D02.09.0D - Oxidation of Lubricants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Degradation of gear oils by oxidation or thermal breakdown, or both, can result in sludge buildup and render the oil unsuitable for further use as a lubricant.  
5.2 This is the only test method that employs glassware to measure the amount of sludge produced during oxidation and thermal degradation. This test method is a modification of Test Method D2893 which measures the viscosity increase and precipitation number of the oil stressed at 95 °C, but does not measure the amount of sludge formed.  
5.3 This test method can be used to evaluate the oxidation/thermal stability of gear oils. However, the test results may not correlate with the performance of gear oils in field service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the oxidation characteristics of extreme pressure and non-extreme pressure gear oils and includes the quantitative determination of total sludge, viscosity change, and oil loss.  
Note 1: While the round-robin tests used ISO VG 220 extreme pressure gear oils for developing precision data, the test method can be extended to other viscosity grades and to non-extreme pressure gear oils. Refer to Classification D2422 for viscosity grades.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard describes an apparatus that provides the versatility required to conduct oxidation or thermal stability tests on liquids using a wide variety of test conditions. It is sufficiently flexible so that new test conditions can be chosen in response to the changing demands of the marketplace.  
4.2 Procedures using this apparatus are described in the following ASTM standard test methods: D5763, D5846, and D6514. Other procedures may be in use, but they have not been developed as ASTM standard test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an apparatus used to measure the oxidation or thermal stability of liquids by subjecting them to temperatures in the range from 50 °C to 375 °C in the presence of air, oxygen, nitrogen, or other gases at flow rates of 1.5 L/h to 13 L/h, or in the absence of gas flow. Stability may be measured in the presence or absence of water or soluble or insoluble catalysts. Gases evolved may be allowed to escape, condensed and collected, or condensed and returned to the test cell.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods have been widely used to measure the oxidation stability of extreme pressure lubricating fluids, gear oils, and mineral oils.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods (A and B) cover the determination of the oxidation characteristics of extreme-pressure fluid lubricants, gear oils, or mineral oils.  
Note 1: The changes in the lubricant resulting from these test methods are not always necessarily associated with oxidation of the lubricant. Some changes may be due to thermal degradation.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Oxidation induction time, as determined under the conditions of this test method, may be used as an indication of oxidation stability.2 This test method is faster than other oil oxidation tests and requires a very small amount of sample. It may be used for research and development, quality control, and specification purposes. However, no correlation has been established between the results of this test method and service performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of oxidation induction time of lubricating oils subjected to oxygen at 3.5 MPa (500 psig) and temperatures between 130 °C and 210 °C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—Pressure measurement appears in MPa with psig provided in parentheses for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Degradation of hydraulic fluids and turbine oils, because of oxidation or thermal breakdown, can result in the formation of acids or insoluble solids and render the oil unfit for further use.  
5.2 This test method can be used to estimate the relative oxidation stability of petroleum-base oils. It should be recognized that correlation between results of this test and the oxidation stability in use can vary markedly with service conditions and with various oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the oxidation stability of petroleum base hydraulic oils and oils for steam and gas turbines.  
1.2 This test method was developed to evaluate the oxidation stability of petroleum base hydraulic oils and oils for steam and gas turbines.  
1.2.1 Rust and oxidation inhibited hydraulic, anti-wear hydraulic and turbine oils of ISO 32–68 viscosity were used to develop the precision statement. This test method has been used to evaluate the oxidation stability of fluids made with synthetic basestock and in-service oils; however, these fluids have not been used in cooperative testing to develop precision data.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Identified hazardous chemicals are listed in 7.3, 7.6, and 7.8. Before using this test method, refer to suppliers' safety labels, Material Safety Data Sheets, and other technical literature.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method simulates the environment encountered by fully formulated lubricating fluids in actual service and uses an accelerated oxidation rate to permit measurable results to be obtained in a reasonable time. The use of metals provides catalytic reactive surfaces of those materials commonly found in real systems. The high temperature and air agitation help accelerate the oxidation reactions that are expected to occur. Moisture in the air adds another realistic condition that encourages oil breakdown by facilitating acid formation.  
4.2 Interpretation of results should be done by comparison with data from oils of known field performance. The accelerated conditions likely will cause one or more of the following measurable effects: mass change and corroded appearance of some metals; change of viscosity; increase in acid number; measurable reaction products in the form of sludge; and mass loss of oil due to evaporation.  
4.3 This test method is most suitable for oils containing oxidation and corrosion inhibitors. Without such ingredient(s), the severe test conditions will yield rather drastic changes to the oil.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing of hydraulic oils, aircraft turbine engine lubricants, and other highly refined oils to determine their resistance to oxidation and corrosion degradation and their tendency to corrode various metals. Petroleum and synthetic fluids may be evaluated using moist or dry air with or without metal test specimens.  
1.2 This test method consists of a standard test procedure, an alternative Procedure 1, and an alternative Procedure 2. As there are variations possible with this test method, it will be up to the particular specification to establish the conditions required. In addition to temperature, the variables to specify if other than those of the standard procedure or alternative Procedure 1 or 2 are: test time, air flow and humidity, sample frequency, test fluid quantity, and metal specimen(s).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The values in parentheses in some of the figures are provided for information only for those using old equipment based on non-SI units.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Degradation of gear oils by oxidation or thermal breakdown, or both, can result in sludge buildup and render the oil unsuitable for further use as a lubricant.  
5.2 This is the only test method that employs glassware to measure the amount of sludge produced during oxidation and thermal degradation. This test method is a modification of Test Method D2893 which measures the viscosity increase and precipitation number of the oil stressed at 95 °C, but does not measure the amount of sludge formed.  
5.3 This test method can be used to evaluate the oxidation/thermal stability of gear oils. However, the test results may not correlate with the performance of gear oils in field service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the oxidation characteristics of extreme pressure and non-extreme pressure gear oils and includes the quantitative determination of total sludge, viscosity change, and oil loss.  
Note 1: While the round-robin tests used ISO VG 220 extreme pressure gear oils for developing precision data, the test method can be extended to other viscosity grades and to non-extreme pressure gear oils. Refer to Classification D2422 for viscosity grades.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Degradation of gear oils by oxidation or thermal breakdown, or both, can result in sludge buildup and render the oil unsuitable for further use as a lubricant.  
5.2 This is the only test method that employs glassware to measure the amount of sludge produced during oxidation and thermal degradation. This test method is a modification of Test Method D2893 which measures the viscosity increase and precipitation number of the oil stressed at 95 °C, but does not measure the amount of sludge formed.  
5.3 This test method can be used to evaluate the oxidation/thermal stability of gear oils. However, the test results may not correlate with the performance of gear oils in field service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the oxidation characteristics of extreme pressure and non-extreme pressure gear oils and includes the quantitative determination of total sludge, viscosity change, and oil loss.  
Note 1: While the round-robin tests used ISO VG 220 extreme pressure gear oils for developing precision data, the test method can be extended to other viscosity grades and to non-extreme pressure gear oils. Refer to Classification D2422 for viscosity grades.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard describes an apparatus that provides the versatility required to conduct oxidation or thermal stability tests on liquids using a wide variety of test conditions. It is sufficiently flexible so that new test conditions can be chosen in response to the changing demands of the marketplace.  
4.2 Procedures using this apparatus are described in the following ASTM standard test methods: D5763, D5846, and D6514. Other procedures may be in use, but they have not been developed as ASTM standard test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an apparatus used to measure the oxidation or thermal stability of liquids by subjecting them to temperatures in the range from 50 °C to 375 °C in the presence of air, oxygen, nitrogen, or other gases at flow rates of 1.5 L/h to 13 L/h, or in the absence of gas flow. Stability may be measured in the presence or absence of water or soluble or insoluble catalysts. Gases evolved may be allowed to escape, condensed and collected, or condensed and returned to the test cell.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method simulates the environment encountered by fully formulated lubricating fluids in actual service and uses an accelerated oxidation rate to permit measurable results to be obtained in a reasonable time. The use of metals provides catalytic reactive surfaces of those materials commonly found in real systems. The high temperature and air agitation help accelerate the oxidation reactions that are expected to occur. Moisture in the air adds another realistic condition that encourages oil breakdown by facilitating acid formation.  
4.2 Interpretation of results should be done by comparison with data from oils of known field performance. The accelerated conditions likely will cause one or more of the following measurable effects: mass change and corroded appearance of some metals; change of viscosity; increase in acid number; measurable reaction products in the form of sludge; and mass loss of oil due to evaporation.  
4.3 This test method is most suitable for oils containing oxidation and corrosion inhibitors. Without such ingredient(s), the severe test conditions will yield rather drastic changes to the oil.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing of hydraulic oils, aircraft turbine engine lubricants, and other highly refined oils to determine their resistance to oxidation and corrosion degradation and their tendency to corrode various metals. Petroleum and synthetic fluids may be evaluated using moist or dry air with or without metal test specimens.  
1.2 This test method consists of a standard test procedure, an alternative Procedure 1, and an alternative Procedure 2. As there are variations possible with this test method, it will be up to the particular specification to establish the conditions required. In addition to temperature, the variables to specify if other than those of the standard procedure or alternative Procedure 1 or 2 are: test time, air flow and humidity, sample frequency, test fluid quantity, and metal specimen(s).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The values in parentheses in some of the figures are provided for information only for those using old equipment based on non-SI units.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods have been widely used to measure the oxidation stability of extreme pressure lubricating fluids, gear oils, and mineral oils.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods (A and B) cover the determination of the oxidation characteristics of extreme-pressure fluid lubricants, gear oils, or mineral oils.  
Note 1: The changes in the lubricant resulting from these test methods are not always necessarily associated with oxidation of the lubricant. Some changes may be due to thermal degradation.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Oxidation induction time, as determined under the conditions of this test method, may be used as an indication of oxidation stability.2 This test method is faster than other oil oxidation tests and requires a very small amount of sample. It may be used for research and development, quality control, and specification purposes. However, no correlation has been established between the results of this test method and service performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of oxidation induction time of lubricating oils subjected to oxygen at 3.5 MPa (500 psig) and temperatures between 130 and 210°C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—Pressure measurement appears in MPa with psig provided in parentheses for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Degradation of hydraulic fluids and turbine oils, because of oxidation or thermal breakdown, can result in the formation of acids or insoluble solids and render the oil unfit for further use.  
5.2 This test method can be used to estimate the relative oxidation stability of petroleum-base oils. It should be recognized that correlation between results of this test and the oxidation stability in use can vary markedly with service conditions and with various oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the oxidation stability of petroleum base hydraulic oils and oils for steam and gas turbines.  
1.2 This test method was developed to evaluate the oxidation stability of petroleum base hydraulic oils and oils for steam and gas turbines.  
1.2.1 Rust and oxidation inhibited hydraulic, anti-wear hydraulic and turbine oils of ISO 32–68 viscosity were used to develop the precision statement. This test method has been used to evaluate the oxidation stability of fluids made with synthetic basestock and in-service oils; however, these fluids have not been used in cooperative testing to develop precision data.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Identified hazardous chemicals are listed in 7.3, 7.6, and 7.8. Before using this test method, refer to suppliers' safety labels, Material Safety Data Sheets, and other technical literature.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This standard describes an apparatus that provides the versatility required to conduct oxidation or thermal stability tests on liquids using a wide variety of test conditions. It is sufficiently flexible so that new test conditions can be chosen in response to the changing demands of the marketplace.
Procedures using this apparatus are described in the following ASTM standard test methods: D5763, D5846, and D6514. Other procedures may be in use, but they have not been developed as ASTM standard test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an apparatus used to measure the oxidation or thermal stability of liquids by subjecting them to temperatures in the range from 50 to 375°C in the presence of air, oxygen, nitrogen, or other gases at flow rates of 1.5 to 13 L/h, or in the absence of gas flow. Stability may be measured in the presence or absence of water or soluble or insoluble catalysts. Gases evolved may be allowed to escape, condensed and collected, or condensed and returned to the test cell.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method simulates the environment encountered by fully formulated lubricating fluids in actual service and uses an accelerated oxidation rate to permit measurable results to be obtained in a reasonable time. The use of metals provides catalytic reactive surfaces of those materials commonly found in real systems. The high temperature and air agitation help accelerate the oxidation reactions that are expected to occur. Moisture in the air adds another realistic condition that encourages oil breakdown by facilitating acid formation.
Interpretation of results should be done by comparison with data from oils of known field performance. The accelerated conditions likely will cause one or more of the following measurable effects: mass change and corroded appearance of some metals; change of viscosity; increase in acid number; measurable reaction products in the form of sludge; and mass loss of oil due to evaporation.
This test method is most suitable for oils containing oxidation and corrosion inhibitors. Without such ingredient(s), the severe test conditions will yield rather drastic changes to the oil.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing of hydraulic oils, aircraft turbine engine lubricants, and other highly refined oils to determine their resistance to oxidation and corrosion degradation and their tendency to corrode various metals. Petroleum and synthetic fluids may be evaluated using moist or dry air with or without metal test specimens.
1.2 This test method consists of a standard test procedure, an alternative Procedure 1, and an alternative Procedure 2. As there are variations possible with this test method, it will be up to the particular specification to establish the conditions required. In addition to temperature, the variables to specify if other than those of the standard procedure or alternative Procedure 1 or 2 are: test time, air flow and humidity, sample frequency, test fluid quantity, and metal specimen(s).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The values in parentheses in some of the figures are provided for information only for those using old equipment based on non-SI units.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods have been widely used to measure the oxidation stability of extreme pressure lubricating fluids, gear oils, and mineral oils.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods (A and B) cover the determination of the oxidation characteristics of extreme-pressure fluid lubricants, gear oils, or mineral oils.
Note 1—The changes in the lubricant resulting from these test methods are not always necessarily associated with oxidation of the lubricant. Some changes may be due to thermal degradation.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Oxidation induction time, as determined under the conditions of this test method, may be used as an indication of oxidation stability. This test method is faster than other oil oxidation tests and requires a very small amount of sample. It may be used for research and development, quality control, and specification purposes. However, no correlation has been established between the results of this test method and service performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of oxidation induction time of lubricating oils subjected to oxygen at 3.5 MPa (500 psig) and temperatures between 130 and 210°C.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 Exception—Pressure measurement appears in MPa with psig provided in parentheses for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Degradation of hydraulic fluids and turbine oils, because of oxidation or thermal breakdown, can result in the formation of acids or insoluble solids and render the oil unfit for further use.
This test method can be used to estimate the relative oxidation stability of petroleum-base oils. It should be recognized that correlation between results of this test and the oxidation stability in use can vary markedly with service conditions and with various oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the oxidation stability of petroleum base hydraulic oils and oils for steam and gas turbines.
1.2 This test method was developed to evaluate the oxidation stability of petroleum base hydraulic oils and oils for steam and gas turbines.  
1.2.1 Rust and oxidation inhibited hydraulic, anti-wear hydraulic and turbine oils of ISO 32–68 viscosity were used to develop the precision statement. This test method has been used to evaluate the oxidation stability of fluids made with synthetic basestock and in-service oils; however, these fluids have not been used in cooperative testing to develop precision data.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Identified hazardous chemicals are listed in 7.3, 7.6, and 7.8. Before using this test method, refer to suppliers' safety labels, Material Safety Data Sheets, and other technical literature.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Degradation of gear oils by oxidation or thermal breakdown, or both, can result in sludge buildup and render the oil unsuitable for further use as a lubricant.
This is the only test method that employs glassware to measure the amount of sludge produced during oxidation and thermal degradation. This test method is a modification of Test Method D 2893 which measures the viscosity increase and precipitation number of the oil stressed at 95°C, but does not measure the amount of sludge formed.
This test method can be used to evaluate the oxidation/thermal stability of gear oils. However, the test results may not correlate with the performance of gear oils in field service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the oxidation characteristics of extreme pressure and non-extreme pressure gear oils and includes the quantitative determination of total sludge, viscosity change, and oil loss.
Note 1—While the round-robin tests used ISO VG 220 extreme pressure gear oils for developing precision data, the test method can be extended to other viscosity grades and to non-extreme pressure gear oils. Refer to Classification D 2422 for viscosity grades.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Degradation of gear oils by oxidation or thermal breakdown, or both, can result in sludge buildup and render the oil unsuitable for further use as a lubricant.
This is the only test method that employs glassware to measure the amount of sludge produced during oxidation and thermal degradation. This test method is a modification of Test Method D 2893 which measures the viscosity increase and precipitation number of the oil stressed at 95°C, but does not measure the amount of sludge formed.
This test method can be used to evaluate the oxidation/thermal stability of gear oils. However, the test results may not correlate with the performance of gear oils in field service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the oxidation characteristics of extreme pressure and non-extreme pressure gear oils and includes the quantitative determination of total sludge, viscosity change, and oil loss. Note 1While the round-robin tests used ISO VG 220 extreme pressure gear oils for developing precision data, the test method can be extended to other viscosity grades and to non-extreme pressure gear oils. Refer to Classification D 2422 for viscosity grades.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This standard describes an apparatus that provides the versatility required to conduct oxidation or thermal stability tests on liquids using a wide variety of test conditions. It is sufficiently flexible so that new test conditions can be chosen in response to the changing demands of the marketplace.
Procedures using this apparatus are described in the following ASTM standard test methods: D 5763, D 5846, and D 6514. Other procedures may be in use, but they have not been developed as ASTM standard test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an apparatus used to measure the oxidation or thermal stability of liquids by subjecting them to temperatures in the range from 50 to 375°C in the presence of air, oxygen, nitrogen, or other gases at flow rates of 1.5 to 13 L/h, or in the absence of gas flow. Stability may be measured in the presence or absence of water or soluble or insoluble catalysts. Gases evolved may be allowed to escape, condensed and collected, or condensed and returned to the test cell.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method simulates the environment encountered by fully formulated lubricating fluids in actual service and uses an accelerated oxidation rate to permit measurable results to be obtained in a reasonable time. The use of metals provides catalytic reactive surfaces of those materials commonly found in real systems. The high temperature and air agitation help accelerate the oxidation reactions that are expected to occur. Moisture in the air adds another realistic condition that encourages oil breakdown by facilitating acid formation.
Interpretation of results should be done by comparison with data from oils of known field performance. The accelerated conditions likely will cause one or more of the following measurable effects: mass change and corroded appearance of some metals; change of viscosity; increase in acid number; measurable reaction products in the form of sludge; and mass loss of oil due to evaporation.
This test method is most suitable for oils containing oxidation and corrosion inhibitors. Without such ingredient(s), the severe test conditions will yield rather drastic changes to the oil.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing of hydraulic oils, aircraft turbine engine lubricants, and other highly refined oils to determine their resistance to oxidation and corrosion degradation and their tendency to corrode various metals. Petroleum and synthetic fluids may be evaluated using moist or dry air with or without metal test specimens.
1.2 This test method consists of a standard test procedure, an alternative Procedure 1, and an alternative Procedure 2. As there are variations possible with this test method, it will be up to the particular specification to establish the conditions required. In addition to temperature, the variables to specify if other than those of the standard procedure or alternative Procedure 1 or 2 are: test time, air flow and humidity, sample frequency, test fluid quantity, and metal specimen(s).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods have been widely used to measure the oxidation stability of extreme pressure lubricating fluids, gear oils, and mineral oils.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods (A and B) cover the determination of the oxidation characteristics of extreme-pressure fluid lubricants, gear oils, or mineral oils.
Note 1—The changes in the lubricant resulting from these test methods are not always necessarily associated with oxidation of the lubricant. Some changes may be due to thermal degradation.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods (A and B) cover the determination of the oxidation characteristics of extreme-pressure fluid lubricants, gear oils, or mineral oils.
Note 1—The changes in the lubricant resulting from these test methods are not always necessarily associated with oxidation of the lubricant. Some changes may be due to thermal degradation.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Oxidation induction time, as determined under the conditions of this test method, may be used as an indication of oxidation stability.2 This test method is faster than other oil oxidation tests and requires a very small amount of sample. It may be used for research and development, quality control, and specification purposes. However, no correlation has been established between the results of this test method and service performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of oxidation induction time of lubricating oils subjected to oxygen at 3.5 MPa (500 psig) and temperatures between 130 and 210°C.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the oxidation stability of petroleum base hydraulic oils and oils for steam and gas turbines.
1.2 This test method was developed to evaluate the oxidation stability of petroleum base hydraulic oils and oils for steam and gas turbines.
1.2.1 Rust and oxidation inhibited hydraulic, anti-wear hydraulic and turbine oils of ISO 32-68 viscosity were used to develop the precision statement. This test method has been used to evaluate the oxidation stability of fluids made with synthetic basestock and in-service oils; however, these fluids have not been used in cooperative testing to develop precision data.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Identified hazardous chemicals are listed in 7.3, 7.6, and 7.8. Before using this test method, refer to suppliers' safety labels, Material Safety Data Sheets, and other technical literature.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Degradation of hydraulic fluids and turbine oils, because of oxidation or thermal breakdown, can result in the formation of acids or insoluble solids and render the oil unfit for further use.
This test method can be used to estimate the relative oxidation stability of petroleum-base oils. It should be recognized that correlation between results of this test and the oxidation stability in use can vary markedly with service conditions and with various oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the oxidation stability of petroleum base hydraulic oils and oils for steam and gas turbines.
1.2 This test method was developed to evaluate the oxidation stability of petroleum base hydraulic oils and oils for steam and gas turbines.
1.2.1 Rust and oxidation inhibited hydraulic, anti-wear hydraulic and turbine oils of ISO 32-68 viscosity were used to develop the precision statement. This test method has been used to evaluate the oxidation stability of fluids made with synthetic basestock and in-service oils; however, these fluids have not been used in cooperative testing to develop precision data.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Identified hazardous chemicals are listed in 7.3, 7.6, and 7.8. Before using this test method, refer to suppliers' safety labels, Material Safety Data Sheets, and other technical literature.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes an apparatus used to measure the oxidation or thermal stability of liquids by subjecting them to temperatures in the range from 50 to 375°C in the presence of air, oxygen, nitrogen, or other gases at flow rates of 1.5 to 13 L/h, or in the absence of gas flow. Stability may be measured in the presence or absence of water or soluble or insoluble catalysts. Gases evolved may be allowed to escape, condensed and collected, or condensed and returned to the test cell.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to test hydraulic oils, aircraft turbrine engine lubricants, and other highly refined oils to determine their resistance to oxidation and corrosion degradation and their tendency to corrode various metals. Petroleum and synthetic fluids may be evaluated using moist or dry air with or without metal test specimens.
1.2 This test method consists of a standard test procedure, an alternative Procedure 1 and an alternative Procedure 2. As there are variations possible with this test method, it will be up to the particular specification to establish the conditions required. In addition to temperature, the variables to specify if other than those of the standard procedure or alternative Procedure 1 or 2 are: test time, air flow and humidity, sample frequency, test fluid quantity, and metal specimen(s).
1.3 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the oxidation characteristics of extreme-pressure fluid lubricants, gear oils, or mineral oils.  Note 1-The changes in the lubricant resulting from this test method are not always necessarily associated with oxidation of the lubricant. Some changes may be due to thermal degradation.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of oxidation induction time of lubricating oils subjected to oxygen at 3.5 Mpa (500 psig) and temperatures between 130 and 210 degrees celcius.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method overs the determination of the oxidation characteristics of extreme pressure and non-extreme pressure gear oils and includes the quantitative determination of total sludge, viscosity change, and oil loss.
Note 1—While the round-robin tests used ISO VG 220 extreme pressure gear oils for developing precision data, the test method can be extended to other viscosity grades and to non-extreme pressure gear oils. Refer to Classification D 2422 for viscosity grades.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.