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ASTM E2480-12

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method with Multi-Valued Measurands

Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method with Multi-Valued Measurands

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
ASTM regulations require precision statements for all test methods in terms of repeatability and reproducibility. This practice may be used in obtaining the information needed to prepare a precision statement in accordance with Practice E177 and the “Blue Book.”
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the techniques for planning, conducting, and analyzing the results of an interlaboratory study (ILS) conducted for certain test methods within Committee E12.
1.2 This practice does not concern itself with the development of the test method but rather with the gathering of the information needed for the precision and bias statement after the completion of development of the test method. The data obtained in the ILS may indicate, however, that further effort is needed to improve the test method.
1.3 This practice is concerned exclusively with test methods that derive a multi-valued measurand, such as, but not limited to, spectral reflectance, transmittance function, tristimulus values, or RGB values. Variation in measurements of such multi-valued measurands are usually analyzed by reducing the data to a single-valued parameter, such as color difference, ΔE.
1.4 This practice covers methods of dealing with the non-normal distribution of the variation of sets of color-differences. This is done so that the user may derive valid statistics from such non-normal distributions.
1.5 This practice does not cover test methods, even in Committee E12, whose measurands are single-valued, or whose variations are known to be normally distributed. Task groups involved with such test methods are referred to Practice E691 which contains preferable methods of analyzing data with those properties.
1.6 This practice is not intended to establish a method for estimating possible color-difference tolerances.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2012
ICS
19.020 - Test conditions and procedures in general
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.02 - Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2480-07 - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method with Multi-Valued Measurands
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM B1019-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Surface Oxides on Copper Rod<brk/>(for Electrical Purposes)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM E2539-14(2021) - Standard Test Method for Multiangle Color Measurement of Interference Pigments
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2480 − 12
Standard Practice for
Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the
1
Precision of a Test Method with Multi-Valued Measurands
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2480; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This practice describes the techniques for planning,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
conducting, and analyzing the results of an interlaboratory
study (ILS) conducted for certain test methods within Com-
2. Referenced Documents
mittee E12.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 This practice does not concern itself with the develop-
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ment of the test method but rather with the gathering of the
ASTM Test Methods
information needed for the precision and bias statement after
E284 Terminology of Appearance
the completion of development of the test method. The data
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
obtained in the ILS may indicate, however, that further effort is
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
needed to improve the test method.
E1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of
1.3 Thispracticeisconcernedexclusivelywithtestmethods
Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
that derive a multi-valued measurand, such as, but not limited
to, spectral reflectance, transmittance function, tristimulus
3. Terminology
values, or RGB values. Variation in measurements of such
3.1 Definitions—For color and appearance terms, see Ter-
multi-valued measurands are usually analyzed by reducing the
minology E284.
data to a single-valued parameter, such as color difference,∆E.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.4 This practice covers methods of dealing with the non-
3.2.1 precision and bias, n—when a test method is applied
normal distribution of the variation of sets of color-differences. to a large number of specimens that are as nearly alike as
This is done so that the user may derive valid statistics from possible, the test results obtained nevertheless will not all have
such non-normal distributions.
the same values.Ameasure of the degree of agreement among
these test results describes the precision of the test method for
1.5 This practice does not cover test methods, even in
that material. This practice is designed only to estimate the
Committee E12, whose measurands are single-valued, or
precision of a test method. However, when accepted reference
whose variations are known to be normally distributed. Task
values are known for the materials being tested, the test result
groups involved with such test methods are referred to Practice
data obtained in accordance with this practice may be used to
E691 which contains preferable methods of analyzing data
estimate the bias of the test method. For a discussion of bias
with those properties.
estimation, see Practice E177.
1.6 This practice is not intended to establish a method for
3.2.2 repeatability and reproducibility, n—the term repeat-
estimating possible color-difference tolerances.
abilityconcernsthevariabilitybetweenindependenttestresults
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
obtained within a single laboratory in the shortest practical
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
period of time by a single operator applying the test method
only.
with a specific set of test apparatus using test specimens taken
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the at random from a single quantity of homogeneous material
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the obtained, or prepared, for the ILS. The term reproducibility
concerns the variability between single test results obtained in
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on Spectro-
2
photometry and Colorimetry. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E2480 – 07. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E2480-12. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

-------
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E2480–07 Designation:E2480–12
Standard Practice for
Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the
1
Precision of a Test Method with Multi-Valued Measurands
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2480; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice describes the techniques for planning, conducting, and analyzing the results of an interlaboratory study (ILS)
conducted for certain test methods within Committee E12.
1.2 Thispracticedoesnotconcernitselfwiththedevelopmentofthetestmethodbutratherwiththegatheringoftheinformation
needed for the precision and bias statement after the completion of development of the test method. The data obtained in the ILS
may indicate, however, that further effort is needed to improve the test method.
1.3 This practice is concerned exclusively with test methods that derive a multi-valued measurand, such as, but not limited to,
spectral reflectance, transmittance function, tristimulus values, or RGB values. Variation in measurements of such multi-valued
measurands are usually analyzed by reducing the data to a single-valued parameter, such as color difference, DE.
1.4 This practice covers methods of dealing with the non-normal distribution of the variation of sets of color-differences. This
is done so that the user may derive valid statistics from such non-normal distributions.
1.5 Thispracticedoesnotcovertestmethods,eveninCommitteeE12,whosemeasurandsaresingle-valued,orwhosevariations
are known to be normally distributed. Task groups involved with such test methods are referred to Practice E691 which contains
preferable methods of analyzing data with those properties.
1.6 This practice is not intended to establish a method for estimating possible color-difference tolerances.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E284 Terminology of Appearance
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For color and appearance terms, see Terminology E284.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 precision and bias, n—when a test method is applied to a large number of specimens that are as nearly alike as possible,
the test results obtained nevertheless will not all have the same values. A measure of the degree of agreement among these test
results describes the precision of the test method for that material. This practice is designed only to estimate the precision of a test
method. However, when accepted reference values are known for the materials being tested, the test result data obtained in
accordance with this practice may be used to estimate the bias of the test method. For a discussion of bias estimation, see Practice
E177.
3.2.2 repeatability and reproducibility, n—the term repeatability concerns the variability between independent test results
obtained within a single laboratory in the shortest practical period of time by a single operator applying the test method with a
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.93 on Precision and Bias.
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. DOI: 10.1520/E2480-07.
Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E2480 - 07. DOI:
10.1520/E2480-12.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Ha
...

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5.1 ASTM regulations require precision statements for all test methods in terms of repeatability and reproducibility. This practice may be used in obtaining the information needed to prepare a precision statement in accordance with Practice E177 and the “Blue Book.”
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ASTM E691-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method

ABSTRACT
This practice describes the techniques for planning, conducting, analyzing, and treating the results of an interlaboratory study (ILS) of a test method. The statistical techniques described in this practice provide adequate information for formulating the precision statement of a test method. This practice is also concerned exclusively with test methods which yield a single numerical figure as the test result, although the single figure may be the outcome of a calculation from a set of measurements. ASTM regulations require precision statements in all test methods in terms of repeatability and reproducibility and knowledge of the test method precision is useful in commerce and in technical work when comparing test results against standard values or between data sources.
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4.1 ASTM regulations require precision statements in all test methods in terms of repeatability and reproducibility. This practice may be used in obtaining the needed information as simply as possible. This information may then be used to prepare a precision statement in accordance with Practice E177. Knowledge of the test method precision is useful in commerce and in technical work when comparing test results against standard values (such as specification limits) or between data sources (different laboratories, instruments, etc.).  
4.1.1 When a test method is applied to a large number of portions of a material that are as nearly alike as possible, the test results obtained will not all have the same value. A measure of the degree of agreement among these test results describes the precision of the test method for that material. Numerical measures of the variability between such test results provide inverse measures of the precision of the test method. Greater variability implies smaller (that is, poorer) precision and larger imprecision.  
4.1.2 Precision is reported as a standard deviation, coefficient of variation (relative standard deviation), variance, or a precision limit (a data range indicating no statistically significant difference between test results).  
4.1.3 This practice is designed only to estimate the precision of a test method. However, when accepted reference values are available for the property levels, the test result data obtained according to this practice may be used in estimating the bias of the test method. For a discussion of bias estimation and the relationships between precision, bias, and accuracy, see Practice E177.  
4.2 The procedures presented in this practice consist of three basic steps: planning the interlaboratory study, guiding the testing phase of the study, and analyzing the test result data.  
4.2.1 The planning phase includes forming the ILS task group, the study design, selection, and number of participating laborato...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the techniques for planning, conducting, analyzing, and treating the results of an interlaboratory study (ILS) of a test method. The statistical techniques described in this practice provide adequate information for formulating the precision statement of a test method.  
1.2 This practice does not concern itself with the development of test methods but rather with gathering the information needed for a test method precision statement after the development stage has been successfully completed. The data obtained in the interlaboratory study may indicate, however, that further effort is needed to improve the test method.  
1.3 Since the primary purpose of this practice is the development of the information needed for a precision statement, the experimental design in this practice may not be optimum for evaluating materials, apparatus, or individual laboratories.  
1.4 Field of Application—This practice is concerned exclusively with test methods which yield a single numerical figure as the test result, although the single figure may be the outcome of a calculation from a set of measurements.  
1.4.1 This practice ...

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ASTM
ASTM D6646-03(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of the Accelerated Hydrogen Sulfide Breakthrough Capacity of Granular and Pelletized Activated Carbon

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method compares the performance of granular or pelletized activated carbons used in odor control applications, such as sewage treatment plants, pump stations, etc. The method determines the relative breakthrough performance of activated carbon for removing hydrogen sulfide from a humidified gas stream. Other organic contaminants present in field operations may affect the H2S breakthrough capacity of the carbon; these are not addressed by this test. This test does not simulate actual conditions encountered in an odor control application, and is therefore meant only to compare the hydrogen sulfide breakthrough capacities of different carbons under the conditions of the laboratory test.  
5.2 This test does not duplicate conditions that an adsorber would encounter in practical service. The mass transfer zone in the 23 cm column used in this test is proportionally much larger than that in the typical bed used in industrial applications. This difference favors a carbon that functions more rapidly for removal of H2S over a carbon with slower kinetics. Also, the 1 % H2S challenge gas concentration used here engenders a significant temperature rise in the carbon bed. This effect may also differentiate between carbons in a way that is not reflected in the conditions of practical service.  
5.3 This standard as written is applicable only to granular and pelletized activated carbons with mean particle diameters less than 2.5 mm. Application of this standard to activated carbons with mean particle diameters (MPD) greater than 2.5 mm will require a larger diameter adsorption column. The ratio of column inside diameter to MPD should be greater than 10 in order to avoid wall effects. In these cases it is suggested that bed superficial velocity and contact time be held invariant at the conditions specified in this standard (4.77 cm/s and 4.8 s). Although not covered by this standard, data obtained from these tests may be reported as in paragraph 12 along with additional ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to evaluate the performance of virgin, newly impregnated or in-service, granular or pelletized activated carbon for the removal of hydrogen sulfide from an air stream, under the laboratory test conditions described herein. A humidified air stream containing 1 % (by volume) hydrogen sulfide is passed through a carbon bed until 50 ppm breakthrough of H2S is observed. The H2S adsorption capacity of the carbon per unit volume at 99.5 % removal efficiency (g H2S/cm3 carbon) is then calculated. This test is not necessarily applicable to non-carbon adsorptive materials.  
1.2 This standard as written is applicable only to granular and pelletized activated carbons with mean particle diameters (MPD) less than 2.5 mm. See paragraph 5.3 if activated carbons with larger MPDs are to be tested.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5818-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Exposure and Retrieval of Samples to Evaluate Installation Damage of Geosynthetics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The ability to maintain design function (for example, reinforcement, separation, barrier, etc.) or design properties (for example, tensile strength, chemical resistance, etc.), or both, of a geosynthetic may be affected by damage to the physical structure of the geosynthetic due to the rigors of field installation. The effect of damage may be assessed by analyzing specimens cut from sample(s) retrieved after installation in a representative test section. Analysis may be performed with visual examination or laboratory testing of specimens from the control sample(s), and from the exhumed sample(s).  
5.2 A uniform practice for installing and retrieving representative sample(s) from a test section is needed to assess installation damage using project-specific or generally accepted, representative materials and procedures. Damage of a specific grade and type of geosynthetic under specific installation procedures may be assessed with sample(s) exhumed from a full-scale test section.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers standardized procedures for obtaining samples of geosynthetics from a test section for use in assessment of the effects of damage immediately after installation caused only by the installation techniques. The assessment may include physical testing. This practice is applicable to any geosynthetic except those installed between layers of aggregate or soil modified by a binder.
Note 1: The binder would inhibit the retrieval of the geosynthetic without inflicting further damage to the geosynthetic. Other practices may be suitable for retrieving geosynthetics used in these applications but are out of the scope of this practice.  
1.2 This practice is limited to full-scale test sections and does not address laboratory modeling of field conditions. This practice does not address which test method(s) to use for quantifying installation damage.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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