ASTM D5679-95a(2001)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D5679–95a (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Practice for
Sampling Consolidated Solids in Drums or Similar
Containers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5679; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations,
1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods for
2.3 Government Documents:
collecting samples of consolidated solids in drums or similar
Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites,EPA/
containers. These methods are adapted specifically for sam-
600/2-86/013, January 1986
pling drums having a volume of 110 U.S. gal (416 L) or less.
Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for
These methods are applicable to hazardous material, product,
Hazardous Waste Site Activities, National Institute for
or waste. Specific sample collection and handling requirements
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Occupational
should be described in the site-specific work plan.
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Coast
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Guard (USCG), and U.S. Environmental Protection
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
Agency (EPA), October 1985
information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1 bonding—touching the sampling equipment to the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
drum to form an electrically conductive path to minimize
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
potential electrical differences between the sampling equip-
2. Referenced Documents ment and the drum, reducing the buildup of static electricity.
3.1.2 bung—usually a 2-in. (5.1-cm) or ⁄4-in. (1.3-cm)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
diameter threaded plug designed specifically to close a bung
C 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to
hole.
Testing Size
3.1.3 bung hole—an opening in a barrel or drum through
C 783 Practice for Core Sampling of Graphite Electrodes
which it can be filled, emptied, or vented.
D 4547 Practice for Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile
3.1.4 consolidated—the characteristic of being cemented or
Organics
compacted, or both, and not separated easily into smaller
D 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
particles.
D 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
3.1.5 deheading—removal of the lid of a closed-head drum;
D 5088 Practice for the Decontamination of Field Equip-
usually accomplished with a drum deheader.
ment Used at Non-Radioactive Waste Sites
3.1.6 drum—implies any drum, barrel, or non-bulk con-
D 5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data
tainer of 5 to 110 U.S. gal (19 to 416 L) capacity.
Related to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assur-
3.1.7 pail—a small container, usually with a capacity of 5
ance and Quality Control Planning
U.S. gal (19 L). Pails typically have bungs or spouts, or the
2.2 NSC Document:
entire lid can be removed.
3.1.8 paperwork—all required site documentation, which
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
may include the manifests, waste profiles, material safety data
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 on
sheets (MSDS), site forms, sample labels, custody seals, and
Sampling Techniques.
chain of custody forms.
Current edition approved June 15, 1995. Published August 1995. Originally
published as D 5679 – 95. Last previous edition D 5679 – 95.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from National Safety Council, P.O. Box 558, Itasca, IL 60143-0558.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
the ASTM website. Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5679–95a (2001)
3.1.9 work plan—a plan, specific to a particular site, for the material being sampled. All equipment, including sample
conducting activities specified in the plan. containers, must be inspected before use to ensure that they are
clear of obvious dirt and contamination and in good working
4. Summary of Practice
condition. Visible contamination must be removed, and the
4.1 Thedrumanditscontentsareinspected,andappropriate equipment must be decontaminated with the appropriate rinse
sampling equipment is selected.Aclean device is then used to
materials. Decontaminated sampling equipment should be
auger, chisel, chip, or core into the consolidated solid material protected from contamination. This may include, but not be
to be sampled. The sample is collected and placed in a sample
limitedto,storageinaluminumfoil,plasticbags,polytetrafluo-
container. The sampling device is then cleaned and decontami- roethylene (PTFE) film, or other means of protection that will
nated or disposed of.
not impact the sample quality or intended analysis.
7.2 Basic Pre-Sampling Practices:
5. Significance and Use
7.2.1 Review all paperwork.
5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples of
7.2.2 Select the sampling equipment and sample containers
consolidated or compacted materials from drums or similar
appropriateforthematerialinthedrum,asdetailedinthework
containers, including those that are unstable, ruptured, or
plan.
compromised otherwise. Special handling procedures (for
7.2.3 Enter the work zone.
example, remote drum opening, overpressurized drum open-
7.2.4 Inspect all drums to be sampled visually. Note any
ing, drum deheading, etc.) are described in Drum Handling
abnormal conditions, including rust marks, stains, bulges, or
Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites.
other signs of pressurization or leaks that may require special
handling. The work plan should define clearly the limiting
6. Interferences
conditions under which special handling procedures shall be
6.1 The condition of the materials to be sampled and the
initiated. See Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste
condition and accessibility of the drums will have a significant
Sites for information on opening overpressurized drums and
impact on the selection of sampling equipment.
the use of remotely operated drum opening equipment.
7.2.5 Stage the drums to be sampled in a designated work
7. Pre-Sampling
area if they cannot be sampled in their current location. See
7.1 General Principles and Precautions:
Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites for further
7.1.1 Samples should be collected in accordance with an
information on staging drums.
appropriate work plan (Practice D 5283 and Guide D 4687).
7.2.5.1 Move the drums to upright stable positions if nec-
This plan must include a worker health and safety section
essary. Sufficient space shall be left between drums to prevent
because there are potential hazards associated with opening
movement hazards.
drums as well as potentially hazardous contents. See Occupa-
7.2.5.2 Number or identify uniquely all drums to be
tional Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous
sampled.
Waste Site Activities for information on health and safety at
7.2.6 Perform a detailed inspection of individual drums.
hazardous waste sites.
7.2.6.1 Record all relevant information from the drum
7.1.2 Correct sampling procedures must be applied to the
labels, markings, data sheets, etc. in the field log book or on
conditions as they are encountered. It is impossible to specify
forms specified in the work plan.
rigid rules describing the exact manner of sample collection
7.2.6.2 Make sure there are no discrepancies with existing
because of unknowns associated with each solid sampling
paperwork.
situation. It is essential that the samples be collected by a
7.2.7 Slowly loosen the ring that secures the lid or loosen
trained and experienced sampler because the various condi-
the bung, allowing any pressure or vacuum to equalize.
tions under which drummed solids must be sampled.
7.2.7.1 Precautionary Notes:
7.1.3 To be able to make probability or confidence state-
(1) If the drum or pail appears to be under positive or
ments concerning the properties of a sampled lot, the sampling
negative pressure (that is, a slight lid bulge or dimple), control
procedure must allow for some element of randomness in
the release of pressure until it has equalized. For example, if
selection because of the possible variations in the material.The
the drum or pail is equipped with bungs, loosen the smaller
sampler should always be on the alert for possible biases
bung first since doing so will make it easier to control the
arising from the use of a particular sampling device or from
release of pressure.
unexpected segregation within the material.
(2) If the tope of the drum is dished inward (dimpled), it
7.1.4 All augering, chipping, or flaking sampling methods
may “pop” when equalizing pressure, spraying the sampler
may fail a prime sampling requirement: that of random
with any material that is sitting on top of the drum.
selection of sample fractions. Particles on the bottom or along
the sides of the drum may consequently never have an (3) If there is evidence of a chemical reaction or sudden
pressure buildup, the sampler should leave the area immedi-
opportunitytobeincludedinasample.Sampleparticlesshould
be selected by techniques that will minimize variation in ately and evaluate whether remote drum opening equipment
should be used.
measured characteristics between the available fractions and
the resulting sample (Practice C 702). (4) For flammable or explosive materials, the drum and
7.1.5 The sampling equipment, sample preparation equip- sampling equipment should be grounded if the generation of
ment, sample containers, etc. must be clean, dry, and inert to static electricity while opening or sampling the drum is a
D5679–95a (2001)
possibility. The drum and sampling equipment should be 7.3.3.12 Chain of custody forms.
grounded to a ground stake or to an existing ground (building 7.3.3.13 Field log books.
ground, grounded water pipes, etc.). New sampling equipment 7.3.3.14 Sample cooler.
may have some residual static electrical charge due to the 7.3.3.15 Ice or gel ice.
materials in which they are packed and shipped.The work plan
7.3.3.16 Grounding cables with alligator clips and emery
should specify whether grounding is necessary. See Accident cloth.
Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations for information
7.3.3.17 Portable monitoring equipment (combustible gas
on grounding and bonding. indicator, organic vapor detector, radiation survey meter, etc.).
7.2.7.2 Drums should be opened, sampled, and closed
7.3.4 Equipment needed to open drums should be non-
individually to minimize the risk of exposure. sparking (brass or beryllium copper) and include, but not be
7.2.7.3 Drums (or Pails) with Bungs—Loosen the large
limited to, the following:
bung slowly. Use non-sparking tools. 7.3.4.1 Bung wrenches (one straight and one bent),
7.2.7.4 Drums with Removable Lids—Loosen the ring
7.3.4.2 Flathead screwdriver,
slowly with a manual wrench or air impact wrench. Use 7.3.4.3 Breaker bar ( ⁄2 in. (1.3 cm)),
non-sparking tools.
7.3.4.4 Ratchet ( ⁄2 in. (1.3 cm)),
7.2.7.5 Pails with Removable Lids (Side-Lever Lock
7.3.4.5 Speed handle ( ⁄2 in. (1.3 cm)),
Ring)—Release the lever slowly.
7.3.4.6 Adjustable wrenches (10 and 12 in. (25 and 30 cm)).
7.2.7.6 Pails with Removable Lids (Snap-On)—Pry the lid
7.3.4.7 Air impact wrench and sockets, and
loose slowly with a pail lid opener.
7.3.4.8 Pail lid opener.
7.2.8 Manual or remote puncturing or deheading will be
required if the drum (or pail) has a stuck bung or the lid cannot
8. Sample Collection
be removed. See Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous
8.1 Basic Sampling Practices:
Waste Sites for further information on manual or remote drum
8.1.1 Bond the sampling equipment to the drum, if specified
opening.
in the work plan.
7.2.9 Any discrepancy discovered (such as evidence of free
8.1.2 Note the physical characteristics, including any dis-
liquid) upon opening the drum should be recorded in the field
crepancies (such as free liquid).
log book.
8.1.3 Collect the required number of samples from the
7.3 Sampling Equipment—Selection:
drum.
7.3.1 Table 1 summarizes selection criteria for equipment
8.1.3.1 SeePracticeD 4547forthecollectionofsamplesfor
by the material to be sampled.
volatile analysis.
7.3.2 Sampling Equipment, Materials of Construction—
8.1.4 Place the collected material in a sample container.
Sampling devices will usually be made of stainless steel, brass,
8.1.5 Close the sample container.
aluminum, or plastic. Devices using permanent coatings or
8.1.6 Wipe the outside of the sample container. Dispose of
liners (such as PTFE) may be subject to abrasion, leading to
the wipe cloth properly.
contamination of the sample.
8.1.7 Record in the field log book all relevant conditions
7.3.3 Generic Equipment List—A general list of equipment
associated with the collection of each sample.
used for sampling consolidated solids follows:
8.1.8 Fill out all required paperwork for each sample, as
7.3.3.1 Scoop.
required by the work plan.
7.3.3.2 Rotating corer.
8.1.9 Complete and attach the label to the side of the sample
7.3.3.3 Thin-wall tube sampler.
container before or after sampling, as directed by the work
7.3.3.4 Chipper.
plan. The sample label should include the following:
7.3.3.5 Hammer and chisel.
(1) Sample ID number,
7.3.3.6 Auger.
(2) Name of sampler,
7.3.3.7 Pry bars.
(3) Sampler’s initials or signature,
7.3.3.8 Wipes or cloths, or both.
(4) Date and time of sampling, and
7.3.3.9 Spatula.
(5) Sampling location.
7.3.3.10 Sample containers, lids, and liners.
8.1.9.1 The sample label can also include the following:
7.3.3.11 Sample labels.
(1) Sampling information (for example, grab, composite,
etc.),
TABLE 1 Selection Criteria for Equipment
(2) Preservative and preservation required,
ASTM Visually
Equipment Heterogeneous (3) Special instructions, and
Standard Homogeneous
(4) Analysis request.
A
Auger D 4700 X X
8.2 Sampling Using a Rotating Corer—The rotating corer
Chipper, hammer, and chisel . X X
Rotating corer C 783 XX
can be as simple as a cylinder attached to an electric drill with
B C
Thin-walled tube D 4
...