ASTM D6894-03

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An American National Standard
Designation: D 6894 – 03
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of Aeration Resistance of Engine Oils in Direct-
Injected Turbocharged Automotive Diesel Engine
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Any properly equipped laboratory, without outside assistance, can use the procedure described in
this test method. However, theASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC) provides reference oils and an
assessment of the test results obtained on those oils by the laboratory. By these means, the laboratory
will know whether their use of the test method gives results statistically similar to those obtained by
other laboratories. Furthermore, various agencies require that a laboratory utilize the TMC services in
seeking qualification of oils against specifications. For example, the U.S. Army imposes such a
requirement in connection with several Army engine lubricating oil specifications.
Accordingly, this test method is written for use by laboratories that utilize the TMC services.
Laboratories that choose not to use those services may simply ignore those portions of the test method
that refer to the TMC.
This test method may be modified by means of information letters issued by the TMC. In addition,
the TMC may issue supplementary memoranda related to the method. For other information, refer to
the research report for this test method.
1. Scope 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method was designed to evaluate an engine
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
oil’s resistance to aeration in automotive diesel engine service.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
It is commonly referred to as the Engine Oil Aeration Test
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
(EOAT). The test is conducted using a specified 7.3L, direct-
1.4 This test method is arranged as follows:
injection, turbocharged diesel engine on a dynamometer test
Section
stand. This test method was developed as a replacement for
Scope 1
Test Method D 892 after it was determined that this bench test
Referenced Documents 2
did not correlate with oil aeration in actual service. The EOAT Terminology 3
Summary of Test Method 4
was first included in API Service Category CG-4 in 1995.
Significance and Use 5
Apparatus 6
NOTE 1—Companion test methods used to evaluate engine oil perfor-
Reagents and Materials 7
manceforspecificationrequirementsarediscussedinthelatestrevisionof
Preparation of Apparatus 8
Specification D 4485.
Calibration 9
Test Procedure 10
1.2 The unit values stated in this test method shall be
Determination of Test Results 11
regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are
Report 12
provided for information only. SI units are considered the
Precision and Bias 13
Keywords 14
primary units for this test method.The only exception is where
Engine System Drawings Annex A1
there is no direct SI equivalent, for example, screw threads,
national pipe threads/diameters, and tubing size.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D 93 Test Method for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
D02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants. 4
Closed Cup Tester
Current edition approved July 10, 2003. Published September 2003.
ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC), 6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA
152006-4489.
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1379. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D6894–03
4 9
D 97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products API 1509 Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System
D 130 Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from
3. Terminology
Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test
D 287 TestMethodforAPIGravityofCrudePetroleumand 3.1 Definitions:
Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
3.1.1 automotive, adj—descriptive of equipment associated
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent with self-propelled machinery, usually vehicles driven by
and Opaque Liquids internal combustion engines. D 6594
D 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products 3.1.2 calibrate, v—to determine the indication or output of
D 524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of a measuring device with respect to that of a standard.
Petroleum Products 3.1.3 candidate oil, n—an oil that is intended to have the
D 613 Test Method for Ignition Quality of Diesel Fuels by performance characteristics necessary to satisfy a specification
Cetane Method and is to be tested against that specification. D 5844
D 664 Test Method forAcid Number of Petroleum Products 3.1.4 engine oil, n—a liquid that reduces friction or wear, or
by Potentimetric Titration both,betweenthemovingpartswithinanengine;removesheat
D 892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubri- particularly from the underside of pistons; and serves as
cating Oils
combustion gas sealant for the piston rings.
D 1250 ASTM-IP Petroleum Measurement Tables 3.1.4.1 Discussion—It may contain additives to enhance
D 1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid
certain properties. Inhibition of engine rusting, deposit forma-
Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Absorption tion,valvetrainwear,oiloxidation,andfoamingareexamples.
D 2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Prod-
D 5862
ucts 3.1.5 foam, n—in liquids, a collection of bubbles formed in
D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
or on the surface of a liquid in which the air or gas is the major
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry component on a volumetric basis. D 6082
D 2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle
3.1.6 heavy-duty, adj—in internal combustion engine op-
Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge eration, characterized by average speeds, power output and
D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of
internal temperatures that are close to the potential maximums.
Liquids by Digital Density Meter D 4485
D 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum 3.1.7 heavy-duty engine, n—in internal combustion en-
Products and Lubricants gines, one that is designed to allow operation continuously at
D 4485 Specification for Performance of Engine Oils or close to its peak output. D 4485
D 4737 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index by Four 3.1.8 lubricant, n—any material interposed between two
Variable Equation surfaces that reduces the friction or wear, or both, between
D 5844 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine them. D 5862
Oils for Inhibition of Rusting 3.1.9 non-reference oil, n—any oil other than a reference
D 5862 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in the
oil; such as a research formulation, commercial oil, or candi-
Two-Stroke Cycle Turbocharged 6V92TA Diesel Engine date oil. D 5844
D 6082 Test Method for High Temperature Foaming Char-
3.1.10 reference oil, n—an oil of known performance char-
acteristics of Lubricating Oils acteristics, used as a basis for comparison. D 5844
D 6557 Test Method for Evaluation of Rust Preventative
3.1.11 test oil, n—any oil subjected to evaluation in an
Characteristics established procedure. D 6557
D 6594 Test Method for Evaluation of Corrosiveness of
3.1.12 used oil, n—any oil that has been in a piece of
Diesel Engine Oil at 135°C equipment (for example, an engine, gearbox, transformer, or
E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
turbine), whether operated or not. D 4175
Determine Conformance with Specifications 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International
3.2.1 aeration, n—in liquids, the action of impregnating
System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System withairthatformsfoambubblesinoronthesurfaceofaliquid
2.2 SAE Standard: or is entrained as a dispersion in that liquid.
J 304 Engine Oil Tests 3.2.2 flush, n—the action of cleaning out the engine oil
2.3 API Standard: system using new test oil to remove any residues as well as to
minimize possible carryover effect from the previous test oil.
3.2.3 HEUI, n—hydraulically-actuated, electronically-
controlled, unit injector.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.04.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
8 9
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Available from The American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW,
Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. This standard is not available separately. Either Washington, DC 20005.
order the SAE HandbookVol. 3 or the SAE Fuels and Lubricants Standards Manual Glassey, S. F, Stockner,A. R., and Flinn, M .A., “HEUI—ANew Direction for
HS-23. DieselEngineFuelSystem,” SAE Publication 930270;Hower,M.J.,Mueller,R.A.,
Oehlerking, D. A., and Zielke, M. R., “The New Navistar T444E Direct-Injection
Turbocharged Diesel Engine,” SAE Publication 930269.
D6894–03
TABLE 1 Oil Circulation Rates in the International 7.3L Engine
4. Summary of Test Method
Oil flow rate, Time for one Circulation of
4.1 The test engine is a 1994 unit built by International
Engine speed, Oil capacity,
L/min pass through, oil in sump,
r/min L (gal)
Truck and Engine Corporation (Model No. A215). This
(gal/min) s times/min
engine is equipped with the HEUI fuel system. It is installed
3000 13.3 (3.5) 105 (27.6) 7.6 8
in a fully instrumented test cell.
4.2 The test sequence consists of a five-step, warm-up
period followed by a one-step evaluation period for 20 h at
maximum power. 6. Apparatus
,
13 14
4.3 Aeratedoilsamplesaretakenafter1h,5h,and20hand
6.1 Test Engine—The test engine is an International
the percent oil aeration is calculated from the initial volume
1994, 7.3L, direct-injection, turbocharged, V-8, diesel engine,
and the final volume after sitting undisturbed for 30 min.
rated at 160 kW at 3000 r/min. The engine model number is
A215.TheenginearrangementisshowninFigs.A1.2andA1.3
5. Significance and Use
and the lubrication system in Fig. A1.4. This engine is
equipped with the HEUI fuel system (see 5.1 and Fig. A1.1).
5.1 Background—In the HEUI fuel system, the engine oil
Details of the engine are documented in the International T
from the oil sump not only lubricates the engine, it also
444E Diesel Engine Service Manual for Truck Application
supplies a high-pressure oil system that takes oil from the main
Form EGES-121 datedApril 2002. The engine serial number
gallery and pressurizes it up to 20.7 MPa (3000 psi) in a
carries the designation 7.4JU2UXXXXXX. The test engine is
plunger pump (see Fig. A1.1). This oil is used to operate unit
installed in a fully instrumented test cell.
injectors that, when used in combination with intensifiers,
6.1.1 Engine Modification—Install a ⁄4 in. male national
increasethefuelinjectionpressureupto145MPa(21 000psi),
14,16
pipethread(NPT)stainlesssteelhexnipple inthethreaded
independent of engine speed. The electronic controls permit
outlet on the right (passenger) side of the engine’s high-
varied injection timing and duration to provide optimum fuel
pressure oil reservoir. Install a ⁄4 in. female NPT inlet and
economy and emissions. This system may, however, circulate
outlet, stainless steel, ball-valve onto the hex nipple with the
all the oil in the sump in approximately 8 s; as a consequence,
flow arrow facing away from the reservoir. Install a ⁄4 in. male
aeration of the oil can occur with some engine oils. Interna-
NPT to male No. 4 SAE (JIC) 37° flare stainless steel adapter
tional determined that 8 % oil aeration was the limit beyond
fitting in the downstream side of the ball valve. Make up a
which engine operation and performance would be impaired in
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-lined, stainless steel braid, No.
actual service.
4 hose, with female swivel No. 4 SAE (JIC) 37° female flare
5.1.1 Prior to 1994, the ability of an engine lubricant to
fittings on each end. The overall line length should be
resist aeration was measured by Test Method D 892. During
approximately 115 cm. Modify a male No. 4 SAE(JIC) 37°
the development of the API CG-4 category in 1994, however,
12 1
flareto ⁄4in.fractionaltubefemalecompressionadapterfitting
it was found that this bench test did not correlate with
so that there is a 0.394 mm orifice through the fitting. Insert a
aeration in the International T 444E engine. The EOAT was
37.5 cm long, ⁄4 in. thin-wall, steel, fractional tube (this is to
developed, therefore, to provide a better measurement of the
be the sample wand) into the female compression adapter and
ability of a lubricant to resist aeration during engine operation.
tighten. For safety, install an insulating handle around the steel
This test has been included in API CG-4, CH-4, and CI-4
tube to avoid being burned while holding the wand.
categories for heavy-duty diesel engine oils.
6.2 Power Absorption—Install a 186 kW eddy-current ab-
5.2 Method—The data obtained from the use of this test
sorption dynamometer in the test cell.
method provide a comparative index of the aeration resistance
6.3 Aeration—The HEUI system takes oil from the main
of engine oils used in medium- and heavy-duty truck diesel
gallery and pressurizes it in a plunger pump up to 20.7 MPa
engines.
(3000 psi). The arrangement is shown in Fig. A1.1. The
5.3 Use—The tendency of engine oils to aerate in direct-
pressurized oil operates unit injectors that increase the fuel
injection, turbocharged diesel engines is influenced by a
pressure up to 145 MPa (21 000 psi) with the help of
variety of factors, including engine oil formulation variables,
intensifiers (see Fig. A1.5). The electronic controls permit
oil temperature, sump design and capacity, residence time of
varied injection timing and duration to provide optimum fuel
the oil in the sump, and the design of the pressurized oil
economy and emissions. As shown in Table 1, this operation
systems. In some engine-oil-activated injection systems, the
residence time of the oil in the sump is insufficient to allow
dissipation of aeration from the oi
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