ASTM E436-03(2021)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E436 −03 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Test Method for
Drop-Weight Tear Tests of Ferritic Steels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E436; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope range where the fracture mode changes from brittle (cleavage
or flat) to ductile (shear or oblique).
1.1 This test method covers drop-weight tear tests (DWTT)
on ferritic steels with thicknesses between 3.18mm and 19.1 4.2 This test method can serve the following purposes:
mm.
4.2.1 For research and development, to study the effect of
metallurgical variables such as composition or heat treatment,
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
or of fabricating operations such as welding or forming on the
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
mode of fracture propagation.
standard.
4.2.2 For evaluation of materials for service to indicate the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
suitability of a material for specific applications by indicating
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
fracture propagation behavior at the service temperature(s).
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.2.3 Forinformationorspecificationpurposes,toprovidea
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
manufacturing quality control only when suitable correlations
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
have been established with service behavior.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
5. Apparatus
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 5.1 The testing machine shall be either a pendulum type or
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical a vertical-dropped-weight (Note 1) type. The machine shall
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. provide sufficient energy to completely fracture a specimen in
one impact.
2. Referenced Documents
5.1.1 As a guide in the design of the equipment it has been
found that up to 2712 J of energy may be required to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
completely fracture specimens of steel up to 12.7 mm in
E208Test Method for Conducting Drop-Weight Test to
thickness with tensile strengths to 690 MPa.
Determine Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature of Fer-
ritic Steels
NOTE 1—Equipment of the vertical-dropped-weight variety that can be
E1823TerminologyRelatingtoFatigueandFractureTesting
readily modified to conduct the drop-weight tear test is described in Test
Method E208.
NOTE 2—Current pipeline grade steels take more thn 4kJ at design
3. Terminology
temperature of -5°C
3.1 Terminology E1823 is applicable to this test method.
5.2 Thespecimenshallbesupportedinasuitablemannerto
prevent sidewise rotation of the specimen.
4. Significance and Use
5.3 The velocity of the hammer (in either type of testing
4.1 This test method can be used to determine the appear-
machine) shall be not less than 4.88 m/s.
ance of propagating fractures in plain carbon or low-alloy pipe
steels(yieldstrengthslessthan825MPa)overthetemperature
6. Test Specimen
6.1 The test specimen shall be a 76.2mm by 305mm by
This method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical full-plate-thickness edge-notch bend specimen employing a
Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.07 on Impact Testing.
pressednotch.Fig.1presentsthedimensionsandtolerancesof
Current edition approved June 1, 2021. Published June 2021. Originally
the specimens. The specimens shall be removed from the
approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved 2014 as E436–03(2014). DOI:
material under test by sawing, shearing, or flame cutting, with
10.1520/E0436-03R21.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
or without machining.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on NOTE3—Ifthespecimenisflamecutitisusuallydifficulttopressinthe
the ASTM website. notch unless the heat-affected zone is removed by machining.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E436 − 03 (2021)
1 3
FIG. 1 Drop-Weight Tear Test Specimens and Support Dimensions and Tolerances (for Specimens ⁄8 in. to ⁄4 in. in Thickness)
6.2 The notch shall be pressed to the depth shown in Fig. 1
with a sharp tool-steel chisel with an included angle of 45° 6
2°. Machined notches are prohibited.
NOTE 4—The notch radius obtained with a sharp tool-steel chisel is
normally between 0.013mm to 0.025 mm. When many specimens are to
be tested, it is helpful to use a jig that will guide the chisel and stop it at
FIG. 2 Fracture Surface Included in Shear-Area Determination
the proper depth.
7. Procedure
7.1 In the temperature range from−73°C to 100°C em-
ploy the procedure described in 7.1.1 and 7.1.2.
7.1.1 Completely immerse the specimens in a bath of
suitableliquidatatemperaturewithin 61°Cofthedesiredtest
temperature for a minimum time of 15 min prior to testing.
Separate the specimens by a distance at least equal to the
thickness of the specimen. Make provision for circulation of FIG. 3 Alternative Shear-Cleavage Fracture Appearance
the bath to assure uniform bath temperature.
NOTE 5—Alternatively, other methods of heating and cooling may be
used, provided they produce equivalent time at temperature of the
specimens.
that are bright and crystalline in appearance and that are
perpendicular to the plate surface. The cleavage fractures
7.1.2 Remove the specimens from the bath and break as
generally extend from the root of the notch and are surrounded
described herein within a time period of 10s. If the specimens
by a region of shear or shear lips on the specimen surface.
are held out of the bath longer than 10 s return them unbroken
to the bath for a minimum of 10 min. Do not handle the
8.2 Evaluate the specimens (Note 7) by determining the
specimen in the vicinity of the notch by devices the tempera-
percent shear area of the fracture surface neglecting the
tureofwhichisappreciablydifferentfromthetesttemperature.
fracture surface for a distance of one specimen thickness from
the root of the notch and the fracture surface for a distance of
7.2 For temperatures outside of the range specified in 7.1
one specimen thickness from the edge struck by the hammer.
maintainthespecimentemperatureatthetimeofimpactwithin
Fig. 2 illustrates in the cross-hatched area that portion of the
4°C of the desired test temperature.
fracture surface to be considered in the evaluation of the
7.3 Insert the specimen in the testing machine so that the
percent shear area of the fracture surface.
notchinthespecimenlinesupwiththecenterlineofthetupon
NOTE 7—If the specimens are to be preserved for some length of time
the hammer within 1.59 mm. Also, center the notch in the
afterevaluationoftheshearareaorifaconsiderabletimeelapsesbetween
specimen between the supports on the anvil.
testingandevaluation,thefracturesurfacesshouldbetreatedtokeepthem
7.4 Consider tests invalid if the specimen buckles during from corroding.
impact.
8.3 Occasionallyspecimenswillexhibitthefractureappear-
ance shown in Fig. 3. On specimens of this type the fracture
NOTE 6—Buckling has been experienced with specimen thicknesses
less than 4.75 mm. appears to have stopped and started a number of times
exhibiting intermittent regions of shear and cleavage in the
8. Specimen Evaluation
midthickness portion of the specimen.The shear area included
8.1 For the purposes of this method, shear-fracture surfaces intheratingofspecimensofthistypeshallbethatshowninthe
shall be considered as those having a dull gray silky appear- cross-hatched area of Fig. 3 (neglect the shear areas in the
ance which are commonly inclined at an angle to the specimen region of intermittent shear and cleavage fracture in rating the
surface. Cleavage or brittle fractures shall be considered those specimen).
E436 − 03 (2021)
FIG. 4 DWTT Fracture Appearances
8.4 For referee method of determining the percent shear distinguishedfromt
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