ASTM D4167-21

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it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4167 − 15 D4167 − 21
Standard Specification for
Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Fans and Blowers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4167; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*Scope
1.1 This specification covers centrifugal and axial fans and blowers with airstream components fabricated of fiber-reinforced
thermoset plastics (FRP) for corrosion resistance. It is acceptable for internal structures to include encapsulated metal fastening
devices, hubs, and shafts.
1.2 Reinforcing materials other than fibrous glass are acceptable for use in the fabrication, provided the fans and blowers produced
meet all the requirements of this specification.
1.3 The term “fans” as used in this specification includes fans and blowers, both centrifugal and axial.
1.4 The purpose of this specification is to provide users,purchasers, system designers, specifiers, and manufacturerssuppliers of
FRP fans with minimum standards for fan construction and a common basis for determining safe operating speeds.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
information only.
NOTE 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
NOTE 2—Appendix X2 contains a list of documents potentially of interest to designers of fan systems.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced Thermosetting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion-Resistant Equipment
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced Plastic
Thermosetting Resin Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015Sept. 1, 2021. Published January 2016October 2021. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 20072015 as
D4167 –97(2007). –15. DOI: 10.1520/D4167-15.10.1520/D4167-21.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
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D4167 − 21
D2563 Practice for Classifying Visual Defects in Glass-Reinforced Plastic Laminate Parts
2.2 Other Standards:
AMCA 99 Standards Handbook
AMCA Fan and Air System Applications Handbook (AMCA 200, 201, 202, 203)
AMCA Bulletin 210 Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for Certified Aerodynamic Performance Rating
AMCA 300 Reverberant Room Method for Sound Testing of Fans
AMCA 301 Methods for Calculating Fan Sound Ratings from Laboratory Test Data
ACGIH Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice
NFPA 91 Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Particulate Solids
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—The definitions of terms used in this specification are the same as those found in Terminology D883.
4. Construction of Fan Housings
4.1 Laminate Construction shall conform to Specification C582. The same resin shall be used throughout a housing unless the
userpurchaser and manufacturersupplier agree to use a different resin for the inner surface and interior layer than for the structural
layer.
4.1.1 The inner surface exposed to the chemical environment shall be a resin-rich layer 0.010 to 0.020 in. (0.25 to 0.5 mm) thick
reinforced with a suitable chemical-resistant glass-fiber surface mat or with an organic-fiber surface mat.
4.1.2 The inner surface layer shall be followed with an interior layer composed of resin reinforced only with non-continuous
2 2
glass-fiber strands applied in a minimum of two plies of chopped-strand mat equivalent to a total of 3 oz/ft (0.92 kg/m ). As an
alternative, a minimum of two passes of chopped roving of minimum length of 0.5 in. (13 mm) to a maximum length of 2.0 in.
2 2
(50.8 mm) shall be applied uniformly to an equivalent weight of 3 oz/ft (0.92 kg/m ). Each ply of mat or pass of chopped roving
shall be well rolled rolled to eliminate voids prior to the application of additional reinforcement. The combined thickness of the
inner surface and interior layer shall not be less than 0.10 in. (2.5 mm).
4.1.3 The structural layer comprises the balance of the housing laminate.
NOTE 3—Although fan housings are subject to vibrational stresses, the design considerations regarding construction of the laminate are similar to those
used for static FRP process system components.
4.2 Fastening Devices, such as bolts, shall be made of material the user and manufacturer agree is at least as corrosion-resistant
to the specified corrosive environment as is the laminate construction, meet the minimum material requirements of the corrosive
application, or shall be embedded in a laminate in such a way that the laminate covering the device is reinforced with at least two
2 2
layers of 1 ⁄2 oz/ft (4.57 g/m ) chopped-strand glass mat and with the same surface finish used in the housing laminate.
4.3 Gasketing, used where housings are constructed so that sections or inspection panels are removable, shall be of elastomeric
material sufficiently resilient to seal the sections. The gasketing shall be of material the user and manufacturer agree is suitable for
the corrosive environment.meet the minimum material requirements of the corrosive application.
4.4 Housings, shall have minimum inside corner radii of 0.6 in. (15 mm).
4.5 Suitable housing construction design shall be determined by running the fan at maximum-rated speed with the inlet blocked
tight to prevent air from entering the fan and with an open outlet. The design will be deemed acceptable if the test does not cause
any part Acceptance criteria for the design limits movement of the housing to move more than a distance equal to 0.5 % ⁄2of 1 %
of the wheel diameter from the position with the fan not running. the wheel diameter.
4.6 Where the user purchaser or supplier determines that system design is such that it is possible that liquid will collect in
housings, the fan housings shall be specified with drains.
Available from Air Movement and Control Association International, 30 West University Dr., Arlington Heights, IL 60004, http://www.amca.org.
Available from American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 1330 Kemper Meadow Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45240, http://www.acgih.org.
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269, http://www.nfpa.org.
D4167 − 21
5. Construction of Fan Wheels
5.1 Where a history of service acceptable to the manufacturersupplier and the user purchaser shows that resin systems and joint
designs selected for use in the construction of fan wheels are acceptable, destruction tests need not be run. Where acceptable history
does not exist, destruction tests shall be performed in accordance with Section 10.
5.2 Defects visible in fan wheels shall be limited to those shown in Table 1 (taken from Practice D2563 and modified for specific
use with fan wheels).
5.3 Metal hubs, fasteners, and shafts shall be made of material at least as corrosion-resistant to the specified corrosive environment
as is the laminate construction,meet the minimum material requirements of the corrosive application, or be encapsulated with a
2 2
laminate reinforced with at least two layers of 1 ⁄2 oz/ft (45.7 g/m ) chopped-strand mat with the same surface finish that is used
in the laminate.
5.4 Shafts not made of corrosion-resistant alloy shall be protected by a sleeve of FRP extending out through the fan housing a
minimum of 0.4 in. (10 mm) (see Section 7).
TABLE 1 Allowable Defects in the Construction of FRP Fan Wheels (adapted from Practice D2563)
Type of Defect Definition Degree Allowed
Chip A small piece broken off an edge or surface None permitted
Crack An actual separation of the laminate, visible on opposite surfaces, and extending through the None permitted
thickness
Crack, surface Crack existing only on the surface of the laminate None permitted
Crazing Fine cracks at or under the surface of a laminate None permitted
Delamination, edge Separation of the layers of material at the edge of a laminate None permitted
Delamination, internal Separation of the layers of material in a laminate None permitted
Dry spot Area of incomplete surface film where the reinforcement has not been wetted with resin 0.4-in. (10-mm) diameter and
2 2
1/ft (12/m )
Foreign inclusion Metallic particles included in a laminate that are foreign to its composition 0.04-in. (1-mm) diameter and
2 2
(metallic) 1/ft (12/m )
Foreign inclusion Nonmetallic particles of substance included in a laminate that seem foreign to its composition 0.04-in. (1-mm) diameter and
2 2
(nonmetallic) 1/ft (12/m )
Fracture Rupture of laminate surface without complete penetration None permitted
Air bubble (void) Air entrapment within and between the plies of reinforcement, usually spherical in shape 0.04-in. (1-mm) diameter and
2 2
200/ft (2000/m )
Blister Rounded elevation of the surface of a laminate, with boundaries more or less None permitted
sharply defined, somewhat resembling in shape a blister on the human skin
Burned Showing evidence of thermal decomposition through some discoloration, distortion, or destruc- None permitted
tion of the surface of the laminate
Fish-eye Small globular mass that has not blended completely into the surrounding material and is par- None permitted
ticularly evident in a transparent or translucent material
Lack of fillout An area, occurring usually at the edge of a laminated plastic, where the reinforcement has not None permitted
been wetted with resin
Orange peel Uneven surface somewhat resembling an orange peel None permitted
Pimple Small, sharp, or conical elevation on the surface of a laminate None permitted
Pit (pinhole) Small crater in the surface of a laminate, with its width approximately of the same order of mag- 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and 200/ft
nitude as its depth (2000/m )
Porosity (pinhole) Presence of numerous visible pits (pinholes) None permitted
Pre-gel An unintentional extra layer of cured resin on part of the surface of the laminate. (This condition None permitted
does not cover gel coats.)
Resin pocket An apparent accumulation of excess resin in a small localized area within the laminate 0.125 by 0.250-in. (3 by 6
2 2
mm) and 1/ft (12/m )
Resin-rich edge Insufficient reinforcing material at
...