D02.04.0D - Physical and Chemical Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The aniline point (or mixed aniline point) is useful as an aid in the characterization of pure hydrocarbons and in the analysis of hydrocarbon mixtures. Aromatic hydrocarbons exhibit the lowest, and paraffins the highest values. Cycloparaffins and olefins exhibit values that lie between those for paraffins and aromatics. In homologous series the aniline points increase with increasing molecular weight. Although it occasionally is used in combination with other physical properties in correlative methods for hydrocarbon analysis, the aniline point is most often used to provide an estimate of the aromatic hydrocarbon content of mixtures.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the aniline point of petroleum products and hydrocarbon solvents. Test Method A is suitable for transparent samples with an initial boiling point above room temperature and where the aniline point is below the bubble point and above the solidification point of the aniline-sample mixture. Test Method B, a thin-film method, is suitable for samples too dark for testing by Test Method A. Test Methods C and D are for samples that may vaporize appreciably at the aniline point. Test Method D is particularly suitable where only small quantities of sample are available. Test Method E describes a procedure using an automatic apparatus suitable for the range covered by Test Methods A and B.  
1.2 These test methods also cover the determination of the mixed aniline point of petroleum products and hydrocarbon solvents having aniline points below the temperature at which aniline will crystallize from the aniline-sample mixture.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice covers a series of methods offered to aid users in calibrating U-tube density meters to provide a measure of density and an associated expanded uncertainty. The reference density, as obtained from either an equation of state (EOS) or CRM has an uncertainty that arises from the uncertainty of the measurements of temperature, pressure, and also the chemical purity of the substance studied (origin) or for that matter of the certified reference material. This uncertainty results in an additional uncertainty for the density of these samples. Because the measurements made with U-tube density meters are not absolute, the uncertainty with which the instrument calibration is determined is directly related to the uncertainty of the density obtained.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the calibration of U-tube density cells. It is applicable to instruments capable of determining fluid density at temperatures in the range –10 °C to 200 °C and pressures from just greater than the saturation pressure to 140 MPa. The practice refers to density cells as they are utilized to make measurements of fluids primarily in the compressed-liquid state. Examples of substances for which the density can be determined with a calibrated U-tube density meter include: crude oils, gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends, diesel and jet fuels, hydraulic fluids, and lubricating oils.  
1.2 This practice specifies a procedure for the determination of the expanded uncertainty of the density measurement.  
1.3 This practice pertains to fluids with viscosities  
1.4 4 The values listed in SI units are regarded as the standard, unless otherwise stated. The SI unit for mass density is kilograms per cubic metre (kg·m-3) and can be given as grams per cubic centimetre (g·cm-3).  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that may be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize the quality of crude oils.  
5.2 The density or relative density of crude oils is used for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15 °C or 60 °F and for the conversion of crude mass measurements into volume units.  
5.3 The application of the density result obtained from this test method, for fiscal or custody transfer accounting calculations, may require measurements of the water and sediment contents obtained on similar specimens of the crude oil parcel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density, relative density, and API gravity of crude oils that may be handled in a normal fashion as liquids at test temperatures between 15 °C and 35 °C utilizing either manual or automated sample injection equipment. This test method applies to crude oils with high vapor pressures provided appropriate precautions are taken to prevent vapor loss during transfer of the sample to the density analyzer.  
1.2 This test method was evaluated in interlaboratory study testing using crude oils in the 0.75 g/mL to 0.95 g/mL range. Lighter crude oil may require special handling to prevent vapor losses.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement are included in this standard. The accepted units of measurement of density are grams per millilitre and kilograms per cubic metre.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and petroleum products.  
5.2 Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperature of 15 °C.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density, relative density, and API Gravity of petroleum distillates and viscous oils that can be handled in a normal fashion as liquids at the temperature of test, utilizing either manual or automated sample injection equipment. Its application is restricted to liquids with total vapor pressures (see Test Method D5191) typically below 100 kPa and viscosities (see Test Method D445 or D7042) typically below about 15 000 mm2/s at the temperature of test. The total vapor pressure limitation however can be extended to >100 kPa provided that it is first ascertained that no bubbles form in the U-tube, which can affect the density determination. Some examples of products that may be tested by this procedure include: gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends, diesel, jet, basestocks, waxes, and lubricating oils.  
1.1.1 Waxes and highly viscous samples were not included in the 1999 interlaboratory study (ILS) sample set that was used to determine the current precision statements of the method, since all samples evaluated at the time were analyzed at a test temperature of 15 °C. Wax and highly viscous samples require a temperature cell operated at elevated temperatures necessary to ensure a liquid test specimen is introduced for analysis. Consult instrument manufacturer instructions for appropriate guidance and precautions when attempting to analyze wax or highly viscous samples. Refer to the Precision and Bias section of the method and Note 9 for more detailed information about the 1999 ILS that was conducted.  
1.2 In cases of dispute, the referee method is the one where samples are introduced manually as in 6.2 or 6.3, as appropriate for sample type.  
1.3 When testing opaque samples, and when not using equipment that is capable of automatic bubble detection, proper procedure shall be established so that the absence of air bubbles in the U-tube can be established with certainty. For the determination of density in crude oil samples use Test Method D5002.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard, unless stated otherwise. The accepted units of measure for density are grams per millilitre (g/mL) or kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3).  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 3.2.1, Section 7, 9.1, 10.2, and Appendix X1.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Refractive index and refractive dispersion are fundamental physical properties, which can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize pure hydrocarbons and their mixtures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of refractive index, accurate to four decimal places or better, of transparent and light-colored hydrocarbons in the range of 1.3300 to 1.5000 at temperatures from 20 °C to 30 °C by manual (optical-mechanical) or automatic (digital) procedure.  
1.2 The manual (optical-mechanical) procedure also covers the measurement of refractive dispersion accurate to the fourth decimal place or better.
Note 1: The test method may be suitable for measuring the refractive indices of liquids above 1.5000 and at temperatures both below 20 °C and above 30 °C; however, the test method precision may not apply. Verification of the accuracy of such measurements will depend upon the availability of reliable, certified reference standards that demonstrate the performance of the instrument used under the particular measuring conditions.  
1.3 The test method may not be applicable to liquids that are strongly colored, or that have bubble points so near the test temperature that a reading cannot be obtained before substantial weathering takes place. Liquid color should be limited to No. 4 ASTM Color or lighter, as determined by Test Method D1500.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.6  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and to assess the quality of crude oils.  
5.2 Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15 °C.  
5.3 The determination of densities at the elevated temperatures of 40 °C and 100 °C is particularly useful in providing the data needed for the conversion of kinematic viscosities in mm2/s (centistokes) to the corresponding dynamic viscosities in mPa·s (centipoises).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for the measurement of the density of materials which are fluid at the desired test temperature. Its application is restricted to liquids of vapor pressures below 80 kPa (600 mm Hg) and viscosities below 40 000 mm2/s (cSt) at the test temperature. The method is designed for use at any temperature between 20 °C and 100 °C. It can be used at higher temperatures; however, in this case the precision section does not apply.  
Note 1: For the determination of density of materials which are fluid at normal temperatures, see Test Method D1217.  
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for converting density to specific gravity.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property which can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize pure hydrocarbons and their mixtures.  
5.2 This test method was originally developed for the determination of the density of the ASTM Knock Test Reference Fuels n-heptane and isooctane, with an accuracy of 0.00003 g/mL. Although it is no longer employed extensively for this purpose, this test method is useful whenever accurate densities of pure hydrocarbons or petroleum fractions with boiling points between 90 °C and 110 °C are required.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the density of pure hydrocarbons or petroleum distillates boiling between 90 °C and 110 °C that can be handled in a normal fashion as a liquid at the specified test temperatures of 20 °C and 25 °C.  
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for the conversion of density to relative density (specific gravity).  
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Refractive index is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize pure hydrocarbons and their mixtures.  
5.2 The use of refractive index in correlative methods for the determination of the gross composition of viscous oils and waxes often requires its measurement at elevated temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of refractive indexes, accurate to two units in the fourth decimal place, of transparent and light-colored viscous hydrocarbon liquids and melted solids that have refractive indexes in the range between 1.33 and 1.60, and at temperatures from 80 °C to 100 °C. Temperatures lower than 80 °C can be used provided that the melting point of the sample is at least 10 °C below the test temperature.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable, within the accuracy stated, to liquids having colors darker than ASTM Color No. 4, ASTM color as determined by Test Method D1500, to liquids which smoke or vaporize readily at the test temperature, or to solids melting within 10 °C of the test temperature.  
Note 1: The instrument can be successfully used for refractive indices above 1.60; but since certified liquid standards for ranges above 1.60 are not yet available, the accuracy of measurement under these conditions has not been evaluated.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The density, relative density, or API gravity of petroleum products are important quality indicators and are used in quantity calculations or to satisfy application, transportation, storage, and regulatory requirements.  
5.2 This test method should not be used to determine density for custody transfer quantity calculations, particularly where mass or weight is the unit of quantity measurement. Test Method D4052 is appropriate for these applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density, relative density, or API gravity of liquid petroleum products using portable digital density meters at test temperatures between 0 °C and 40 °C (32 °F to 104 °F). Its application is restricted to samples with a dry vapor pressure equivalent up to 80 kPa (11.6 psi) and a viscosity below 100 mm2/s (cSt) at the test temperature.  
1.2 This test method is suitable for determining the density to the nearest 1 kg/m3. To determine the density to the nearest 0.1 kg/m3, use Test Method D4052.  
1.3 This test method is easily calibrated and primarily suitable for field applications. It is important for the user to know and understand the electrical classification of the area in which the analyzer is to be used and to select an analyzer appropriate for that classification.  
1.4 Test Methods D287, D1298, and D6822 are used in field applications. This test method provides an alternative field method that is easily calibrated and does not pose the hazard of hydrometer glass breakage present in current field methods.  
1.5 Portable digital density meters measure the density and temperature of the filled-in sample at the sample temperature. The measured density and temperature are automatically converted into:
Density at 15 °C / density at 60 °F
Relative density 15 °C/15 °C / relative density 60 °F/60 °F  
API gravity 15 °C / API gravity 60 °F
by the instrument using the calculation routines for Generalized Products as defined in Guide D1250.  
1.6 If the density meter does not have in-built software to calculate the density at the reference temperature, this is calculated from the observed density at test temperature using the Petroleum Measurement Tables.  
1.7 The accepted units of measure for density are kilograms per cubic metre (SI unit) or grams per cubic centimetre. Values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are for information only. Both SI and customary units have been rounded; they may not be exactly equivalent.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that may be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize the quality of crude oils.  
5.2 The density or relative density of crude oils is used for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15 °C or 60 °F and for the conversion of crude mass measurements into volume units.  
5.3 The application of the density result obtained from this test method, for fiscal or custody transfer accounting calculations, may require measurements of the water and sediment contents obtained on similar specimens of the crude oil parcel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density, relative density, and API gravity of crude oils that may be handled in a normal fashion as liquids at test temperatures between 15 °C and 35 °C utilizing either manual or automated sample injection equipment. This test method applies to crude oils with high vapor pressures provided appropriate precautions are taken to prevent vapor loss during transfer of the sample to the density analyzer.  
1.2 This test method was evaluated in interlaboratory study testing using crude oils in the 0.75 g/mL to 0.95 g/mL range. Lighter crude oil may require special handling to prevent vapor losses.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement are included in this standard. The accepted units of measurement of density are grams per millilitre and kilograms per cubic metre.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and petroleum products.  
5.2 Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperature of 15 °C.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density, relative density, and API Gravity of petroleum distillates and viscous oils that can be handled in a normal fashion as liquids at the temperature of test, utilizing either manual or automated sample injection equipment. Its application is restricted to liquids with total vapor pressures (see Test Method D5191) typically below 100 kPa and viscosities (see Test Method D445 or D7042) typically below about 15 000 mm2/s at the temperature of test. The total vapor pressure limitation however can be extended to >100 kPa provided that it is first ascertained that no bubbles form in the U-tube, which can affect the density determination. Some examples of products that may be tested by this procedure include: gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends, diesel, jet, basestocks, waxes, and lubricating oils.  
1.1.1 Waxes and highly viscous samples were not included in the 1999 interlaboratory study (ILS) sample set that was used to determine the current precision statements of the method, since all samples evaluated at the time were analyzed at a test temperature of 15 °C. Wax and highly viscous samples require a temperature cell operated at elevated temperatures necessary to ensure a liquid test specimen is introduced for analysis. Consult instrument manufacturer instructions for appropriate guidance and precautions when attempting to analyze wax or highly viscous samples. Refer to the Precision and Bias section of the method and Note 9 for more detailed information about the 1999 ILS that was conducted.  
1.2 In cases of dispute, the referee method is the one where samples are introduced manually as in 6.2 or 6.3, as appropriate for sample type.  
1.3 When testing opaque samples, and when not using equipment that is capable of automatic bubble detection, proper procedure shall be established so that the absence of air bubbles in the U-tube can be established with certainty. For the determination of density in crude oil samples use Test Method D5002.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard, unless stated otherwise. The accepted units of measure for density are grams per millilitre (g/mL) or kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3).  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 3.2.1, Section 7, 9.1, 10.2, and Appendix X1.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize the quality of crude oils.  
5.2 The density or relative density of crude oils is used for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15 °C or 60 °F and for the conversion of crude mass measurements into volume units.  
5.3 The application of the density result obtained from this test method, for fiscal or custody transfer accounting calculations, can require measurements of the water and sediment contents obtained on similar specimens of the crude oil parcel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density, relative density, and API gravity of crude oils that can be handled in a normal fashion as liquids at test temperatures between 15 °C and 35 °C utilizing either manual or automated sample injection equipment. This test method applies to crude oils with high vapor pressures provided appropriate precautions are taken to prevent vapor loss during transfer of the sample to the density analyzer.  
1.2 This test method was evaluated in round robin testing using crude oils in the 0.75 g/mL to 0.95 g/mL range. Lighter crude oil can require special handling to prevent vapor losses. Heavier crudes can require measurements at higher temperatures to eliminate air bubbles in the sample.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The accepted units of measurement of density are grams per millilitre and kilograms per cubic metre.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize the quality of crude oils.  
5.2 The density or relative density of crude oils is used for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15 °C or 60 °F and for the conversion of crude mass measurements into volume units.  
5.3 The application of the density result obtained from this test method, for fiscal or custody transfer accounting calculations, can require measurements of the water and sediment contents obtained on similar specimens of the crude oil parcel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density, relative density, and API gravity of crude oils that can be handled in a normal fashion as liquids at test temperatures between 15 °C and 35 °C utilizing either manual or automated sample injection equipment. This test method applies to crude oils with high vapor pressures provided appropriate precautions are taken to prevent vapor loss during transfer of the sample to the density analyzer.  
1.2 This test method was evaluated in round robin testing using crude oils in the 0.75 g/mL to 0.95 g/mL range. Lighter crude oil can require special handling to prevent vapor losses. Heavier crudes can require measurements at higher temperatures to eliminate air bubbles in the sample.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The accepted units of measurement of density are grams per millilitre and kilograms per cubic metre.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and petroleum products.  
5.2 Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperature of 15 °C.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density, relative density, and API Gravity of petroleum distillates and viscous oils that can be handled in a normal fashion as liquids at the temperature of test, utilizing either manual or automated sample injection equipment. Its application is restricted to liquids with total vapor pressures (see Test Method D5191) typically below 100 kPa and viscosities (see Test Method D445 or D7042) typically below about 15 000 mm2/s at the temperature of test. The total vapor pressure limitation however can be extended to >100 kPa provided that it is first ascertained that no bubbles form in the U-shaped, oscillating tube, which can affect the density determination. Some examples of products that may be tested by this procedure include: gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends, diesel, jet, basestocks, waxes, and lubricating oils.  
1.1.1 Waxes and highly viscous samples were not included in the 1999 interlaboratory study (ILS) sample set that was used to determine the current precision statements of the method, since all samples evaluated at the time were analyzed at a test temperature of 15 °C. Wax and highly viscous samples require a temperature cell operated at elevated temperatures necessary to ensure a liquid test specimen is introduced for analysis. Consult instrument manufacturer instructions for appropriate guidance and precautions when attempting to analyze wax or highly viscous samples. Refer to the Precision and Bias section of the method and Note 9 for more detailed information about the 1999 ILS that was conducted.  
1.2 In cases of dispute, the referee method is the one where samples are introduced manually as in 6.3 or 6.4, as appropriate for sample type.  
1.3 When testing opaque samples, and when not using equipment that is capable of automatic bubble detection, proper procedure shall be established so that the absence of air bubbles in the sample cell can be established with certainty. For the determination of density in crude oil samples use Test Method D5002.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard, unless stated otherwise. The accepted units of measure for density are grams per millilitre (g/mL) or kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3).  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.4, 7.5, and 10.3.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice covers a series of methods offered to aid users in calibrating U-tube density meters to provide a measure of density and an associated expanded uncertainty. The reference density, as obtained from either an equation of state (EOS) or CRM has an uncertainty that arises from the uncertainty of the measurements of temperature, pressure, and also the chemical purity of the substance studied (origin) or for that matter of the certified reference material. This uncertainty results in an additional uncertainty for the density of these samples. Because the measurements made with U-tube density meters are not absolute, the uncertainty with which the instrument calibration is determined is directly related to the uncertainty of the density obtained.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the calibration of U-tube density cells. It is applicable to instruments capable of determining fluid density at temperatures in the range –10 °C to 200 °C and pressures from just greater than the saturation pressure to 140 MPa. The practice refers to density cells as they are utilized to make measurements of fluids primarily in the compressed-liquid state. Examples of substances for which the density can be determined with a calibrated U-tube density meter include: crude oils, gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends, diesel and jet fuels, hydraulic fluids, and lubricating oils.  
1.2 This practice specifies a procedure for the determination of the expanded uncertainty of the density measurement.  
1.3 This practice pertains to fluids with viscosities  
1.4 4 The values listed in SI units are regarded as the standard, unless otherwise stated. The SI unit for mass density is kilograms per cubic metre (kg·m-3) and can be given as grams per cubic centimetre (g·cm-3).  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and petroleum products.  
5.2 Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperature of 15 °C.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density, relative density, and API Gravity of petroleum distillates and viscous oils that can be handled in a normal fashion as liquids at the temperature of test, utilizing either manual or automated sample injection equipment. Its application is restricted to liquids with total vapor pressures (see Test Method D5191) typically below 100 kPa and viscosities (see Test Method D445 or D7042) typically below about 15 000 mm2/s at the temperature of test. The total vapor pressure limitation however can be extended to >100 kPa provided that it is first ascertained that no bubbles form in the U-shaped, oscillating tube, which can affect the density determination. Some examples of products that may be tested by this procedure include: gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends, diesel, jet, basestocks, waxes, and lubricating oils.  
1.1.1 Waxes and highly viscous samples were not included in the 1999 interlaboratory study (ILS) sample set that was used to determine the current precision statements of the method, since all samples evaluated at the time were analyzed at a test temperature of 15 °C. Wax and highly viscous samples require a temperature cell operated at elevated temperatures necessary to ensure a liquid test specimen is introduced for analysis. Consult instrument manufacturer instructions for appropriate guidance and precautions when attempting to analyze wax or highly viscous samples. Refer to the Precision and Bias section of the method and Note 8 for more detailed information about the 1999 ILS that was conducted.  
1.2 In cases of dispute, the referee method is the one where samples are introduced manually as in 6.3 or 6.4, as appropriate for sample type.  
1.3 When testing opaque samples, and when not using equipment that is capable of automatic bubble detection, proper procedure shall be established so that the absence of air bubbles in the sample cell can be established with certainty. For the determination of density in crude oil samples use Test Method D5002.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard, unless stated otherwise. The accepted units of measure for density are grams per millilitre (g/mL) or kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3).  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.4, 7.5, and 10.3.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Refractive index and refractive dispersion are fundamental physical properties, which can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize pure hydrocarbons and their mixtures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of refractive index, accurate to four decimal places or better, of transparent and light-colored hydrocarbons in the range of 1.3300 to 1.5000 at temperatures from 20 °C to 30 °C by manual (optical-mechanical) or automatic (digital) procedure.  
1.2 The manual (optical-mechanical) procedure also covers the measurement of refractive dispersion accurate to the fourth decimal place or better.
Note 1: The test method may be suitable for measuring the refractive indices of liquids above 1.5000 and at temperatures both below 20 °C and above 30 °C; however, the test method precision may not apply. Verification of the accuracy of such measurements will depend upon the availability of reliable, certified reference standards that demonstrate the performance of the instrument used under the particular measuring conditions.  
1.3 The test method may not be applicable to liquids that are strongly colored, or that have bubble points so near the test temperature that a reading cannot be obtained before substantial weathering takes place. Liquid color should be limited to No. 4 ASTM Color or lighter, as determined by Test Method D1500.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.6  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The aniline point (or mixed aniline point) is useful as an aid in the characterization of pure hydrocarbons and in the analysis of hydrocarbon mixtures. Aromatic hydrocarbons exhibit the lowest, and paraffins the highest values. Cycloparaffins and olefins exhibit values that lie between those for paraffins and aromatics. In homologous series the aniline points increase with increasing molecular weight. Although it occasionally is used in combination with other physical properties in correlative methods for hydrocarbon analysis, the aniline point is most often used to provide an estimate of the aromatic hydrocarbon content of mixtures.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the aniline point of petroleum products and hydrocarbon solvents. Test Method A is suitable for transparent samples with an initial boiling point above room temperature and where the aniline point is below the bubble point and above the solidification point of the aniline-sample mixture. Test Method B, a thin-film method, is suitable for samples too dark for testing by Test Method A. Test Methods C and D are for samples that may vaporize appreciably at the aniline point. Test Method D is particularly suitable where only small quantities of sample are available. Test Method E describes a procedure using an automatic apparatus suitable for the range covered by Test Methods A and B.  
1.2 These test methods also cover the determination of the mixed aniline point of petroleum products and hydrocarbon solvents having aniline points below the temperature at which aniline will crystallize from the aniline-sample mixture.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 7.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize the quality of crude oils.  
5.2 The density or relative density of crude oils is used for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15 °C or 60 °F and for the conversion of crude mass measurements into volume units.  
5.3 The application of the density result obtained from this test method, for fiscal or custody transfer accounting calculations, can require measurements of the water and sediment contents obtained on similar specimens of the crude oil parcel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density or relative density of crude oils that can be handled in a normal fashion as liquids at test temperatures between 15 °C and 35 °C utilizing either manual or automated sample injection equipment. This test method applies to crude oils with high vapor pressures provided appropriate precautions are taken to prevent vapor loss during transfer of the sample to the density analyzer.  
1.2 This test method was evaluated in round robin testing using crude oils in the 0.75 g/mL to 0.95 g/mL range. Lighter crude oil can require special handling to prevent vapor losses. Heavier crudes can require measurements at higher temperatures to eliminate air bubbles in the sample.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The accepted units of measurement of density are grams per millilitre and kilograms per cubic metre.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize the quality of crude oils.  
5.2 The density or relative density of crude oils is used for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15 °C or 60 °F and for the conversion of crude mass measurements into volume units.  
5.3 The application of the density result obtained from this test method, for fiscal or custody transfer accounting calculations, can require measurements of the water and sediment contents obtained on similar specimens of the crude oil parcel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density or relative density of crude oils that can be handled in a normal fashion as liquids at test temperatures between 15 °C and 35 °C. This test method applies to crude oils with high vapor pressures provided appropriate precautions are taken to prevent vapor loss during transfer of the sample to the density analyzer.  
1.2 This test method was evaluated in round robin testing using crude oils in the 0.75 g/mL to 0.95 g/mL range. Lighter crude oil can require special handling to prevent vapor losses. Heavier crudes can require measurements at higher temperatures to eliminate air bubbles in the sample.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The accepted units of measurement of density are grams per millilitre and kilograms per cubic metre.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and petroleum products.  
5.2 Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperature of 15 °C.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density, relative density, and API Gravity of petroleum distillates and viscous oils that can be handled in a normal fashion as liquids at the temperature of test, utilizing either manual or automated sample injection equipment. Its application is restricted to liquids with total vapor pressures (see Test Method D5191) typically below 100 kPa and viscosities (see Test Method D445 or D7042) typically below about 15 000 mm2/s at the temperature of test. The total vapor pressure limitation however can be extended to >100 kPa provided that it is first ascertained that no bubbles form in the U-shaped, oscillating tube, which can affect the density determination. Some examples of products that may be tested by this procedure include: gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends, diesel, jet, basestocks, waxes, and lubricating oils.  
1.1.1 Waxes and highly viscous samples were not included in the 1999 interlaboratory study (ILS) sample set that was used to determine the current precision statements of the method, since all samples evaluated at the time were analyzed at a test temperature of 15 °C. Wax and highly viscous samples require a temperature cell operated at elevated temperatures necessary to ensure a liquid test specimen is introduced for analysis. Consult instrument manufacturer instructions for appropriate guidance and precautions when attempting to analyze wax or highly viscous samples. Refer to the Precision and Bias section of the method and Note 8 for more detailed information about the 1999 ILS that was conducted.  
1.2 In cases of dispute, the referee method is the one where samples are introduced manually as in 6.3 or 6.4, as appropriate for sample type.  
1.3 This test method should not be applied to samples so dark in color that the absence of air bubbles in the sample cell cannot be established with certainty. For the determination of density in crude oil samples use Test Method D5002.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard, unless stated otherwise. The accepted units of measure for density are grams per millilitre (g/mL) or kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3).  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.4, 7.5, and 10.3.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property which can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize pure hydrocarbons and their mixtures.  
5.2 This test method was originally developed for the determination of the density of the ASTM Knock Test Reference Fuels n-heptane and isooctane, with an accuracy of 0.00003 g/mL. Although it is no longer employed extensively for this purpose, this test method is useful whenever accurate densities of pure hydrocarbons or petroleum fractions with boiling points between 90 °C and 110 °C are required.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the density of pure hydrocarbons or petroleum distillates boiling between 90 °C and 110 °C that can be handled in a normal fashion as a liquid at the specified test temperatures of 20 °C and 25 °C.  
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for the conversion of density to relative density (specific gravity).  
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products in your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 7.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and to assess the quality of crude oils.  
5.2 Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15 °C.  
5.3 The determination of densities at the elevated temperatures of 40 °C and 100 °C is particularly useful in providing the data needed for the conversion of kinematic viscosities in mm2/s (centistokes) to the corresponding dynamic viscosities in mPa·s (centipoises).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for the measurement of the density of materials which are fluid at the desired test temperature. Its application is restricted to liquids of vapor pressures below 80 kPa (600 mm Hg) and viscosities below 40 000 mm2/s (cSt) at the test temperature. The method is designed for use at any temperature between 20 °C and 100 °C. It can be used at higher temperatures; however, in this case the precision section does not apply.  
Note 1: For the determination of density of materials which are fluid at normal temperatures, see Test Method D1217.  
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for converting density to specific gravity.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products in your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Refractive index is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize pure hydrocarbons and their mixtures.  
5.2 The use of refractive index in correlative methods for the determination of the gross composition of viscous oils and waxes often requires its measurement at elevated temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of refractive indexes, accurate to two units in the fourth decimal place, of transparent and light-colored viscous hydrocarbon liquids and melted solids that have refractive indexes in the range between 1.33 and 1.60, and at temperatures from 80 to 100°C. Temperatures lower than 80°C can be used provided that the melting point of the sample is at least 10°C below the test temperature.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable, within the accuracy stated, to liquids having colors darker than ASTM Color No. 4, ASTM color as determined by Test Method D1500, to liquids which smoke or vaporize readily at the test temperature, or to solids melting within 10°C of the test temperature.  
Note 1: The instrument can be successfully used for refractive indices above 1.60; but since certified liquid standards for ranges above 1.60 are not yet available, the accuracy of measurement under these conditions has not been evaluated.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize the quality of crude oils.  
5.2 The density or relative density of crude oils is used for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15°C or 60°F and for the conversion of crude mass measurements into volume units.  
5.3 The application of the density result obtained from this test method, for fiscal or custody transfer accounting calculations, can require measurements of the water and sediment contents obtained on similar specimens of the crude oil parcel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density or relative density of crude oils that can be handled in a normal fashion as liquids at test temperatures between 15 and 35°C. This test method applies to crude oils with high vapor pressures provided appropriate precautions are taken to prevent vapor loss during transfer of the sample to the density analyzer.  
1.2 This test method was evaluated in round robin testing using crude oils in the 0.75 to 0.95 g/mL range. Lighter crude oil can require special handling to prevent vapor losses. Heavier crudes can require measurements at higher temperatures to eliminate air bubbles in the sample.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The accepted units of measurement of density are grams per millilitre and kilograms per cubic metre.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The density, relative density, or API gravity of petroleum products are important quality indicators and are used in quantity calculations or to satisfy application, transportation, storage, and regulatory requirements.  
5.2 This test method should not be used to determine density for custody transfer quantity calculations, particularly where mass or weight is the unit of quantity measurement. Test Method D4052 is appropriate for these applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density, relative density, or API gravity of liquid petroleum products using portable digital density meters at test temperatures between 0 and 40°C (32 to 104°F). Its application is restricted to samples with a dry vapor pressure equivalent up to 80 kPa (11.6 psi) and a viscosity below 100 mm2/s (cSt) at the test temperature.  
1.2 This test method is suitable for determining the density to the nearest 1 kg/m3. To determine the density to the nearest 0.1 kg/m3, use Test Method D4052.  
1.3 This test method is easily calibrated and primarily suitable for field applications. It is important for the user to know and understand the electrical classification of the area in which the analyzer is to be used and to select an analyzer appropriate for that classification.  
1.4 Test Methods D287, D1298, and D6822 are used in field applications. This test method provides an alternative field method that is easily calibrated and does not pose the hazard of hydrometer glass breakage present in current field methods.  
1.5 Portable digital density meters measure the density and temperature of the filled-in sample at the sample temperature. The measured density and temperature are automatically converted into:Density at 15°C / density at 60°FRelative density 15°C/15°C / relative density 60°F/60°F API gravity 15°C / API gravity 60°F
by the instrument using the calculation routines for Generalized Products as defined in Guide D1250.  
1.6 If the density meter does not have in-built software to calculate the density at the reference temperature, this is calculated from the observed density at test temperature using the Petroleum Measurement Tables.  
1.7 The accepted units of measure for density are kilograms per cubic metre (SI unit) or grams per cubic centimetre. Values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are for information only. Both SI and customary units have been rounded; they may not be exactly equivalent.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Refractive index and refractive dispersion are fundamental physical properties, which can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize pure hydrocarbons and their mixtures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of refractive index, accurate to four decimal places or better, of transparent and light-colored hydrocarbons in the range of 1.3300 to 1.5000 at temperatures from 20 to 30°C by manual (optical-mechanical) or automatic (digital) procedure.  
1.2 The manual (optical-mechanical) procedure also covers the measurement of refractive dispersion accurate to the fourth decimal place or better.Note 1—The test method may be suitable for measuring the refractive indices of liquids above 1.5000 and at temperatures both below 20°C and above 30°C; however, the test method precision may not apply. Verification of the accuracy of such measurements will depend upon the availability of reliable, certified reference standards that demonstrate the performance of the instrument used under the particular measuring conditions.  
1.3 The test method may not be applicable to liquids that are strongly colored, or that have bubble points so near the test temperature that a reading cannot be obtained before substantial weathering takes place. Liquid color should be limited to No. 4 ASTM Color or lighter, as determined by Test Method D1500.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.6  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The aniline point (or mixed aniline point) is useful as an aid in the characterization of pure hydrocarbons and in the analysis of hydrocarbon mixtures. Aromatic hydrocarbons exhibit the lowest, and paraffins the highest values. Cycloparaffins and olefins exhibit values that lie between those for paraffins and aromatics. In homologous series the aniline points increase with increasing molecular weight. Although it occasionally is used in combination with other physical properties in correlative methods for hydrocarbon analysis, the aniline point is most often used to provide an estimate of the aromatic hydrocarbon content of mixtures.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the aniline point of petroleum products and hydrocarbon solvents. Test Method A is suitable for transparent samples with an initial boiling point above room temperature and where the aniline point is below the bubble point and above the solidification point of the aniline-sample mixture. Test Method B, a thin-film method, is suitable for samples too dark for testing by Test Method A. Test Methods C and D are for samples that may vaporize appreciably at the aniline point. Test Method D is particularly suitable where only small quantities of sample are available. Test Method E describes a procedure using an automatic apparatus suitable for the range covered by Test Methods A and B.  
1.2 These test methods also cover the determination of the mixed aniline point of petroleum products and hydrocarbon solvents having aniline points below the temperature at which aniline will crystallize from the aniline-sample mixture.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 7.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and to assess the quality of crude oils.  
5.2 Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15°C.  
5.3 The determination of densities at the elevated temperatures of 40 and 100°C is particularly useful in providing the data needed for the conversion of kinematic viscosities in centistokes (mm2/s) to the corresponding dynamic viscosities in centipoises (mPa·s).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for the measurement of the density of materials which are fluid at the desired test temperature. Its application is restricted to liquids of vapor pressures below 600 mm Hg (80 kPa) and viscosities below 40 000 cSt (mm2/s) at the test temperature. The method is designed for use at any temperature between 20 and 100°C. It can be used at higher temperatures; however, in this case the precision section does not apply. Note 1—For the determination of density of materials which are fluid at normal temperatures, see Test Method D1217.  
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for converting density to specific gravity.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and to access the quality of crude oils.  
5.2 Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15°C.  
5.3 The determination of densities at the elevated temperatures of 40 and 100°C is particularly useful in providing the data needed for the conversion of kinematic viscosities in centistokes (mm2/s) to the corresponding dynamic viscosities in centipoises (mPa·s).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of oils more viscous than 15 cSt at 20°C (mm2/s), and of viscous oils and melted waxes at elevated temperatures, but not at temperatures at which the sample would have a vapor pressure of 100 mm Hg (13 kPa) or above. Note 1—To determine the densities of less viscous liquids at 20 or 25°C use Test Method D1217.  
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for converting density to relative density (specific gravity).  
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property which can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize pure hydrocarbons and their mixtures.  
5.2 This test method was originally developed for the determination of the density of the ASTM Knock Test Reference Fuels n-heptane and isooctane, with an accuracy of 0.00003 g/mL. Although it is no longer employed extensively for this purpose, this test method is useful whenever accurate densities of pure hydrocarbons or petroleum fractions with boiling points between 90 and 110°C are required.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the density of pure hydrocarbons or petroleum distillates boiling between 90 and 110°C that can be handled in a normal fashion as a liquid at the specified test temperatures of 20 and 25°C.  
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for the conversion of density to relative density (specific gravity).  
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 7.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Relative molecular mass (molecular weight) is a fundamental physical constant that can be used in conjunction with other physical properties to characterize pure hydrocarbons and their mixtures.
A knowledge of the relative molecular mass (molecular weight) is required for the application of a number of correlative methods that are useful in determining the gross composition of the heavier fractions of petroleum.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the average relative molecular mass (molecular weight) of hydrocarbon oils. It can be applied to petroleum fractions with molecular weights (relative molecular mass) up to 3000; however, the precision of this test method has not been established above 800 molecular weight (relative molecular mass). This test method should not be applied to oils having initial boiling points lower than 220°C.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, 5.2.1, 5.2.3, and 5.2.3.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The density, relative density, or API gravity of petroleum products are important quality indicators and are used in quantity calculations or to satisfy application, transportation, storage, and regulatory requirements.
This test method should not be used to determine density for custody transfer quantity calculations, particularly where mass or weight is the unit of quantity measurement. Test Method D4052 is appropriate for these applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density, relative density, or API gravity of liquid petroleum products using portable digital density meters at test temperatures between 0 and 40°C (32 to 104°F). Its application is restricted to samples with a dry vapor pressure equivalent up to 80 kPa (11.6 psi) and a viscosity below 100 mm2/s (cSt) at the test temperature.
1.2 This test method is suitable for determining the density to the nearest 1 kg/m3. To determine the density to the nearest 0.1 kg/m3, use Test Method D4052.
1.3 This test method is easily calibrated and primarily suitable for field applications. It is important for the user to know and understand the electrical classification of the area in which the analyzer is to be used and to select an analyzer appropriate for that classification.
1.4 Test Methods D287 and D1298 are used in field applications. This test method provides an alternative field method that is easily calibrated and does not pose the hazard and breakage of current field methods.
1.5 Portable digital density meters measure the density and temperature of the filled-in sample at the sample temperature. The measured density and temperature are automatically converted into:
Density at 15°C / density at 60°F
Relative density 15°C/15°C / relative density 60°F/60°F
API gravity 15°C / API gravity 60°F
by the instrument using the calculation routines for Generalized Products as defined in Guide D1250.
1.6 If the density meter does not have in-built software to calculate the density at the reference temperature, this is calculated from the observed density at test temperature using the Petroleum Measurement Tables.
1.7 The accepted units of measure for density are kilograms per cubic metre (SI unit) or grams per cubic centimetre. Values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are for information only. Both SI and customary units have been rounded; they may not be exactly equivalent.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and petroleum products.
Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperature of 15°C.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density, relative density, and API Gravity of petroleum distillates and viscous oils that can be handled in a normal fashion as liquids at the temperature of test, utilizing either manual or automated sample injection equipment. Its application is restricted to liquids with total vapor pressures (see Test Method D5191) typically below 100 kPa and viscosities (see Test Method D445 or D7042) typically below about 15 000 mm2/s at the temperature of test. The total vapor pressure limitation however can be extended to >100 kPa provided that it is first ascertained that no bubbles form in the U-shaped, oscillating tube, which can affect the density determination. Some examples of products that may be tested by this procedure include: gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends, diesel, jet, basestocks, waxes, and lubricating oils.
1.1.1 Waxes were not included in the 1999 interlaboratory study (ILS) sample set that was used to determine the current precision statements of the method, since all samples evaluated at the time were analyzed at a test temperature of 15ºC. Wax samples require a temperature cell operated at elevated temperatures necessary to ensure a liquid test specimen is introduced for analysis. Consult instrument manufacturer instructions for appropriate guidance and precautions when attempting to analyze wax sample types. Refer to the Precision and Bias section of the method and Note 6 for more detailed information about the 1999 ILS that was conducted.
1.2 In cases of dispute, the referee method is the one where samples are introduced manually as in 6.3 or 6.4, as appropriate for sample type.
1.3 This test method should not be applied to samples so dark in color that the absence of air bubbles in the sample cell cannot be established with certainty. For the determination of density in crude oil samples use Test Method D5002.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard, unless stated otherwise, such as the “torr” units of pressure in Eq 1. The accepted units of measure for density are grams per millilitre (g/mL) or kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3).
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 7.4, 7.5, and 10.3.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize the quality of crude oils.
The density or relative density of crude oils is used for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15°C or 60°F and for the conversion of crude mass measurements into volume units.
The application of the density result obtained from this test method, for fiscal or custody transfer accounting calculations, can require measurements of the water and sediment contents obtained on similar specimens of the crude oil parcel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density or relative density of crude oils that can be handled in a normal fashion as liquids at test temperatures between 15 and 35°C. This test method applies to crude oils with high vapor pressures provided appropriate precautions are taken to prevent vapor loss during transfer of the sample to the density analyzer.
1.2 This test method was evaluated in round robin testing using crude oils in the 0.75 to 0.95 g/mL range. Lighter crude oil can require special handling to prevent vapor losses. Heavier crudes can require measurements at higher temperatures to eliminate air bubbles in the sample.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The accepted units of measurement of density are grams per millilitre and kilograms per cubic metre.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The freezing point measured by this test method, when used in conjunction with the physical constants for the hydrocarbons listed in Test Method D1016, allows the determination of the purity of the material under test. A knowledge of the purity of these hydrocarbons is often needed to help control their manufacture and to determine their suitability for use as reagent chemicals or for conversion to other chemical intermediates or finished products.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the precise measurement of the freezing points of high-purity hydrocarbons.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 5.1, 6.1 and 6.2.  
Note 1—For the calculation of the molal purity of essentially pure compounds from measured freezing points and for procedures to be used for the sampling and determination of purity of certain specific compounds, see Test Method D1016.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The experimental procedures and physical constants provided by this test method, when used in conjunction with Test Method D1015, allow the determination of the purity of the material under test. A knowledge of the purity of these hydrocarbons is often needed to help control their manufacture and to determine their suitability for use as reagent chemicals or for conversion to other chemical intermediates or finished products.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the sampling and determination of purity of essentially pure compounds for which the freezing points for zero impurity and cryoscopic constants are given. The compounds to which the test method is applicable are: (WarningExtremely flammable liquids and liquefied gases.) n-butane1,3-butadiene isobutaneisoprene(2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) n-pentanebenzene isopentanetoluene (methylbenzene) n-hexaneethylbenzene n-heptaneo-xylene (1,2-dimethylbenzene) n-octanem-xylene (1,3-dimethylbenzene) 2,2,4-trimethylpentanep-xylene (1,4-dimethylbenzene) methylcyclohexanestyrene (ethenylbenzene) isobutene
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Sections 1, 6, 8, and 10-26.  
Note 1—This test method covers systems in which the impurities form with the major component a substantially ideal or sufficiently dilute solution, and also systems which deviate from the ideal laws, provided that, in the latter case, the lowering of the freezing point as a function of the concentration is known for each most probable impurity in the given substance.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Refractive index is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize pure hydrocarbons and their mixtures.
The use of refractive index in correlative methods for the determination of the gross composition of viscous oils and waxes often requires its measurement at elevated temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of refractive indexes, accurate to two units in the fourth decimal place, of transparent and light-colored viscous hydrocarbon liquids and melted solids that have refractive indexes in the range between 1.33 and 1.60, and at temperatures from 80 to 100°C. Temperatures lower than 80°C can be used provided that the melting point of the sample is at least 10°C below the test temperature.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable, within the accuracy stated, to liquids having colors darker than ASTM Color No. 4, ASTM color as determined by Test Method D1500, to liquids which smoke or vaporize readily at the test temperature, or to solids melting within 10°C of the test temperature.
Note 1—The instrument can be successfully used for refractive indices above 1.60; but since certified liquid standards for ranges above 1.60 are not yet available, the accuracy of measurement under these conditions has not been evaluated.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a measure of trace amounts of unsaturated hydrocarbons in petroleum distillates boiling up to 288°C (550°F). An estimate of the quantity of these materials is useful in assessing the suitability of the lighter fractions for use as reaction solvents.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of bromine-reactive material in petroleum hydrocarbons and is thus a measure of trace amounts of unsaturates in these materials. It is applicable to materials having bromine indexes below 1000.
1.2 This test method is applicable only to essentially olefin-free hydrocarbons or mixtures that are substantially free from material lighter than isobutane and have a distillation end point under 288°C (550°F).  
Note 1—This procedure has been cooperatively tested on materials with bromine indexes in the range from 100 to 1000. These materials include petroleum distillates such as straight-run and hydrocracked naphtha, reformer feed, kerosine, and aviation turbine fuel.
Note 2—Materials with bromine index greater than 1000 should be tested for bromine number using Test Method D1159/IP 130.  
Note 3—Bromine index of industrial aromatic hydrocarbons should be determined using Test Method D1492 or D5776. The subcommittee is currently examining ways to achieve more consistent end point values.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and petroleum products.
Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperature of 15°C.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density, relative density, and API Gravity of petroleum distillates and viscous oils that can be handled in a normal fashion as liquids at the temperature of test, utilizing either manual or automated sample injection equipment. Its application is restricted to liquids with total vapor pressures (see Test Method D5191) typically below 100 kPa and viscosities (see Test Method D445 or D7042) typically below about 15 000 mm2/s at the temperature of test. The total vapor pressure limitation however can be extended to >100 kPa provided that it is first ascertained that no bubbles form in the U-shaped, oscillating tube, which can affect the density determination. Some examples of products that may be tested by this procedure include: gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends, diesel, jet, basestocks, waxes, and lubricating oils.
1.1.1 Waxes were not included in the 1999 interlaboratory study (ILS) sample set that was used to determine the current precision statements of the method, since all samples evaluated at the time were analyzed at a test temperature of 15ºC. Wax samples require a temperature cell operated at elevated temperatures necessary to ensure a liquid test specimen is introduced for analysis. Consult instrument manufacturer instructions for appropriate guidance and precautions when attempting to analyze wax sample types. Refer to the Precision and Bias section of the method and Note 6 for more detailed information about the 1999 ILS that was conducted.
1.2 In cases of dispute, the referee method is the one where samples are introduced manually as in 6.3 or 6.4, as appropriate for sample type.
1.3 This test method should not be applied to samples so dark in color that the absence of air bubbles in the sample cell cannot be established with certainty. For the determination of density in crude oil samples use Test Method D5002.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard, unless stated otherwise, such as the “torr” units of pressure in Eq 1. The accepted units of measure for density are grams per millilitre (g/mL) or kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3).
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 7.4, 7.5, and 10.3.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and to assess the quality of crude oils.
Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15°C.
The determination of densities at the elevated temperatures of 40 and 100°C is particularly useful in providing the data needed for the conversion of kinematic viscosities in centistokes (mm2/s) to the corresponding dynamic viscosities in centipoises (mPa·s).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for the measurement of the density of materials which are fluid at the desired test temperature. Its application is restricted to liquids of vapor pressures below 600 mm Hg (80 kPa) and viscosities below 40 000 cSt (mm2/s) at the test temperature. The method is designed for use at any temperature between 20 and 100°C. It can be used at higher temperatures; however, in this case the precision section does not apply.
Note 1—For the determination of density of materials which are fluid at normal temperatures, see Test Method D 1217.  
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for converting density to specific gravity.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Density is a fundamental physical property which can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize pure hydrocarbons and their mixtures.
This test method was originally developed for the determination of the density of the ASTM Knock Test Reference Fuels n-heptane and isooctane, with an accuracy of 0.00003 g/mL. Although it is no longer employed extensively for this purpose, this test method is useful whenever accurate densities of pure hydrocarbons or petroleum fractions with boiling points between 90 and 110°C are required.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the density of pure hydrocarbons or petroleum distillates boiling between 90 and 110°C that can be handled in a normal fashion as a liquid at the specified test temperatures of 20 and 25°C.
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for the conversion of density to relative density (specific gravity).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 7.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and to access the quality of crude oils.
Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15°C.
The determination of densities at the elevated temperatures of 40 and 100°C is particularly useful in providing the data needed for the conversion of kinematic viscosities in centistokes (mm2/s) to the corresponding dynamic viscosities in centipoises (mPa·s).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of oils more viscous than 15 cSt at 20°C (mm2/s), and of viscous oils and melted waxes at elevated temperatures, but not at temperatures at which the sample would have a vapor pressure of 100 mm Hg (13 kPa) or above.
Note 1—To determine the densities of less viscous liquids at 20 or 25°C use Test Method D 1217.  
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for converting density to relative density (specific gravity).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Relative molecular mass (molecular weight) is a fundamental physical constant that can be used in conjunction with other physical properties to characterize pure hydrocarbons and their mixtures.
A knowledge of the relative molecular mass (molecular weight) is required for the application of a number of correlative methods that are useful in determining the gross composition of the heavier fractions of petroleum.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the average relative molecular mass (molecular weight) of hydrocarbon oils. It can be applied to petroleum fractions with molecular weights (relative molecular mass) up to 3000; however, the precision of this test method has not been established above 800 molecular weight (relative molecular mass). This test method should not be applied to oils having initial boiling points lower than 220°C.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, 5.2.1, 5.2.3, and 5.2.3.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Refractive index and refractive dispersion are fundamental physical properties, which can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize pure hydrocarbons and their mixtures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of refractive index, accurate to four decimal places or better, of transparent and light-colored hydrocarbons in the range of 1.3300 to 1.5000 at temperatures from 20 to 30°C by manual (optical-mechanical) or automatic (digital) procedure.
1.2 The manual (optical-mechanical) procedure also covers the measurement of refractive dispersion accurate to the fourth decimal place or better.
Note 1—The test method may be suitable for measuring the refractive indices of liquids above 1.5000 and at temperatures both below 20°C and above 30°C; however, the test method precision may not apply. Verification of the accuracy of such measurements will depend upon the availability of reliable, certified reference standards that demonstrate the performance of the instrument used under the particular measuring conditions.
1.3 The test method may not be applicable to liquids that are strongly colored, or that have bubble points so near the test temperature that a reading cannot be obtained before substantial weathering takes place. Liquid color should be limited to No. 4 ASTM Color or lighter, as determined by Test Method D 1500.
1.4  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The aniline point (or mixed aniline point) is useful as an aid in the characterization of pure hydrocarbons and in the analysis of hydrocarbon mixtures. Aromatic hydrocarbons exhibit the lowest, and paraffins the highest values. Cycloparaffins and olefins exhibit values that lie between those for paraffins and aromatics. In homologous series the aniline points increase with increasing molecular weight. Although it occasionally is used in combination with other physical properties in correlative methods for hydrocarbon analysis, the aniline point is most often used to provide an estimate of the aromatic hydrocarbon content of mixtures.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the aniline point of petroleum products and hydrocarbon solvents. Test Method A is suitable for transparent samples with an initial boiling point above room temperature and where the aniline point is below the bubble point and above the solidification point of the aniline-sample mixture. Test Method B, a thin-film method, is suitable for samples too dark for testing by Test Method A. Test Methods C and D are for samples that may vaporize appreciably at the aniline point. Test Method D is particularly suitable where only small quantities of sample are available. Test Method E describes a procedure using an automatic apparatus suitable for the range covered by Test Methods A and B.
1.2 These test methods also cover the determination of the mixed aniline point of petroleum products and hydrocarbon solvents having aniline points below the temperature at which aniline will crystallize from the aniline-sample mixture.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 7.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The bromine number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples. When used in conjunction with the calculation procedure described in Annex A2, it can be used to estimate the percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315°C (600°F).
The bromine number of commercial aliphatic monoolefins provides supporting evidence of their purity and identity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bromine number of the following materials:
1.1.1 Petroleum distillates that are substantially free of material lighter than isobutane and that have 90 % distillation points (by Test Method D 86) under 327°C (626°F). This test method is generally applicable to gasoline (including leaded, unleaded, and oxygenated fuels), kerosine, and distillates in the gas oil range that fall in the following limits:
90 % Distillation Point, °C (°F)Bromine Number, max2Under 205 (400)175  205 to 327 (400 to 626)10
1.1.2 Commercial olefins that are essentially mixtures of aliphatic mono-olefins and that fall within the range of 95 to 165 bromine number (see Note 1). This test method has been found suitable for such materials as commercial propylene trimer and tetramer, butene dimer, and mixed nonenes, octenes, and heptenes. This test method is not satisfactory for normal alpha-olefins.
Note 1—These limits are imposed since the precision of this test method has been determined only up to or within the range of these bromine numbers.
1.2 The magnitude of the bromine number is an indication of the quantity of bromine-reactive constituents, not an identification of constituents; therefore, its application as a measure of olefinic unsaturation should not be undertaken without the study given in Annex A1.
1.3 For petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures of bromine number less than 1.0, a more precise measure for bromine-reactive constituents can be obtained by using Test Method D 2710. If the bromine number is less than 0.5, then Test Method D 2710 or the comparable bromine index methods for industrial aromatic hydrocarbons, Test Methods D 1492 or D 5776 must be used in accordance with their respective scopes. The practice of using a factor of 1000 to convert bromine number to bromine index is not applicable for these lower values of bromine number.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7, 8, and 9.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the sampling and determination of purity of essentially pure compounds for which the freezing points for zero impurity and cryoscopic constants are given. The compounds to which the test method is applicable are: ( Warning-Extremely flammable liquids and liquefied gases.)n-butane1,3-butadieneisobutaneisoprene(2-methyl-1,3-butadiene)n-pentanebenzeneisopentanetoluene (methylbenzene)n-hexaneethylbenzenen-heptaneo-xylene (1,2-dimethylbenzene)n-octanem-xylene (1,3-dimethylbenzene)2,2,4-trimethylpentanep-xylene (1,4-dimethylbenzene)methylcyclohexanestyrene (ethenylbenzene)isobutene
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Sections , , , and .Note 1
This test method covers systems in which the impurities form with the major component a substantially ideal or sufficiently dilute solution, and also systems which deviate from the ideal laws, provided that, in the latter case, the lowering of the freezing point as a function of the concentration is known for each most probable impurity in the given substance.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize the quality of crude oils.
The density or relative density of crude oils is used for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15°C or 60°F and for the conversion of crude mass measurements into volume units.
The application of the density result obtained from this test method, for fiscal or custody transfer accounting calculations, can require measurements of the water and sediment contents obtained on similar specimens of the crude oil parcel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density or relative density of crude oils that can be handled in a normal fashion as liquids at test temperatures between 15 and 35C. This test method applies to crude oils with high vapor pressures provided appropriate precautions are taken to prevent vapor loss during transfer of the sample to the density analyzer.
1.2 This test method was evaluated in round robin testing using crude oils in the 0.75 to 0.95 g/mL range. Lighter crude oil can require special handling to prevent vapor losses. Heavier crudes can require measurements at higher temperatures to eliminate air bubbles in the sample.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The accepted units of measurement of density are grams per millilitre and kilograms per cubic metre.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the sampling and determination of purity of essentially pure compounds for which the freezing points for zero impurity and cryoscopic constants are given. The compounds to which the test method is applicable are: ( Warning-Extremely flammable liquids and liquefied gases.)
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Sections 1, 6, 8, and 10-26.Note 1
This test method covers systems in which the impurities form with the major component a substantially ideal or sufficiently dilute solution, and also systems which deviate from the ideal laws, provided that, in the latter case, the lowering of the freezing point as a function of the concentration is known for each most probable impurity in the given substance.