77.040 - Testing of metals
ICS 77.040 Details
Testing of metals
Prufung metallischer Werkstoffe
Essais des metaux
Preskušanje kovin
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 77.040 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Testing of metals". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 2738 standards classified under ICS 77.040 (Testing of metals). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document specifies the method of linear elastic dynamic instrumented indentation test for determination of indentation hardness and indentation modulus of materials showing elastic-plastic behaviour when oscillatory force or displacement is applied to the indenter while the load or displacement is held constant at a prescribed target value or while the indenter is continuously loaded to a prescribed target load or target depth.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the pendulum impact test method on miniature Charpy-type V-notch test pieces of metallic materials. This document does not cover instrumented impact testing of miniature Charpy-type V-notch test pieces, which is specified in ISO 14556:2023, Annex D[1]. This document can be applied, by agreement, to other impact testing machines, such as drop-weight towers or high-speed servo-hydraulic machines. The user should be aware that data obtained from miniature test pieces are not directly comparable to those obtained from full-size standard Charpy V-notch test pieces[2],[3].
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft10 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the chemical composition limits of wrought aluminium and wrought aluminium alloys and form of products.
NOTE The chemical composition limits of aluminium and aluminium alloys specified herein are completely identical with those registered with the Aluminium Association, 1525, Wilson Boulevard, Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22209, USA, for the corresponding alloys.
- Standard52 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies guidelines for testing metallic sheet materials to determine the stress-strain characteristics at high strain rates. This document covers the use of elastic-bar-type systems.
This test method covers the strain-rate range above 102 s−1.
NOTE This testing method is also applicable to tensile test-piece geometries other than the flat test pieces considered here.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of measuring the case hardening depth, surface hardening depth, nitriding hardness depth and total thickness of surface hardening depth obtained using, e.g. thermal (flame and induction hardening, electron beam hardening, laser beam hardening, etc.) or thermochemical (carbonitriding, carburizing and hardening, hardening and nitriding, etc.) treatment.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of the transverse rupture strength of sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals. The method is particularly suitable for comparing the sintered strength of a batch of metal powder with that of a reference powder or with a reference strength.
The method is applicable to sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals, whether they have been subjected to heat treatment after sintering or not, and also to materials that have been sized or coined after sintering.
It is especially suitable for materials having a uniform hardness throughout their section and negligible ductility, i.e. a ductility corresponding to a permanent deformation of less than about 0,5 mm measured between the two supports during the transverse rupture strength determination.
NOTE The permanent deformation can be measured with sufficient precision from the two fragments of the broken or cracked bar by indexing the lower surface. Alternatively, the deflection of a straight line drawn horizontally on the side of the test piece can be measured using an optical instrument such as a measuring microscope or optical comparator.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for measuring the Palmqvist toughness of hardmetals and cermets at room temperature by an indentation method. This document is applicable to a measurement of toughness, called Palmqvist toughness, calculated from the total length of cracks emanating from the corners of a Vickers hardness indentation, and it is intended for use with metal-bonded carbides and carbonitrides (normally called hardmetals, cermets or cemented carbides). The test procedures specified in this document are applicable for use at ambient temperatures, but can be extended to higher or lower temperatures by agreement. The test procedures specified in this document are also applicable for use in a normal laboratory-air environment. This document is not applicable for use in corrosive environments, such as strong acids or seawater.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the method of linear elastic dynamic instrumented indentation test for determination of indentation hardness and indentation modulus of materials showing elastic-plastic behaviour when oscillatory force or displacement is applied to the indenter while the load or displacement is held constant at a prescribed target value or while the indenter is continuously loaded to a prescribed target load or target depth.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of measuring the case hardening depth, surface hardening depth, nitriding hardness depth and total thickness of surface hardening depth obtained using, e.g. thermal (flame and induction hardening, electron beam hardening, laser beam hardening, etc.) or thermochemical (carbonitriding, carburizing and hardening, hardening and nitriding, etc.) treatment.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of the transverse rupture strength of sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals. The method is particularly suitable for comparing the sintered strength of a batch of metal powder with that of a reference powder or with a reference strength.
The method is applicable to sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals, whether they have been subjected to heat treatment after sintering or not, and also to materials that have been sized or coined after sintering.
It is especially suitable for materials having a uniform hardness throughout their section and negligible ductility, i.e. a ductility corresponding to a permanent deformation of less than about 0,5 mm measured between the two supports during the transverse rupture strength determination.
NOTE The permanent deformation can be measured with sufficient precision from the two fragments of the broken or cracked bar by indexing the lower surface. Alternatively, the deflection of a straight line drawn horizontally on the side of the test piece can be measured using an optical instrument such as a measuring microscope or optical comparator.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for measuring the Palmqvist toughness of hardmetals and cermets at room temperature by an indentation method. This document is applicable to a measurement of toughness, called Palmqvist toughness, calculated from the total length of cracks emanating from the corners of a Vickers hardness indentation, and it is intended for use with metal-bonded carbides and carbonitrides (normally called hardmetals, cermets or cemented carbides). The test procedures specified in this document are applicable for use at ambient temperatures, but can be extended to higher or lower temperatures by agreement. The test procedures specified in this document are also applicable for use in a normal laboratory-air environment. This document is not applicable for use in corrosive environments, such as strong acids or seawater.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of measuring the case hardening depth, surface hardening depth, nitriding hardness depth and total thickness of surface hardening depth obtained using, e.g. thermal (flame and induction hardening, electron beam hardening, laser beam hardening, etc.) or thermochemical (carbonitriding, carburizing and hardening, hardening and nitriding, etc.) treatment.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard14 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for measuring the Palmqvist toughness of hardmetals and cermets at room temperature by an indentation method. This document is applicable to a measurement of toughness, called Palmqvist toughness, calculated from the total length of cracks emanating from the corners of a Vickers hardness indentation, and it is intended for use with metal-bonded carbides and carbonitrides (normally called hardmetals, cermets or cemented carbides). The test procedures specified in this document are applicable for use at ambient temperatures, but can be extended to higher or lower temperatures by agreement. The test procedures specified in this document are also applicable for use in a normal laboratory-air environment. This document is not applicable for use in corrosive environments, such as strong acids or seawater.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard11 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of the transverse rupture strength of sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals. The method is particularly suitable for comparing the sintered strength of a batch of metal powder with that of a reference powder or with a reference strength. The method is applicable to sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals, whether they have been subjected to heat treatment after sintering or not, and also to materials that have been sized or coined after sintering. It is especially suitable for materials having a uniform hardness throughout their section and negligible ductility, i.e. a ductility corresponding to a permanent deformation of less than about 0,5 mm measured between the two supports during the transverse rupture strength determination. NOTE The permanent deformation can be measured with sufficient precision from the two fragments of the broken or cracked bar by indexing the lower surface. Alternatively, the deflection of a straight line drawn horizontally on the side of the test piece can be measured using an optical instrument such as a measuring microscope or optical comparator.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard4 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies guidelines for testing metallic sheet materials to determine the stress-strain characteristics at high strain rates. This document covers the use of elastic-bar-type systems.
This test method covers the strain-rate range above 102 s−1.
NOTE This testing method is also applicable to tensile test-piece geometries other than the flat test pieces considered here.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies guidelines for testing metallic sheet materials to determine the stress-strain characteristics at high strain rates. This document covers the use of elastic-bar-type systems. This test method covers the strain-rate range above 102 s−1. NOTE This testing method is also applicable to tensile test-piece geometries other than the flat test pieces considered here.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard29 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the requirements for the ultrasonic testing of steel castings (with ferritic structure) for general purposes and the methods for determining internal discontinuities by the pulse-echo technique.
This document is applicable to the ultrasonic testing of steel castings which have usually received a grain refining heat treatment and which have wall thicknesses up to and including 600 mm.
For greater wall thicknesses, special agreements are applicable with respect to test procedure and recording levels.
This document does not apply to austenitic steels and joint welds. For highly stressed components EN 12680-2 is applicable.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the ultrasonic testing of steel castings (with ferritic structure) for highly stressed components and the methods for determining internal discontinuities by the pulse-echo technique.
Highly-stressed means for example:
— High material utilization (close to Rp0,2)
— High static and cyclic load
— For fail-safe assessment, requiring a fracture-mechanic assessment
An example for a highly-stressed cast component is a turbine housing, subjected to combined high static, cyclic and thermal load.
Purchasers determine if components are highly stressed based on the need for performance or safety.
For lower-stressed cast components for general purposes, EN 12680-1 applies.
This document is applicable to the ultrasonic testing of steel castings which have usually received a grain-refining heat treatment and which have wall thicknesses up to and including 600 mm.
For greater wall thicknesses, special agreements are applicable with respect to test procedure and recording levels.
This document does not apply to austenitic steels and joint welds.
- Standard37 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the ultrasonic testing of spheroidal graphite cast iron castings and the techniques for determining internal discontinuities by the pulse-echo technique.
This document does not apply to ultrasonic testing of the nodularity of spheroidal graphite cast irons.
This document does not apply to phased array technique and to transmission technique.
NOTE The transmission technique has insufficient sensitivity to detect the discontinuities found in spheroidal graphite cast iron castings and is used in exceptional cases only.
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document applies to force-controlled thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) testing. Both forms of control, force or stress, can be applied according to this document. This document describes the equipment, specimen preparation, and presentation of the test results to determine TMF properties.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the requirements for the ultrasonic testing of steel castings (with ferritic structure) for general purposes and the methods for determining internal discontinuities by the pulse-echo technique.
This document is applicable to the ultrasonic testing of steel castings which have usually received a grain refining heat treatment and which have wall thicknesses up to and including 600 mm.
For greater wall thicknesses, special agreements are applicable with respect to test procedure and recording levels.
This document does not apply to austenitic steels and joint welds. For highly stressed components EN 12680-2 is applicable.
- Standard35 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the ultrasonic testing of spheroidal graphite cast iron castings and the techniques for determining internal discontinuities by the pulse-echo technique.
This document does not apply to ultrasonic testing of the nodularity of spheroidal graphite cast irons.
This document does not apply to phased array technique and to transmission technique.
NOTE The transmission technique has insufficient sensitivity to detect the discontinuities found in spheroidal graphite cast iron castings and is used in exceptional cases only.
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the ultrasonic testing of steel castings (with ferritic structure) for highly stressed components and the methods for determining internal discontinuities by the pulse-echo technique.
Highly-stressed means for example:
— High material utilization (close to Rp0,2)
— High static and cyclic load
— For fail-safe assessment, requiring a fracture-mechanic assessment
An example for a highly-stressed cast component is a turbine housing, subjected to combined high static, cyclic and thermal load.
Purchasers determine if components are highly stressed based on the need for performance or safety.
For lower-stressed cast components for general purposes, EN 12680-1 applies.
This document is applicable to the ultrasonic testing of steel castings which have usually received a grain-refining heat treatment and which have wall thicknesses up to and including 600 mm.
For greater wall thicknesses, special agreements are applicable with respect to test procedure and recording levels.
This document does not apply to austenitic steels and joint welds.
- Standard37 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the instrumented indentation method for testing at elevated temperature for determination of hardness and other materials parameters at temperatures above ambient. Elevated temperature testing is defined in this document to be when the test piece and indenter tip are heated above the ambient conditions of the instrument to a controlled and measured temperature; insulating shielding is used to enclose the hot zone to reduce heating effects so that the majority of the instrumented indentation testing machine is at ambient conditions. This document is restricted to test machines that have been traceably calibrated and pass an indirect verification according to ISO 14577-2 when operating at elevated temperature to ensure that any effects on ambient sensors caused by the presence of a hot zone are accounted for. This document covers instrumented indentation testing at elevated temperatures in air, in inert or reducing gaseous environments, or in vacuum. This document provides a method for instrumented indentation testing at elevated temperature with both the indenter tip and test piece actively heated, and with independent feedback control and temperature measurement of both the indenter tip and test piece. This document provides a method for estimation of the uncertainty of the contact temperature. The uncertainty increases as the thermal conductivity of the test piece decreases. It is left to the user to decide if that uncertainty is fit for their purpose. The test method in this document is not applicable to: — instrumented indentation testing where there is no direct measurement of the temperature of the indenter tip body itself; — instrumented indentation testing where above ambient temperatures are obtained by placing the entire instrument in a hot box to achieve iso-thermal heating of the whole system. These systems typically only achieve limited elevated temperature; — instrumented indentation testing with active heating of the test piece but only passive heating of the indenter, e.g. by proximity to the hot test piece and thermal conduction through the indentation contact, hot gas, or any combination.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a gravimetric method for the determination of the moisture content in rare earth solid concentrate, rare earth oxides and rare earth fluorides. The specified measurement ranges for moisture are shown in Table 1. This document is not applicable to: a) lanthanum oxide and neodymium oxide; b) rare earth oxides containing lanthanum oxide or neodymium oxide, such as lanthanum-cerium oxide, praseodymium-neodymium oxide, etc. This document does not involve sampling. NOTE Since the lanthanum oxide and neodymium oxide will react with water and carbon dioxide in the air, moisture cannot be accurately determined. However, this method can also be a guidance for the determination of the moisture in these materials.
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This document provides specifications for metallographic method for determining the maximum local content of ferrite in an austenitic matrix of stainless steel.
- Technical specification11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ISO 15363:2017 specifies the ring hydraulic pressure test for metallic tubes. It is generally applied to tubes with an outside diameter greater than 120 mm and outside diameter to thickness ratio of not less than 20.
The objective of this test is to ascertain the value of the hoop stress required to produce a specified total circumferential (hoop) strain.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Amendment8 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ISO 15363:2017 specifies the ring hydraulic pressure test for metallic tubes. It is generally applied to tubes with an outside diameter greater than 120 mm and outside diameter to thickness ratio of not less than 20.
The objective of this test is to ascertain the value of the hoop stress required to produce a specified total circumferential (hoop) strain.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an infrared absorption method after combustion in an induction furnace for the determination of the total carbon content in steel and iron.
The method is applicable to carbon contents between 0,003 % (mass fraction) and 4,5 % (mass fraction).
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Amendment8 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
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This document specifies an infrared absorption method after combustion in an induction furnace for the determination of the total carbon content in steel and iron.
The method is applicable to carbon contents between 0,003 % (mass fraction) and 4,5 % (mass fraction).
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies criteria for sampling from aluminium and aluminium alloy melts in order to determine the chemical composition.
NOTE For sampling from product or laboratory samples see EN 14242 or EN 14726.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides specifications for testing miniaturised metallic test pieces where not enough material is available for test pieces according to ISO 6892-1.
The guidelines in this document are not intended to replace the requirements of the standard method described in ISO 6892-1.
This document refers to conventionally manufactured materials.
NOTE 1 Additional information regarding testing of additively manufactured materials are given in ISO/ASTM 52909[5].
NOTE 2 Further information on the performance of miniaturised test pieces in tensile testing and the comparability of respective results is available in References [8] to [14].
- Technical specification15 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies criteria for sampling from aluminium and aluminium alloy melts in order to determine the chemical composition.
NOTE For sampling from product or laboratory samples see EN 14242 or EN 14726.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides specifications for testing miniaturised metallic test pieces where not enough material is available for test pieces according to ISO 6892-1.
The guidelines in this document are not intended to replace the requirements of the standard method described in ISO 6892-1.
This document refers to conventionally manufactured materials.
NOTE 1 Additional information regarding testing of additively manufactured materials are given in ISO/ASTM 52909[5].
NOTE 2 Further information on the performance of miniaturised test pieces in tensile testing and the comparability of respective results is available in References [8] to [14].
- Technical specification15 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides specifications for testing miniaturised metallic test pieces where not enough material is available for test pieces according to ISO 6892-1. The guidelines in this document are not intended to replace the requirements of the standard method described in ISO 6892-1. This document refers to conventionally manufactured materials. NOTE 1 Additional information regarding testing of additively manufactured materials are given in ISO/ASTM 52909[5]. NOTE 2 Further information on the performance of miniaturised test pieces in tensile testing and the comparability of respective results is available in References [8] to [14].
- Technical specification7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification8 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of chromium in steel and iron by potentiometric or visual titration.
The method is applicable to chromium contents between 0,25 % (mass fraction) and 35 % (mass fraction). If vanadium is present, the visual titration is applicable only to test portions containing less than 3 mg of vanadium.
NOTE The visual titration can be applicable to test portion containing between 3 mg and 6 mg of vanadium.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of chromium in steel and iron by potentiometric or visual titration.
The method is applicable to chromium contents between 0,25 % (mass fraction) and 35 % (mass fraction). If vanadium is present, the visual titration is applicable only to test portions containing less than 3 mg of vanadium.
NOTE The visual titration can be applicable to test portion containing between 3 mg and 6 mg of vanadium.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the ability of metallic wire of diameter or characteristic dimension from 0,3 mm to 10 mm to undergo plastic deformation during reverse bend test. The range of applicable diameters or characteristic dimensions is more precisely specified in the relevant product standard.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of acid-soluble and/or total aluminium in non-alloyed steel.
The method is applicable to aluminium contents between 0,005 % (mass fraction) and 0,20 % (mass fraction).
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the hardenability of steel by end quenching (Jominy test) by using a test piece 25 mm in diameter and at least 100 mm long.
By agreement and for a defined field of application, the test described in this document can be replaced by the calculation of the Jominy curve according to an accepted mathematical model.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies micrographic methods of determining apparent ferritic or austenitic grain size in steels. It describes the methods of revealing grain boundaries and of estimating the mean grain size of specimens with unimodal size distribution. Although grains are three-dimensional in shape, the metallographic sectioning plane can cut through a grain at any point from a grain corner, to the maximum diameter of the grain, thus producing a range of apparent grain sizes on the two-dimensional plane, even in a sample with a perfectly consistent grain size.
- Standard53 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the hardenability of steel by end quenching (Jominy test) by using a test piece 25 mm in diameter and at least 100 mm long.
By agreement and for a defined field of application, the test described in this document can be replaced by the calculation of the Jominy curve according to an accepted mathematical model.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies micrographic methods of determining apparent ferritic or austenitic grain size in steels. It describes the methods of revealing grain boundaries and of estimating the mean grain size of specimens with unimodal size distribution. Although grains are three-dimensional in shape, the metallographic sectioning plane can cut through a grain at any point from a grain corner, to the maximum diameter of the grain, thus producing a range of apparent grain sizes on the two-dimensional plane, even in a sample with a perfectly consistent grain size.
- Standard53 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the hardenability of steel by end quenching (Jominy test) by using a test piece 25 mm in diameter and at least 100 mm long. By agreement and for a defined field of application, the test described in this document can be replaced by the calculation of the Jominy curve according to an accepted mathematical model.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard19 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies micrographic methods of determining apparent ferritic or austenitic grain size in steels. It describes the methods of revealing grain boundaries and of estimating the mean grain size of specimens with unimodal size distribution. Although grains are three-dimensional in shape, the metallographic sectioning plane can cut through a grain at any point from a grain corner, to the maximum diameter of the grain, thus producing a range of apparent grain sizes on the two-dimensional plane, even in a sample with a perfectly consistent grain size.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard48 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of phosphorus in steel and cast iron.
The method is applicable to phosphorus contents between 0,001 0 % (mass fraction) and 1,0 % (mass fraction).
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of phosphorus in steel and cast iron.
The method is applicable to phosphorus contents between 0,001 0 % (mass fraction) and 1,0 % (mass fraction).
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day