ASTM C866-11(2022)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Filtration Rate of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
Standard Test Method for Filtration Rate of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
ABSTRACT
This standard test method covers the rate determination of clay-water paste layer formation from a clay-water slip under pressure filtration. Filter pressing of clay shall be in accordance to the procedure indicated in this specification. Calculation of filtration rate and void fraction shall depend on thickness of wet filter cake and filtration time. Void fraction in the filter cake shall depend on filter cake weight, filter press cross-sectional area, and wet filter cake thickness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the rate at which a layer of clay-water paste is formed from a clay-water slip under pressure filtration. The filtration rate is directly related to such whiteware operations as filter pressing, slip casting, and drying of ware in which water permeability through a clay-water paste is the controlling mechanism.
1.2 A straight-line relationship exists between the time of filter pressing and the square of the thickness of the paste layer. The filtration rate is directly related to the filter press pressure and the void fraction of the paste layer, and is inversely related to the square of the clay surface area, the ratio of solids to liquid in the slip, and the viscosity of water at the testing temperature.
1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 31-Jan-2022
- Technical Committee
- C21 - Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
- Drafting Committee
- C21.04 - Raw Materials
Relations
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2007
- Effective Date
- 10-Oct-2001
- Effective Date
- 25-Jun-1982
Overview
ASTM C866-11(2022), Standard Test Method for Filtration Rate of Ceramic Whiteware Clays, establishes a reliable procedure for determining the filtration rate of a clay-water paste layer formed under pressure filtration from a clay-water slip. This test method is vital for evaluating process parameters in ceramic whiteware manufacturing, particularly where water permeability through clay slurries influences efficiency and product quality. The standard provides a systematic approach to measuring both the filtration rate and void fraction in filter cakes, ensuring consistency and reproducibility in laboratory and production environments.
Key Topics
- Filtration Rate Measurement: The standard covers methods for measuring how quickly water passes through a clay-water paste under controlled pressure, directly impacting slip casting, filter pressing, and drying processes.
- Void Fraction Calculation: Guidance is provided for determining the void fraction of the filter cake, which depends on the cake’s weight, cross-sectional area, and wet thickness.
- Test Apparatus and Procedure: Details on precise tools such as sensitive balances, blenders, filter presses with specific pressure capability, stopwatches, and vernier calipers ensure practical and accurate execution.
- Reproducibility: Following ASTM C866 supports highly reproducible results among laboratories, with a typical precision of ±2% at a 95% confidence level.
- Impact of Variables: Results are influenced by factors including filter press pressure, void fraction, solids-to-liquid ratio, clay particle surface area, and water viscosity.
Applications
The ASTM C866-11(2022) standard is broadly applied throughout the ceramic industry and related fields. Key applications include:
- Whiteware Production: Essential for optimizing filter press cycles, slip casting operations, and ware drying processes, where controlling water removal increases manufacturing efficiency and quality.
- Raw Material Evaluation: Supports labs and production facilities in qualifying and comparing ceramic whiteware clays based on filtration characteristics, contributing to raw material selection and quality assurance.
- Process Optimization: Enables ceramics manufacturers to fine-tune process conditions such as pressure, mixing ratios, and equipment settings for maximum throughput and minimized waste.
- Research and Development: Facilitates the development of new ceramic materials and formulations by providing standardized test data on clay-water system filtrations.
Related Standards
Organizations and professionals frequently utilize ASTM C866-11(2022) in conjunction with other ceramic material standards to achieve integrated quality control and product development. Related standards include:
- ASTM C324 - Test Method for Free Moisture in Ceramic Whiteware Clays: Used to precondition sample clays for filtration testing and to ensure accurate water-to-clay ratios.
- ASTM C21 - Standard Terminology Relating to Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products: Provides the terminology framework for clear communication.
- Other ASTM Raw Material and Process Standards - Complement the filtration rate determination for a holistic approach to ceramic material evaluation.
Practical Value
Implementing ASTM C866-11(2022) allows laboratories and manufacturers to:
- Ensure Consistency in Production: By standardizing how filtration rate and void fraction are measured, ceramic producers can maintain high-quality, reproducible products.
- Enhance Efficiency: Rapid and reliable testing aids in troubleshooting production issues, reducing downtime, and improving batch-to-batch consistency.
- Meet International Requirements: This standard aligns with WTO TBT Committee principles on international standards, supporting global trade and regulatory compliance.
- Support Product Innovation: Reliable test data enables the development and validation of new clay formulas and ceramic processing technologies.
By employing ASTM C866-11(2022), the ceramics industry ensures robust control over key process parameters, leading to superior product performance and optimized manufacturing workflows.
Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM C866-11(2022) is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Test Method for Filtration Rate of Ceramic Whiteware Clays". This standard covers: ABSTRACT This standard test method covers the rate determination of clay-water paste layer formation from a clay-water slip under pressure filtration. Filter pressing of clay shall be in accordance to the procedure indicated in this specification. Calculation of filtration rate and void fraction shall depend on thickness of wet filter cake and filtration time. Void fraction in the filter cake shall depend on filter cake weight, filter press cross-sectional area, and wet filter cake thickness. SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the rate at which a layer of clay-water paste is formed from a clay-water slip under pressure filtration. The filtration rate is directly related to such whiteware operations as filter pressing, slip casting, and drying of ware in which water permeability through a clay-water paste is the controlling mechanism. 1.2 A straight-line relationship exists between the time of filter pressing and the square of the thickness of the paste layer. The filtration rate is directly related to the filter press pressure and the void fraction of the paste layer, and is inversely related to the square of the clay surface area, the ratio of solids to liquid in the slip, and the viscosity of water at the testing temperature. 1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ABSTRACT This standard test method covers the rate determination of clay-water paste layer formation from a clay-water slip under pressure filtration. Filter pressing of clay shall be in accordance to the procedure indicated in this specification. Calculation of filtration rate and void fraction shall depend on thickness of wet filter cake and filtration time. Void fraction in the filter cake shall depend on filter cake weight, filter press cross-sectional area, and wet filter cake thickness. SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the rate at which a layer of clay-water paste is formed from a clay-water slip under pressure filtration. The filtration rate is directly related to such whiteware operations as filter pressing, slip casting, and drying of ware in which water permeability through a clay-water paste is the controlling mechanism. 1.2 A straight-line relationship exists between the time of filter pressing and the square of the thickness of the paste layer. The filtration rate is directly related to the filter press pressure and the void fraction of the paste layer, and is inversely related to the square of the clay surface area, the ratio of solids to liquid in the slip, and the viscosity of water at the testing temperature. 1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM C866-11(2022) is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 81.060.10 - Raw materials. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM C866-11(2022) has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM C324-01(2007), ASTM C324-01e1, ASTM C324-82(1999). Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM C866-11(2022) is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C866 − 11 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Method for
Filtration Rate of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C866; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Apparatus
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the rate at 3.1 Balance, 0.001-g sensitivity.
which a layer of clay-water paste is formed from a clay-water
3.2 Blender.
slip under pressure filtration. The filtration rate is directly
3.3 Filter Press, capable of operation at 345 kPa (50 psi).
related to such whiteware operations as filter pressing, slip
casting, and drying of ware in which water permeability
3.4 Stop Watch.
through a clay-water paste is the controlling mechanism.
3.5 Vernier Calipers, capable of measuring thickness to the
1.2 A straight-line relationship exists between the time of
nearest 0.1 mm.
filter pressing and the square of the thickness of the paste layer.
4. Procedure
The filtration rate is directly related to the filter press pressure
and the void fraction of the paste layer, and is inversely related
4.1 Weigh 100 g of clay, dried in accordance with Test
to the square of the clay surface area, the ratio of solids to
Method C324, to the nearest 0.1 g and mix with 300 mL of
liquid in the slip, and the viscosity of water at the testing
water measured to the nearest 1.0 mL for 10 min in a blender.
temperature.
4.2 Store the slip in a closed container for at least 24 h to
1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be
allow the clay and water to reach equilibrium conditions.
regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are
4.3 Remix the clay-water slurry for 5 min in the blender.
for information only.
4.4 Pour the clay-water slurry into the filter press and apply
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
345 kPa (50 psi) air pressure for 30 min.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 4.5 Relieve the pressure from the filter press and then pour
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- the clay-water slurry from the top of the filter cake that has
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. formed. A sharp movement of the wrist is required to remove
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
all of the remaining slip from the filter press.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4.6 Record the temperature of the filtrate.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4.7 Reapply air pressure to the filter press for 10 min to
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
force some of the water from the cake that has formed.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
NOTE 1—Some clays have a fast filtration rate and the air may pass
through the cake in less than 10 min. In this case, the air pressure should
be relieved as soon as the sound of air emitting from the press is detected.
2. Referenced Documents
4.8 Remove the filter cake from the press and measure the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
thickness to the nearest 0.1 mm with the vernier calipers.
C324 Test Method for Free Moisture in Ceramic Whiteware
Clays
...
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