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ASTM D6026-13

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data

Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The guidelines presented in this practice for retaining significant digits and rounding numbers may be adopted by the using agency or user. Generally, their adoption should be used for calculating and recording data when specified requirements are not included in a standard.  
4.2 The guidelines presented herein should not be interpreted as absolute rules but as guides to calculate and report observed or test data without exaggerating or degrading the accuracy of the values.  
4.2.1 The guidelines presented emphasize recording data to enough significant digits or number of decimal places to allow sensitivity and variability analyses to be performed, see 3.2.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to promote uniformity in recording significant digits for measured and calculated values involving geotechnical data. The guidelines presented are industry standard, and are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The guidelines do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user's objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this practice to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.1.1 Using significant digits in geotechnical data involves the processes of collecting, calculating, and recording either measured values or calculated values (results), or both.  
1.2 This practice accepts a variation of the traditional rounding method that recognizes the algorithm common to most hand-held calculators, see 5.2.3. The traditional rounding method (see 5.2) is in accordance with Practice E29 or IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.3 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2013
ICS
07.020 - Mathematics
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.91 - Standards Development and Review
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D6026 −13
Standard Practice for
1
Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6026; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This practice is intended to promote uniformity in 2.1 ASTM Standards:
recording significant digits for measured and calculated values D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
involving geotechnical data. The guidelines presented are Fluids
industry standard, and are representative of the significant E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
digits that should generally be retained. The guidelines do not Determine Conformance with Specifications
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, E344Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s etry
objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce E456Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with E833Terminology of Building Economics
these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this practice to IEEE/ASTM SI 10Standard for Use of the International
consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engi- System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
neering design.
1.1.1 Using significant digits in geotechnical data involves 3. Terminology
the processes of collecting, calculating, and recording either
3.1 Definitions:
measured values or calculated values (results), or both.
3.1.1 For common definitions of soil and rock terms in this
1.2 This practice accepts a variation of the traditional standard, refer to Terminology D653.
rounding method that recognizes the algorithm common to 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
most hand-held calculators, see 5.2.3.The traditional rounding 3.2.1 accuracy—the closeness of agreement between a test
method (see 5.2) is in accordance with Practice E29 or result and an accepted reference value. (See Terminology
IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
E456.)
1.3 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing 3.2.2 calculated value, n—theresultingvaluedeterminedby
one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
processing measured value(s) using an equation.
education or experience and should be used in conjunction 3.2.2.1 Discussion—Inmanycasesthecalculatedvalue(s)is
with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may
considered a determination value(s).
be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not
3.2.3 determination value, n—the numerical quantity calcu-
intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which
lated by means of the test method equation from the measure-
the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,
ment values obtained as directed in a test method.
nor should this document be applied without consideration of
3.2.4 measurement value, n—theresultingvaluedetermined
a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the
by measuring a dimension, quantity, or property.
title means only that the document has been approved through
3.2.4.1 Discussion—In many cases the term “measured
the ASTM consensus process.
value(s)” is also referred to as “measurement value(s)”.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.91 on Standards
2
Development and Review. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D6026 – 06. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D6026-13. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6026−13
3.2.5 precision, n—the closeness of agreement between observed or test data without exaggerating or degrading the
independent test results obtained under stipulated conditions. accuracy of the values.
(See Terminology E456–08.) 4.2.1 The guidelines presented emphasize recording data to
3.2.5.1 Discussion—Precision depends on random errors enough significant digits or number of decimal places to allow
sensitivity and variability analyses to be performed,
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6026 − 06 D6026 − 13
Standard Practice for
1
Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6026; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice is intended to promote uniformity in recording significant digits for measured and calculated values involving
geotechnical data. The guidelines presented are industry standard, and are representative of the significant digits that should
generally be retained. The guidelines do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies,
or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data
to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this practice to consider significant digits used in analysis
methods for engineering design.design.
1.1.1 Using significant digits in geotechnical data involves the processes of collecting, calculating, and recording either
measured values or calculated values (results), or both.
1.2 This practice accepts a variation of the traditional rounding method that recognizes the algorithm common to most hand-held
calculators, see 5.2.3. The traditional rounding method (see 5.2) is in accordance with Practice E29 or IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
1.3 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be
applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the
adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a
project’sproject’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been
approved through the ASTM consensus process.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
3
D2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens for Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
3
D4356 Practice for Establishing Consistent Test Method Tolerances (Withdrawn 2007)
D6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
E344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrometry
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E833 Terminology of Building Economics
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For common definitions of soil and rock terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.
3.2 Definitions:Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 For common definitions of soil and rock terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.
3.2.1 accuracy, accuracy—n—the degree of agreement of an individual measurement or average of measurements with an
accepted reference value, or level. See closeness of agreement between a test result and an accepted reference value. (See
Terminology E344E456 - 97.)
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.91 on Standards Development
and Review.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006Nov. 1, 2013. Published December 2006 December 2013. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20012006
e1
as D6026–01 . DOI: 10.1520/D6026-06. – 06. DOI: 10.1520/D6026-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6026 − 13
3.2.2 calculated value, n—the resulting value determined by processing measured value(s) using an equation. See Practice
D4356
...

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ASTM D6026-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Records in Geotechnical Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The guidelines presented in this practice for retaining significant digits and rounding numbers may be adopted by the using agency or user. Their adoption should generally be used to calculate and record data when specified requirements are not included in a standard.  
5.2 While this practice originated when most geotechnical data were manually collected and recorded on data forms, tables, or into computers, the use of digital acquisition, calculations, and reporting of data has become more common. When calculators and computers are used for data collection, the significant digits may not meet the requirements specified in this standard. Nevertheless, their use shall not be regarded as nonconforming with this practice.  
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5.3.1 The guidelines presented emphasize recording data to enough significant digits or the number of decimal places to allow sensitivity and variability analyses to be performed.
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1.1 Using significant digits in geotechnical data involves the processes of collecting, calculating, and recording either measured values or calculated values (results) or both. This practice is intended to promote uniformity in recording significant digits for measured and calculated values involving geotechnical data.  
1.2 The guidelines presented are industry standard and are representative of the significant digits that should be retained in general. The guidelines do not consider material variation, the purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user's objectives, and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.  
1.3 It is beyond the scope of this practice to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 This practice accepts a variation of the traditional rounding method that recognizes the algorithm common to most hand-held calculators and computers, see 6.2.3. The traditional rounding method (see 6.2) is in accordance with Practice E29, ASTM Manual 7, or IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
Note 1: Calculators and computers often present and use many digits in their output and calculations, which may not all be significant. It is the responsibility of the programmer and user to make sure that the measured and calculated values are handled, interpreted and reported properly using these guidelines.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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FIG. 1 Sequence of Steps  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Purpose—This publication establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes. This publication shall not be interpreted to supersede or conflict with any contractual requirements. The words “accept,” “acceptance,” “acceptable,” etc, refer only to the contractor’s use of the sampling plans contained in this standard and do not imply an agreement by the customer (formerly “Government” in original text) to accept any product. Determination of acceptability by the customer shall be as described in contractual documents. The sampling plans described in this standard are applicable to AQL’s of 0.01 % or higher and are therefore not suitable for applications where quality levels in the range of parts per million levels can be realized.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The guidelines presented in this practice for retaining significant digits and rounding numbers may be adopted by the using agency or user. Their adoption should generally be used to calculate and record data when specified requirements are not included in a standard.  
5.2 While this practice originated when most geotechnical data were manually collected and recorded on data forms, tables, or into computers, the use of digital acquisition, calculations, and reporting of data has become more common. When calculators and computers are used for data collection, the significant digits may not meet the requirements specified in this standard. Nevertheless, their use shall not be regarded as nonconforming with this practice.  
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ABSTRACT
This practice presents a procedure and related tables of factors for adapting Practice E2234 (equivalent to MIL-STD105) sampling plans to acceptance sampling inspection when the item quality of interest is life length or reliability. Factors are provided for three alternative criteria for lot evaluation: mean life, hazard rate, and reliable life. Inspection of the sample is by attributes with testing truncated at the end of some prearranged period of time. The Weibull distribution, together with the exponential distribution as a special case, is used as the underlying statistical model. The procedure and tables presented in this practice are based on the use of the Weibull distribution in acceptance sampling inspection.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedure and tables presented in this practice are based on the use of the Weibull distribution in acceptance sampling inspection. Details of this work, together with tables of sampling plans of other forms, have been published previously. See Refs (1-3).4 Since the basic computations required have already been made, it has been quite easy to provide these new factors. No changes in method or details of application have been made over those described in the publications referenced above. For this reason, the text portion of this report has been briefly written. Readers interested in further details are referred to these previous publications. Other sources of material on the underlying theory and approach are also available (4-7).  
4.2 The procedure to be used is essentially the same as the one normally used for attribute sampling inspection. The only difference is that sample items are tested for life or survival instead of for some other property. For single sampling, the following are the required steps:  
4.2.1 Using the tables of factors provided in Annex A1, select a suitable sampling inspection plan from those tabulated in Practice E2234.  
4.2.2 Draw at random a sample of items of the size specified by the selected Practice E2234 plan.  
4.2.3 Place the sample of items on life test for the specified period of time, t.  
4.2.4 Determine the number of sample items that failed during the test period.  
4.2.5 Compare the number of items that failed with the number allowed under the selected Practice E2234 plan.  
4.2.6 If the number that failed is equal to or less than the acceptable number, accept the lot; if the number failing exceeds the acceptable number, reject the lot.  
4.3 Both the sample sizes and the acceptance numbers used are those specified by Practice E2234 plans. It will be assumed in the section on examples that single sampling plans will be used. However, the matching double sampling and multiple sampling plans provided in MIL-...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice presents a procedure and related tables of factors for adapting Practice E2234 (equivalent to MIL-STD-105) sampling plans to acceptance sampling inspection when the item quality of interest is life length or reliability. Factors are provided for three alternative criteria for lot evaluation: mean life, hazard rate, and reliable life. Inspection of the sample is by attributes with testing truncated at the end of some prearranged period of time. The Weibull distribution, together with the exponential distribution as a special case, is used as the underlying statistical model.  
1.2 A system of units is not specified by this practice.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issue...

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ASTM E2762-10(2020)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Variables Indexed by AQL

ABSTRACT
This practice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by variables using MIL-STD-414 as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by AQL. This practice was prepared to meet a growing need for the use of standard sampling plans for inspection by variables in customer procurement, supply and storage, and maintenance inspection operations. The variables sampling plans apply to a single quality characteristic which can be measured on a continuous scale, and for which quality is expressed in terms of percent defective. The theory underlying the development of the variables sampling plans, including the operating characteristic curves, assumes that measurements of the quality characteristic are independent, identically distributed normal random variables.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice was prepared to meet a growing need for the use of standard sampling plans for inspection by variables in customer procurement, supply and storage, and maintenance inspection operations. The variables sampling plans apply to a single quality characteristic which can be measured on a continuous scale, and for which quality is expressed in terms of percent defective. The theory underlying the development of the variables sampling plans, including the operating characteristic curves, assumes that measurements of the quality characteristic are independent, identically distributed normal random variables.  
5.2 In comparison with attributes sampling plans, variables sampling plans have the advantage of usually resulting in considerable savings in sample size for comparable assurance as to the correctness of decisions in judging a single quality characteristic, or for the same sample size, greater assurance is obtained using variables plans. Attributes sampling plans have the advantage of greater simplicity, of being applicable to either single or multiple quality characteristics, and of requiring no knowledge about the distribution of the continuous measurements of any of the quality characteristics.  
5.3 It is important to note that variables sampling plans are not to be used indiscriminately, simply because it is possible to obtain variables measurement data. In considering applications where the normality or independence assumptions may be questioned, the user is advised to consult his technical agency to determine the feasibility of application.  
5.4 Application—Sampling plans designated in this publication are applicable, but not limited, to inspection of the following: (1) end items, (2) components and raw materials, (3) operations or services, (4) materials in process, (5) supplies in storage, (6) maintenance operations, (7) data or records, and (8) administrative procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—This practice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by variables using MIL-STD-414 as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by AQL.  
1.2 This practice provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-414 in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others. It recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-414 in industries supported by ASTM. Most of the original text in MIL-STD-414 is preserved in Sections 6 – 9 of this practice.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Tech...

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ASTM D5157-19(Guide)
Standard Guide for Statistical Evaluation of Indoor Air Quality Models

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Using the tools described in this guide, an individual seeking to apply an IAQ model should be able to (1) assess the performance of the model for a specific situation or (2) recognize or assess its advantages and limitations.  
4.2 This guide can also be used for identifying specific areas of model deficiency that require further development or refinement.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides quantitative and qualitative tools for evaluation of indoor air quality (IAQ) models. These tools include methods for assessing overall model performance as well as identifying specific areas of deficiency. Guidance is also provided in choosing data sets for model evaluation and in applying and interpreting the evaluation tools. The focus of the guide is on end results (that is, the accuracy of indoor concentrations predicted by a model), rather than operational details such as the ease of model implementation or the time required for model calculations to be performed.  
1.2 Although IAQ models have been used for some time, there is little guidance in the technical literature on the evaluation of such models. Evaluation principles and tools in this guide are drawn from past efforts related to outdoor air quality or meteorological models, which have objectives similar to those for IAQ models and a history of evaluation literature (1).2 Some limited experience exists in the use of these tools for evaluation of IAQ models.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G16-13(2019)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Applying Statistics to Analysis of Corrosion Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Corrosion test results often show more scatter than many other types of tests because of a variety of factors, including the fact that minor impurities often play a decisive role in controlling corrosion rates. Statistical analysis can be very helpful in allowing investigators to interpret such results, especially in determining when test results differ from one another significantly. This can be a difficult task when a variety of materials are under test, but statistical methods provide a rational approach to this problem.  
3.2 Modern data reduction programs in combination with computers have allowed sophisticated statistical analyses on data sets with relative ease. This capability permits investigators to determine if associations exist between many variables and, if so, to develop quantitative expressions relating the variables.  
3.3 Statistical evaluation is a necessary step in the analysis of results from any procedure which provides quantitative information. This analysis allows confidence intervals to be estimated from the measured results.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers and presents briefly some generally accepted methods of statistical analyses which are useful in the interpretation of corrosion test results.  
1.2 This guide does not cover detailed calculations and methods, but rather covers a range of approaches which have found application in corrosion testing.  
1.3 Only those statistical methods that have found wide acceptance in corrosion testing have been considered in this guide.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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