ASTM D5217-91(2009)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D5217 − 91 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Guide for
Detection of Fouling and Degradation of Particulate Ion
Exchange Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
D3683 Test Method for Trace Elements in Coal and Coke
1.1 This guide presents a series of tests and evaluations
Ash by Atomic Absorption
intended to detect fouling and degradation of particulate ion
D5042 Test Method for Estimating the Organic Fouling of
exchange materials. Suggestions on reducing fouling and on
Particulate Anion Exchange Resins
cleaning resins are given.
E830 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of
1.2 This guide is to be used only as an aid in the evaluation 3
Refuse-Derived Fuel (Withdrawn 2011)
of particulate ion exchange material performance and does not
purport to address all possible causes of unsatisfactory perfor-
3. Terminology
mance. The evaluations of mechanical and operational prob-
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide,
lems are not addressed.
refer to Terminology D1129.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.1 organic fouling—the buildup of organic material in or
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
on anion exchange resins by sorption during the service cycle
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
and incomplete removal during normal regeneration.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 Resinsusedindemineralizationsystemsmaydeteriorate
2.1 ASTM Standards:
due to many factors including chemical attack, fouling by
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
organic and inorganic materials, mishandling, or the effects of
D1782 Test Methods for Operating Performance of Particu-
late Cation-Exchange Materials aging. Detection of degradation or fouling may be important in
determining the cause of poor demineralizer performance.
D2187 Test Methods for Physical and Chemical Properties
of Particulate Ion-Exchange Resins
D2332 Practice for Analysis of Water-Formed Deposits by 5. Sampling
Wavelength-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence
5.1 Follow the recommendations of Practices D2687 for
D2687 PracticesforSamplingParticulateIon-ExchangeMa-
obtaining samples of particulate ion exchange materials. Core
terials
samples are important for obtaining representative samples;
D3087 Test Method for Operating Performance of Anion-
however, special problems may dictate other sampling
Exchange Materials for Strong Acid Removal
requirements, such as surface, interface, or other samples.
D3375 Test Method for Column Capacity of Particulate
Mixed Bed IonExchange Materials
6. Preliminary Examination
D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in
6.1 Examine the sample visually or with the aid of a
magnifier for any abnormalities. Note any unusual color,
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 on Water and is precipitates, biological material (slime), particulate matter, or
the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and Ion Exchange
small pieces or fragments of resin. Note that the color of resin
Materials.
may vary from lot to lot or with normal use and would not be
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originally
considered unusual.
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D5217 – 91 (2004).
DOI: 10.1520/D5217-91R09.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5217 − 91 (2009)
TABLE 1 Detection of Fouling and Degradation of Particulate Ion Exchange Materials
Section
Property Tested Test Results Possible Indications
No.
6 Visual appearance Unusual color or precipitates Coating on beads from foulants or improper regeneration
Pieces/fragments present Physical degradation
6 Odor Unusual odor Fouling of resin by oil, solvents, etc. or biological activity
7 Moisture Higher than expected (>10 % above) Degradation of resin causing decrosslinking
Lower than expected Fouling of resin by heavy materials, such as metal oxides
7 Particle size distribution Smaller sizes than expected Physical degradation or non-representative sample
Larger sizes than expected Loss of smaller beads by backwash or through strainers
8 Mixed bed resin separation Poor separation Ionic form of resin may not be correct
Resin may be fouled
Particle size distribution of beads may be incorrect
9 Ash content and metals Higher than expected Fouling of resin by expected metal oxides or silica (from corrosion products,
influent water, or regenerants)
10 Organic fouling of anion resins Moderate to severe Presence of sufficient organic fouling to affect performance
11 Column performance Poorer than expected Degradation or fouling sufficient to affect performance
12 Kinetics Poorer than expected Degradation or fouling sufficient to affect performance
6.2 Note any peculiar odor associated with the sample, such 11. Column Performance Testing
as from oil, solvents, or biological activity.
11.1 Follow procedures given in Test Methods D3375,
D3087,or D1782 as needed to evaluate the performance of
7. Moisture and Particle Size Distribution
mixed bed, anion, or cation exchange materials, respectively.
7.1 Follow procedures given inTest Methods D2187, Meth-
ods A, B, and D for determining moisture (water retention
12. Kinetics Testing
capacity) and particle size distribution.
12.1 The evaluation of the kinetics properties of ion-
7.2 Comparethevaluesobtainedin7.1tothoseexpectedfor
exchange resins is especially important for anion resins used in
the resin when in good condition. It is preferred that new resin,
high flow rate applications such as condensate polishing.
treated in the same way, be used for this comparison, but
12.2 Test the resin’s kinetics properties according to pub-
manufacturer’s specifications can also be used.
lished procedures such as those by the Central Electricity
4 5
Generating Board and Rohm & Haas Company .
8. Mixed-Bed Resin Separation
8.1 Observe resin during separation according toTest Meth-
13. Interpretation of Results
ods D2187, MethodA.Adjust backwash rate to give optimium
13.1 Table 1 gives general guidelines for the interpretation
separation, then let resin settle and observe interface and note
of results from these tests. Note that in most cases, test results
degree of cross-mixing.
must be compared to those obtained for resins of the same type
which are in good operating condition.
9. Ash Content and Metals Analysis
13.2 Cautionmustbeexercisedinapplyingthesetestresults
9.1 Follow the procedure given in Test Method E830 for
totheevaluationofoperatingdemineralizersystems.However,
determining the ash content of the pretreated and dried sample.
Appendix X1 and Appendix X2 give some suggestions for
A larger sample portion may be used for low-ash resins.
pretreatment and resin cleaning procedures. The user should
9.2 Analyze the ash for silica or metals such as iron, copper,
also consult with the resin supplier before using any new
manganese, barium, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, or others
treatment process.
which might be suspected as contaminants. Use X-ray fluores-
cence analysis to determine major elements (see Practice
14. Precision and Bias
D2332). Employ digestion, fusion, and analysis techniques as
14.1 No statement is made about either the precision or the
wouldbeusedforothertypesofash.(SeeTestMethodsD3682
bias of this guide since the result merely states whether there is
and D3683.) Note that some elements may be lost during the
conformance to the criteria for success specified in the proce-
575°C ashing, and spike recoveries must be checked.
dure.
10. Detection of Organic Fouling of Anion Resins
15. Keywords
10.1 Follow procedures given in Test Methods D5042 for
15.1 degradation; fouling; ion exchange; kinetics; resin
estimation of the degree of organic fouling of anion resins.
10.2 For a more rapid, but less reliable evaluation of the
resin, the caustic-brine extract from Test Methods D5042 may
Harris, R. R., “Anion Exchange Kinetics in Condensate Purification Mixed
Beds-Assessment and Performance Prediction,” Proceedings of EPRI Condensate
be judged by color rather than by total organic carbon
Polishing Workshop, October 1985, pp. 31–40.
measurement: the darker the color, the heavier the organic
McNulty, J. T., et al., “Anion Exchange Resin Kinetic Testing: An Indispens-
fouling. Note that colorless foulants such as detergents or
able Diagnostic Tool for Condensate Polisher Troubleshooting,” Proceedings of
synthetic polyelectrolytes will not be detected. International Water Con
...