ASTM D3888-15
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
Standard Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Terminology D3888 was originally developed as a terminology standard for rotor spinning when it evolved as a new yarn spinning technology in the 1980s. Ring spinning production had been the traditional spinning since the early 1800s when hand spinning became mechanized. Rotor spinning and other spinning technologies increased yarn production rates and formed yarns by different mechanical means that generated yarns with characteristics unlike traditional ring-spun yarns. The revision of this document is intended to compile terminology for current yarn spinning systems into one standard rather than individual standards, in that all yarn formation is generated by processing raw fiber into a spun yarn by using common preparation steps, such as opening, cleaning, carding, roving formation, and sometimes combing. Terminology in this standard is grouped by the type of spinning system and in chronological order of their development and production usage. It should be noted that the higher end of yarn number ranges cited with each spinning system are possible but are rare in actual production.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers terms related to ring, rotor, and air jet yarn spinning systems.
1.1.1 This standard formerly only included terminology related to open-end spinning. It has been expanded to include terms relating to ring and air jet spinning systems.
1.1.2 While the term rotor spinning is technically correct, the terms rotor and open-end are used interchangeably in the textile industry.
1.1.3 While the clarifying examples given in this terminology do not cover industrial yarns and fibers, the technical spinning principles are also valid for this category of textile materials.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D3888 − 15
Standard Terminology for
1
Yarn Spinning Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3888; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope compile terminology for current yarn spinning systems into
one standard rather than individual standards, in that all yarn
1.1 This terminology covers terms related to ring, rotor, and
formation is generated by processing raw fiber into a spun yarn
air jet yarn spinning systems.
by using common preparation steps, such as opening, cleaning,
1.1.1 This standard formerly only included terminology
carding, roving formation, and sometimes combing. Terminol-
related to open-end spinning. It has been expanded to include
ogy in this standard is grouped by the type of spinning system
terms relating to ring and air jet spinning systems.
andinchronologicalorderoftheirdevelopmentandproduction
1.1.2 While the term rotor spinning is technically correct,
usage. It should be noted that the higher end of yarn number
the terms rotor and open-end are used interchangeably in the
rangescitedwitheachspinningsystemarepossiblebutarerare
textile industry.
in actual production.
1.1.3 While the clarifying examples given in this terminol-
ogy do not cover industrial yarns and fibers, the technical
4. Terminology
spinning principles are also valid for this category of textile
materials. 4.1 Ring Spinning—Ring spinning is the oldest spinning
system in use, therefore ring-spun yarns are the basis for
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
comparing yarns produced from other spinning systems. See
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Fig. 1. Production rates are low when compared to new
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
spinning systems. The production delivery capability of ring
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
spinning is limited by traveler velocity and the twist limits of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the yarn number being made; the speed may range between 10
2. Referenced Documents
and 20 m/min. Ring spinning allows for the production of the
2
widest range of yarn numbers from 200 to 2 tex (Ne 3/1 to
c
2.1 ASTM Standards:
300/1). Ring-spun yarns are produced by drafting rovings
D2255 Test Method for Grading SpunYarns forAppearance
between pairs of rollers, twisting the drafted roving by passing
D3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
it under a traveler that rotates around a fixed ring on the frame
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
of the spinning machine, and winding the twisted strand on a
3. Significance and Use removable bobbin mounted on a rotating spindle.
bobbin, n—a cylinder (can be slightly tapered; plastic or
3.1 Terminology D3888 was originally developed as a
cardboard), mounted on a spindle of a ring spinning frame
terminology standard for rotor spinning when it evolved as a
on which yarn produced from drafting and twisting is
new yarn spinning technology in the 1980s. Ring spinning
wound.
production had been the traditional spinning since the early
DISCUSSION—Yarn from several ring frame bobbins is wound onto a
1800s when hand spinning became mechanized. Rotor spin-
cone or cheese to create a larger package from which it can be easily
ningandotherspinningtechnologiesincreasedyarnproduction
unwound for use in weaving, knitting, or other processes.
rates and formed yarns by different mechanical means that
generated yarns with characteristics unlike traditional ring-
carding, v—a mechanical preparation, utilized by staple fiber
spun yarns. The revision of this document is intended to
spinning systems, that cleans, straightens, and aligns fibers
using wire-covered rolls (or cylinders) that converts fibers
1
into a sliver.
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published September 2015. Originally
carded yarn, n—an organized, continuous strand of staple
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D3888 – 12. DOI:
fibers produced by carding, drawing, roving formation, and
10.1520/D3888-15.
spinning. (Compare with combed yarn.)
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
combing, v—an optional mechanical preparation process un-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. dertaken to remove additional t
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3888 − 12 D3888 − 15
Standard Terminology for
1
Yarn Spinning Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3888; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology covers terms related to ring, rotor, and air jet yarn spinning systems.
1.1.1 This standard formerly only included terminology related to open-end spinning. It has been expanded to include terms
relating to ring and air jet spinning systems.
1.1.2 While the term rotor spinning is technically correct, the terms rotor and open-end are used interchangeably in the textile
industry.
1.1.3 While the clarifying examples given in this terminology do not cover industrial yarns and fibers, the technical spinning
principles are also valid for this category of textile materials.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2255 Test Method for Grading Spun Yarns for Appearance
D3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Terminology D3888 was originally developed as a terminology standard for rotor spinning when it evolved as a new yarn
spinning technology in the 1980s. Ring spinning production had been the traditional spinning since the early 1800s when hand
spinning became mechanized. Rotor spinning and other spinning technologies increased yarn production rates and formed yarns
by different mechanical means that generated yarns with characteristics unlike traditional ring-spun yarns. The revision of this
document is intended to compile terminology for current yarn spinning systems into one standard rather than individual standards,
in that all yarn formation is generated by processing raw fiber into a spun yarn by using common preparation steps, such as
opening, cleaning, carding, roving formation, and sometimes combing. Terminology in this standard is grouped by the type of
spinning system and in chronological order of their development and production usage. It should be noted that the higher end of
yarn number ranges cited with each spinning system are possible but are rare in actual production.
4. Terminology
4.1 Ring Spinning—Ring spinning is the oldest spinning system in use, therefore ring-spun yarns are the basis for comparing
yarns produced from other spinning systems. See Fig. 1. Production rates are low when compared to new spinning systems. The
production delivery capability of ring spinning is limited by traveler velocity and the twist limits of the yarn number being made;
the speed may range between 10 and 20 m/min. Ring spinning allows for the production of the widest range of yarn numbers from
200 to 2 tex (Ne 3/1 to 300/1). Ring-spun yarns are produced by drafting rovings between pairs of rollers, twisting the drafted
c
roving by passing it under a traveler that rotates around a fixed ring on the frame of the spinning machine, and winding the twisted
strand on a removable bobbin mounted on a rotating spindle. Ring spun yarns are characterized by a uniform fiber orientation
around the yarn axis. See Fig. 1.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012July 1, 2015. Published March 2012September 2015. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 as
ε1
D3888 – 07D3888 – 12. . DOI: 10.1520/D3888-12.10.1520/D3888-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D3888 − 15
FIG. 1 Longitudinal Sections of Ring (middle view), Rotor (bottom view) and Air Jet (top view) Yarns
(Courtesy of Murata Machinery, Ltd.)
bobbin, n
...
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