use
7.2.1 Review all paperwork.
5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples of
7.2.2 Select the sampling equipment and sample containers
consolidated or compacted materials from drums or similar
appropriate for the material in the drum, as detailed in the work
containers, including those that are unstable, ruptured, or
plan.
compromised otherwise. Special handling procedures (for
7.2.3 Enter the work zone.
example, remote drum opening, overpressurized drum open-
7.2.4 Inspect all drums to be sampled visually. Note any
ing, drum deheading, etc.) are described in Drum Handling
abnormal conditions, including rust marks, stains, bulges, or
Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites.
other signs of pressurization or leaks that may require special
handling. The work plan should define clearly the limiting
6. Interferences
conditions under which special handling procedures shall be
6.1 The condition of the materials to be sampled and the
initiated. See Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste
condition and accessibility of the drums will have a significant
Sites for information on opening overpressurized drums and
impact on the selection of sampling equipment.
the use of remotely operated drum opening equipment.
7.2.5 Stage the drums to be sampled in a designated work
7. Pre-Sampling
area if they cannot be sampled in their current location. See
7.1 General Principles and Precautions:
Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites for further
7.1.1 Samples should be collected in accordance with an
information on staging drums.
appropriate work plan (Practice D 5283 and Guide D 4687).
7.2.5.1 Move the drums to upright stable positions if nec-
This plan must include a worker health and safety section
essary. Sufficient space shall be left between drums to prevent
because there are potential hazards associated with opening
movement hazards.
drums as well as potentially hazardous contents. See Occupa-
7.2.5.2 Number or identify uniquely all drums to be
tional Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous
sampled.
Waste Site Activities for information on health and safety at
7.2.6 Perform a detailed inspection of individual drums.
hazardous waste sites.
7.2.6.1 Record all relevant information from the drum
7.1.2 Correct sampling procedures must be applied to the
labels, markings, data sheets, etc. in the field log book or on
conditions as they are encountered. It is impossible to specify
forms specified in the work plan.
rigid rules describing the exact manner of sample collection
7.2.6.2 Make sure there are no discrepancies with existing
because of unknowns associated with each solid sampling
paperwork.
situation. It is essential that the samples be collected by a
7.2.7 Slowly loosen the ring that secures the lid or loosen
trained and experienced sampler because the various condi-
the bung, allowing any pressure or vacuum to equalize.
tions under which drummed solids must be sampled.
7.2.7.1 Precautionary Notes:
7.1.3 To be able to make probability or confidence state-
(1) If the drum or pail appears to be under positive or
ments concerning the properties of a sampled lot, the sampling
negative pressure (that is, a slight lid bulge or dimple), control
procedure must allow for some element of randomness in
the release of pressure until it has equalized. For example, if
selection because of the possible variations in the material. The
the drum or pail is equipped with bungs, loosen the smaller
sampler should always be on the alert for possible biases
bung first since doing so will make it easier to control the
arising from the use of a particular sampling device or from
release of pressure.
unexpected segregation within the material.
(2) If the tope of the drum is dished inward (dimpled), it may
7.1.4 All augering, chipping, or flaking sampling methods
“pop” when equalizing pressure, spraying the sampler with any
may fail a prime sampling requirement: that of random
material that is sitting on top of the drum.
selection of sample fractions. Particles on the bottom or along
(3) If there is evidence of a chemical reaction or sudden
the sides of the drum may consequently never have an
pressure buildup, the sampler should leave the area immedi-
opportunity to be included in a sample. Sample particles should
ately and evaluate whether remote drum opening equipment
be selected by techniques that will minimize variation in
should be used.
measured characteristics between the available fractions and
(4) For flammable or explosive materials, the drum and
the resulting sample (Practice C 702).
7.1.5 The sampling equipment, sample preparation equip- sampling equipment should be grounded if the generation of
ment, sample containers, etc. must be clean, dry, and inert to static electricity while opening or sampling the drum is a
the material being sampled. All equipment, including sample possibility. The drum and sampling equipment should be
containers, must be inspected before use to ensure that they are grounded to a ground stake or to an existing ground (building
clear of obvious dirt and contamination and in good working ground, grounded water pipes, etc.). New sampling equipment
condition. Visible contamination must be removed, and the may have some residual static electrical charge due to the
equipment must be decontaminated with the appropriate rinse materials in which they are packed and shipped. The work plan
materials. Decontaminated sampling equipment should be should specify whether grounding is necessary. See Accident
D 5679
Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations for information 7.3.3.17 Portable monitoring equipment (combustible gas
on grounding and bonding. indicator, organic vapor detector, radiation survey meter, etc.).
7.2.7.2 Drums should be opened, sampled, and closed 7.3.4 Equipment needed to open drums should be non-
individually to minimize the risk of exposure. sparking (brass or beryllium copper) and include, but not be
7.2.7.3 Drums (or Pails) with Bungs—Loosen the large limited to, the following:
bung slowly. Use non-sparking tools. 7.3.4.1 Bung wrenches (one straight and one bent),
7.2.7.4 Drums with Removable Lids—Loosen the ring 7.3.4.2 Flathead screwdriver,
slowly with a manual wrench or air impact wrench. Use 7.3.4.3 Breaker bar ( ⁄2 in. (1.3 cm)),
non-sparking tools. 7.3.4.4 Ratchet ( ⁄2 in. (1.3 cm)),
7.2.7.5 Pails with Removable Lids (Side-Lever Lock 7.3.4.5 Speed handle ( ⁄2 in. (1.3 cm)),
Ring)—Release the lever slowly. 7.3.4.6 Adjustable wrenches (10 and 12 in. (25 and 30 cm)).
7.2.7.6 Pails with Removable Lids (Snap-On)—Pry the lid 7.3.4.7 Air impact wrench and sockets, and
loose slowly with a pail lid opener. 7.3.4.8 Pail lid opener.
7.2.8 Manual or remote puncturing or deheading will be
8. Sample Collection
required if the drum (or pail) has a stuck bung or the lid cannot
8.1 Basic Sampling Practices:
be removed. See Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous
8.1.1 Bond the sampling equipment to the drum, if specified
Waste Sites for further information on manual or remote drum
in the work plan.
opening.
8.1.2 Note the physical characteristics, including any dis-
7.2.9 Any discrepancy discovered (such as evidence of free
crepancies (such as free liquid).
liquid) upon opening the drum should be recorded in the field
8.1.3 Collect the required number of samples from the
log book.
drum.
7.3 Sampling Equipment—Selection:
8.1.3.1 See Practice D 4547 for the collection of samples for
7.3.1 Table 1 summarizes selection criteria for equipment
volatile analysis.
by the material to be sampled.
8.1.4 Place the collected material in a sample container.
7.3.2 Sampling Equipment, Materials of Construction—
8.1.5 Close the sample container.
Sampling devices will usually be made of stainless steel, brass,
8.1.6 Wipe the outside of the sample container. Dispose of
aluminum, or plastic. Devices using permanent coatings or
the wipe cloth properly.
liners (such as PTFE) may be subject to abrasion, leading to
8.1.7 Record in the field log book all relevant conditions
contamination of the sample.
associated with the collection of each sample.
7.3.3 Generic Equipment List—A general list of equipment
8.1.8 Fill out all required paperwork for each sample, as
used for sampling consolidated solids follows:
required by the work plan.
7.3.3.1 Scoop.
8.1.9 Complete and attach the label to the side of the sample
7.3.3.2 Rotating corer.
container before or after sampling, as directed by the work
7.3.3.3 Thin-wall tube sampler.
plan. The sample label should include the following:
7.3.3.4 Chipper.
(1) Sample ID number,
7.3.3.5 Hammer and chisel.
(2) Name of sampler,
7.3.3.6 Auger.
(3) Sampler’s initials or signature,
7.3.3.7 Pry bars.
(4) Date and time of sampling, and
7.3.3.8 Wipes or cloths, or both.
(5) Sampling location.
7.3.3.9 Spatula.
8.1.9.1 The sample label can also include the following:
7.3.3.10 Sample containers, lids, and liners.
(1) Sampling information (for example, grab, composite,
7.3.3.11 Sample labels.
etc.),
7.3.3.12 Chain of custody forms.
(2) Preservative and preservation required,
7.3.3.13 Field log books.
(3) Special instructions, and
7.3.3.14 Sample cooler.
(4) Analysis request.
7.3.3.15 Ice or gel ice.
8.2 Sampling Using a Rotating Corer—The rotating corer
7.3.3.16 Grounding cables with alligator clips and emery
can be as simple as a cylinder attached to an electric drill with
cloth.
the crown modified for cutting (see Fig. 1 and Practice C 783)
or as complex as a double metal tube fitted onto a diamond-
TABLE 1 Selection Criteria for Equipment
impregnated coring bit, mounted on a portable stand. The
ASTM Visually
Equipment Heterogeneous
double meta
...