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ASTM D117-18

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Liquids

Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Liquids

ABSTRACT
This guide describes methods of testing and specifications for electrical insulating oils of petroleum origin intended for use in electrical cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus where the oils are used as insulating, or heat transfer media, or both. This guide is classified into the following categories: sampling practices, physical tests, electrical tests, chemical tests, and specifications. The test methods shall be as follows: aniline point; coefficient of thermal expansion; color; examination; flash and fire point; interfacial tension; pour point of petroleum products; refractive index; relative density; specific heat; thermal conductivity; turbidity; viscosity; dielectric breakdown voltage; dissipation factor and relative permittivity; gassing tendency; resistivity; stability under electrical discharge; acidity; carbon-type composition; compatibility with construction material; copper content; furanic compounds; gas analysis; gas content; inorganic chlorides and sulfates; neutralization numbers; oxidation inhibitor content; oxidation stability; polychlorinated biphenyl content; sediment and soluble sludge; sulfur; water content; mineral insulating oil for electrical apparatus; and high firepoint electrical insulating oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes methods of testing and specifications for electrical insulating liquids intended for use in electrical cables, transformers, liquid circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus where the liquids are used as insulating, or heat transfer media, or both.  
1.2 The purpose of this guide is to outline the applicability of the available test methods. Where more than one is available for measuring a given property, their relative advantages are described, along with an indication of laboratory convenience, precision, (95 % confidence limits), and applicability to specific types of electrical insulating oils.  
1.3 This guide is classified into the following categories: Sampling Practices, Physical Tests, Electrical Tests, Chemical Tests, and Specifications. Within each test category, the test methods are listed alphabetically by property measured. A list of standards follows:    
Category  
Section  
ASTM Standard  
Sampling:  
3  
D923  
Physical Tests:  
Aniline Point  
4  
D611  
Coefficient of Thermal Ex-
pansion  
5  
D1903  
Color  
6  
D1500  
Examination: Visual Infrared  
7  
D1524, D2144, D2129  
Flash and Fire Point  
8  
D92  
Interfacial Tension  
9  
D971, D2285  
Pour Point of Petroleum
Products  
10  
D97, D5949, D5950  
Particle Count in Mineral
Insulating Oil  
11  
D6786  
Refractive Index and Specific
Optical Dispersion  
12  
D1218, D1807  
Relative Density (Specific
Gravity)  
13  
D287, D1217, D1298, D1481, D4052  
Specific Heat  
14  
D2766  
Thermal Conductivity  
15  
D2717  
Turbidity  
16  
D6181  
Viscosity  
17  
D445, D2161  
Electrical Tests:  
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage  
18  
D877, D1816, D3300  
Dissipation Factor and Rela-
tive Permittivity (Dielectric
Constant)  
19  
D924  
Gassing Characteristic
Under Thermal Stress  
20  
D7150  
Gassing Tendency  
21  
D2300  
Resistivity  
22  
D1169  
Stability Under Electrical
Discharge  
23  
D6180  
Chemical Tests:  
Acidity, Approximate  
24  
D1534  
Carbon-Type Composition  
25  
D2140  
Compatibility with Construc-
tion Material  
26  
D3455  
Copper Content  
27  
D3635  
Elements by Inductively
Coupled Plasma (ICP-AES)  
28  
D7151  
Furanic Compounds in
Electrical Insulating Liquids  
29  
D5837  
Dissolved Gas Analysis  
30  
D3612  
Gas Content of Cable and
Capacitor Oils  
31  
D831, D1827, D2945  
Inorganic Chlorides and
Sulfates  
32  
D878  
Neutralization (Acid and
Base) Numbe...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2018
ICS
29.040.10 - Insulating oils
Technical Committee
D27 - Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
Drafting Committee
D27.01 - Mineral
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D117-18 - Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating LiquidsASTM D117-18 - Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Liquids
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ASTM D117-18 - Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Liquids
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REDLINE ASTM D117-18 - Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating LiquidsREDLINE ASTM D117-18 - Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Liquids
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D117 −18
Standard Guide for
Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical
1
Insulating Liquids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D117; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Category Section ASTM Standard
Dissipation Factor and Rela- 19 D924
1.1 This guide describes methods of testing and specifica-
tive Permittivity (Dielectric
tions for electrical insulating liquids intended for use in Constant)
Gassing Characteristic 20 D7150
electrical cables, transformers, liquid circuit breakers, and
Under Thermal Stress
other electrical apparatus where the liquids are used as
Gassing Tendency 21 D2300
insulating, or heat transfer media, or both. Resistivity 22 D1169
Stability Under Electrical 23 D6180
1.2 The purpose of this guide is to outline the applicability
Discharge
Chemical Tests:
oftheavailabletestmethods.Wheremorethanoneisavailable
Acidity, Approximate 24 D1534
for measuring a given property, their relative advantages are
Carbon-Type Composition 25 D2140
described, along with an indication of laboratory convenience,
Compatibility with Construc- 26 D3455
tion Material
precision, (95% confidence limits), and applicability to spe-
Copper Content 27 D3635
cific types of electrical insulating oils.
Elements by Inductively 28 D7151
Coupled Plasma (ICP-AES)
1.3 This guide is classified into the following categories:
Furanic Compounds in 29 D5837
Sampling Practices, Physical Tests, Electrical Tests, Chemical
Electrical Insulating Liquids
Dissolved Gas Analysis 30 D3612
Tests, and Specifications. Within each test category, the test
Gas Content of Cable and 31 D831, D1827, D2945
methods are listed alphabetically by property measured. A list
Capacitor Oils
of standards follows:
Inorganic Chlorides and 32 D878
Sulfates
Category Section ASTM Standard
Neutralization (Acid and 33 D664, D974
Sampling: 3 D923
Base) Numbers
Physical Tests:
Oxidation Inhibitor Content 34 D2668, D4768
Aniline Point 4 D611
Oxidation Stability 35 D1934, D2112, D2440
Coefficient of Thermal Ex- 5 D1903
Polychlorinated Biphenyl 36 D4059
pansion
Content (PCB)
Color 6 D1500
Relative Content of 37 D6802
Examination: Visual Infrared 7 D1524, D2144, D2129
Dissolved Decay
Flash and Fire Point 8 D92
Sediment and Soluble Sludge 38 D1698
Interfacial Tension 9 D971, D2285
Sulfur, Corrosive 39 D1275
Pour Point of Petroleum 10 D97, D5949, D5950
Water Content 40 D1533
Products
Specification:
Particle Count in Mineral 11 D6786
Mineral Insulating Oil for 41 D3487
Insulating Oil
Electrical Apparatus
Refractive Index and Specific 12 D1218, D1807
High Firepoint Electrical 42 D5222
Optical Dispersion
Insulating Oils
Relative Density (Specific 13 D287, D1217, D1298, D1481,
Silicone Fluid used for Electrical 43 D4652
Gravity) D4052
Insulation
Specific Heat 14 D2766
Natural (Vegetable Oil) Ester 44 D6871
Thermal Conductivity 15 D2717
Fluids used in Electrical
Turbidity 16 D6181
Apparatus
Viscosity 17 D445, D2161
Electrical Tests:
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage 18 D877, D1816, D3300
standard. The values stated in parentheses are provided for
information only.
1
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on Electrical
Insulating Liquids and Gasesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D27.01 on Mineral.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. Originally
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
published as D117–21T. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D117–10.
DOI: 10.1520/D0117-18. mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D117 − 18
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor- D1524Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Elec-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- trical Insulating Liquids in the Field
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
D1533Test Method for Water in Insulating Liquids by
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
D1534Test Method for Approximate Acidity in Electrical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Insulating Liquids by Color-Indi
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D117 − 10 D117 − 18
Standard Guide for
Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical
1
Insulating Oils of Petroleum OriginLiquids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D117; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide describes methods of testing and specifications for electrical insulating oils of petroleum origin liquids intended
for use in electrical cables, transformers, oilliquid circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus where the oilsliquids are used as
insulating, or heat transfer media, or both.
1.2 The purpose of this guide is to outline the applicability of the available test methods. Where more than one is available for
measuring a given property, their relative advantages are described, along with an indication of laboratory convenience, precision,
(95 % confidence limits), and applicability to specific types of electrical insulating oils.
1.3 This guide is classified into the following categories: Sampling Practices, Physical Tests, Electrical Tests, Chemical Tests,
and Specifications. Within each test category, the test methods are listed alphabetically by property measured. A list of standards
follows:
Category Section ASTM MethodStandard
Sampling: 3 D923, D2759, D3305
Sampling: 3 D923
Physical Tests:
Aniline Point 4 D611
Coefficient of Thermal Ex- 5 D1903
pansion
Color 6 D1500
Examination: Visual Infrared 7 D1524, D2144, D2129
Flash and Fire Point 8 D92
Interfacial Tension 9 D971, D2285
Pour Point of Petroleum 10 D97, D5949, D5950
Products
Particle Count in Mineral 11 D6786
Insulating Oil
Refractive Index and Specific 12 D1218, D1807
Optical Dispersion
Relative Density (Specific 13 D287, D1217, D1298, D1481,
Gravity) D4052
Specific Heat 14 D2766
Thermal Conductivity 15 D2717
Turbidity 16 D6181
Viscosity 17 D88, D445, D2161
Viscosity 17 D445, D2161
Electrical Tests:
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage 18 D877, D1816, D3300
Dissipation Factor and Rela- 19 D924
tive Permittivity (Dielectric
Constant)
Gassing Characteristic 20 D7150
Under Thermal Stress
Gassing Tendency 21 D2300
Resistivity 22 D1169
Stability Under Electrical 23 D6180
Discharge
Chemical Tests:
Acidity, Approximate 24 D1534
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gasesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D27.01 on
Mineral.
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2010Nov. 1, 2018. Published October 2010December 2018. Originally published as D117 – 21 T. Last previous edition approved in
20022010 as D117 – 02.D117 – 10. DOI: 10.1520/D0117-10.10.1520/D0117-18.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D117 − 18
Category Section ASTM MethodStandard
Carbon-Type Composition 25 D2140
Compatibility with Construc- 26 D3455
tion Material
Copper Content 27 D3635
Elements by Inductively 28 D7151
Coupled Plasma (ICP-AES)
Furanic Compounds in 29 D5837
Electrical Insulating Liquids
Gas Analysis 30 D3612
Dissolved Gas Analysis 30 D3612
Gas Content of Cable and 31 D831, D1827, D2945
Capacitor Oils
Inorganic Chlorides and 32 D878
Sulfates
Neutralization (Acid and 33 D664, D974
Base) Numbers
Oxidation Inhibitor Content 34 D2668, D4768
Oxidation Stability 35 D1934, D2112, D2440
Polychlorinated Biphenyl 36 D4059
Content (PCB)
Relative Content of 37 D6802
Dissolved Decay
Sediment and Soluble Sludge 38 D1698
Sulfur, Corrosive 39 D1275
Water Content 40 D1533
Specification:
Mineral Insulating Oil for 41 D3487
Electrical Apparatus
High Firepoint Electrical 42 D5222
Insulating Oils
Silicone Fluid used for Electrical 43 D4652
Insulation
Natural (Vegetable Oil) Ester 44 D6871
Fluids used in Electrical
Apparatus
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in parentheses are provided for information
only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internati
...

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Category  
Section  
ASTM Standard  
Sampling:  
3  
D923  
Physical Tests:  
Aniline Point  
4  
D611  
Coefficient of Thermal Ex-
pansion  
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D1903  
Color  
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Examination: Visual Infrared  
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Dissipation Factor and Rela-
tive Permittivity (Dielectric
Constant)  
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D924  
Gassing Characteristic
Under Thermal Stress  
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Gassing Tendency  
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Resistivity  
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Chemical Tests:  
Acidity, Approximate  
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D1534  
Carbon-Type Composition  
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D2140  
Compatibility with Construc-
tion Material  
24  
D3455  
Copper Content  
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D3635  
Elements by Inductively
Coupled Plasma (ICP-AES)  
26  
D7151  
Furanic Compounds in
Electrical Insulating Liquids  
27  
D5837  
Dissolved Gas Analysis  
28  
D3612  
Gas Content of Cable and
Capacitor Liquids  
29  
D831, D1827, D2945  
Neutralization (Acid and
Base) Numbers  
30  
D664, D974  
Oxidation Inhibitor Content  
31  
D2668, D4768  
Oxidation Stability  
32  
D1934, D2112, D2440  
P...

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Standard Test Method for 2,6-di-tert-Butyl- p-Cresol and 2,6-di-tert-Butyl Phenol in Electrical Insulating Oil by Infrared Absorption

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The quantitative determination of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol in a new electrical insulating oil measures the amount of this material that has been added to the oil as protection against oxidation. In a used oil it measures the amount remaining after oxidation has reduced its concentration. The test is also suitable for manufacturing control and specification acceptance.  
3.2 When an infrared spectrum is obtained of an electrical insulating oil inhibited with either of these compounds there is an increase in absorbance of the spectrum at several wavelengths (or wavenumbers). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl paracresol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1), and 11.63 μm (860 cm−1 ). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl phenol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1) and 13.42 μm (745 cm −1).  
3.3 When making this test on other than a highly oxidized oil or when using a double-beam spectrophotometer, it has been found convenient to obtain the spectrum between 2.5 μm (4000 cm−1) and 2.9 μm (3450 cm−1) because the instrument is compensated for the presence of moisture and the band is not influenced by intermolecular forces (associations). However, when testing a highly oxidized oil or when using a single-beam instrument better results may be obtained if the scan is made between 10.90 μm (918 cm−1) and 14.00 μm (714 cm−1).  
3.4 Increased absorption at 11.63 μm (860 cm −1) or 13.42 μm (745 cm−1) or both, will identify the inhibitor as 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol or 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol respectively (Note 1).
Note 1: The absorbance at 745 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol and at 860 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol for equal concentrations will be in the approximate ratio of 2.6 to 1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the weight percent of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol (DBPC) and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol (DBP) in new or used electrical insulating oil in concentrations up to 0.5 % by measuring its absorbance at the specified wavelengths in the infrared spectrum.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2144-07(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practices for Examination of Electrical Insulating Oils by Infrared Absorption

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The infrared spectrum of an electrical insulating oil is a record of the absorption of infrared energy over a range of wavelengths. The spectrum indicates the general chemical composition of the test specimen.  
Note 2: The infrared spectrum of a pure chemical compound is probably the most characteristic property of that compound. However, in the case of oils, multicomponent systems are being examined whose spectra are the sum total of all the spectra of the individual components. Because the absorption bands of the components may overlap, the spectrum of the oil is not as sharply defined as that for a single compound. For these reasons, these practices may not in every case be suitable for the quantitative estimation of the components of such a complex mixture as mineral oil.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices are to be used for the recording and interpretation of infrared absorption spectra of electrical insulating oils from 4000 cm−1 to 400 cm−1 (2.5 μm to 25 μm).  
Note 1: While these practices are specific to ratio recording or optical null double-beam dispersive spectrophotometers, single-beam and HATR (horizontal attenuated total reflectance), Fourier-transform rapid scan infrared spectrophotometers may also be used. By computerized subtraction techniques, ratio methods can be used. Any of these types of equipment may be suitable if they comply with the specifications described in Practice E932.  
1.2 Two practices are covered, a Reference Standard Practice and a Differential Practice.  
1.3 These practices are designed primarily for use as rapid continuity tests for identifying a shipment of oil from a supplier by comparing its spectrum with that obtained from previous shipments, or with the sample on which approval tests were made. They also may be used for the detection of certain types of contamination in oils, and for the identification of oils in storage or service, by comparison of the spectra of the unknown and known oils. The practices are not intended for the determination of the various constituents of an oil.  
1.4 Warning—Infrared absorption is a tool of high resolving power. Conclusions as to continuity of oil quality should not be drawn until sufficient data have been accumulated so that the shipment-to-shipment variation is clearly established, for example.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2440-13(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Mineral Insulating Oil

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The oxidation stability test of mineral transformer oils is a method for assessing the amount of sludge and acid products formed in a transformer oil when the oil is tested under prescribed conditions. Good oxidation stability is necessary in order to maximize the service life of the oil by minimizing the formation of sludge and acid. Oils that meet the requirements specified for this test in Specification D3487 tend to minimize electrical conduction, ensure acceptable heat transfer, and preserve system life. There is no proven correlation between performance in this test and performance in service, since the test does not model the whole insulation system (oil, paper, enamel, wire). However, the test can be used as a control test for evaluating oxidation inhibitors and to check the consistency of oxidation stability of production oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the resistance of mineral transformer oils to oxidation under prescribed accelerated aging conditions. Oxidation stability is measured by the propensity of oils to form sludge and acid products during oxidation. This test method is applicable to new oils, both uninhibited and inhibited, but is not well defined for used or reclaimed oils.  
Note 1: A shorter duration oxidation test for evaluation of inhibited oils is available in Test Method D2112.
Note 2: For those interested in the measurement of volatile acidity, reference is made to IEC Method 61125. 2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8086-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Methanol and Ethanol in Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin by Headspace (HS)-Gas Chromatography (GC) Using Mass Spectrometry (MS) or Flame Ionization Detection (FID)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Methanol and ethanol are generated by the degradation of cellulosic materials used in the solid insulation systems of electrical equipment. More particularly, methanol comes from the depolymerization of cellulosic materials.3, 4, 5, 6  
5.2 Methanol and ethanol, which are soluble in an insulating liquid to an appreciable degree, will proportionally migrate to that liquid after being produced from the cellulose.  
5.3 High concentrations or unusual increases in the concentrations of methanol or ethanol, or both, in an insulating liquid may indicate cellulose degradation from aging or incipient fault conditions. Testing for these alcohols may be used to complement dissolved gas-in-oil analysis and furanic compounds as performed in accordance with Test Methods D3612 and D5837 respectively.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of by-products of cellulosic materials degradation found in electrical insulation systems that are immersed in insulating liquid. Such materials include paper, pressboard, wood and cotton materials. This test method allows the analysis of methanol and ethanol from the sample matrix by headspace GC-MS or GC-FID.  
1.2 This test method has been used to test for methanol and ethanol in mineral insulating liquids and less flammable electrical insulating liquids of mineral origin as defined in D3487 and D5222 respectively. Currently, this method is not a practical application for ester liquids.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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