D01.51 - Powder Coatings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many physical and appearance properties of the finished coating are affected by the film thickness. Film thickness can affect the color, gloss, surface profile, adhesion, flexibility, impact resistance and hardness of the coating. The fit of pieces assembled after coating can be affected when film thickness is not within tolerance. Therefore coatings must be applied within certain minimum and maximum film thickness specifications to optimize their intended use.  
5.2 All procedures involve taking measurements of applied coating powders in the pre-cured, pre-gelled state to help insure correct cured film thickness. This enables the application system to be set up and fine-tuned prior to the curing process. In turn, this will reduce the amount of scrap and over-spray. Accurate predictions help avoid stripping and re-coating which can cause problems with adhesion and coating integrity.  
5.3 Measurements of cured powder coating thickness can be made using different methods depending upon the substrate. Non-destructive measurements over metal substrates can be made with magnetic and eddy current coating thickness gauges (see Practice D7091). Non-destructive measurements over non-metal substrates can be made with ultrasonic coating thickness gauges (see Test Method D6132). Destructive measurements over rigid substrates can be made with cross-sectioning instruments (see Practices D4138).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the thickness measurement of dry coating powders applied to a variety of rigid substrates. Use of some of these procedures may require repair of the coating powder. This practice covers the use of portable instruments. It is intended to supplement the manufacturers’ instructions for their operation of the gauges and is not intended to replace them. It includes definitions of key terms, reference documents, the significance and use of the practice, and the advantages and limitations of the instruments.  
1.2 Three procedures are provided for measuring dry coating powder thickness:  
1.2.1 Procedure A—Using rigid metal notched (comb) gauges.  
1.2.2 Procedure B—Using magnetic or eddy current coating thickness gauges.  
1.2.3 Procedure C—Using non-contact ultrasonic powder thickness instruments.  
1.3 Coating powders generally diminish in thickness during the curing process. Some of these procedures therefore require a reduction factor be established to predict cured film thickness of powder coatings.  
1.4 Procedure A and Procedure B  
measure the thickness (height or depth) of the applied coating powders in the pre-cured, pre-gelled state. By comparing results to the measured cured powder thickness in the same location, a reduction factor can be determined and applied to future thickness measurements of the same coating powder.  
1.5 Procedure C  
results in a predicted thickness value of the cured state based on a calibration for typical coating powders. If the powder in question is not typical then an adjustment can be made to align gauge readings with the actual cured values as determined by other measurement methods.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Contrast ratio at a specified film thickness is a useful hiding power parameter for production control and purchasing specifications.  
5.2 The greater the hiding power, the less coating is required per unit area to obtain adequate hiding. Knowledge of hiding power is therefore important in regard to coating costs and for comparing coating value.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine and report the hiding power of a powder coating with respect to two parameters:  
1.1.1 Test Method A—Contrast Ratio at a given film thickness  
1.1.2 Test Method B—Film thickness at 0.98 (98 %) contrast ratio.
Note 1: The measured parameters follow powder coating industry practice by measuring hiding power in relation to film thickness, rather than the “Spreading Rate” function employed in Test Methods D344 and D2805 and other hiding power test methods.
Note 2: Hiding power is photometrically defined as the spreading rate at 0.98 contrast ratio. See definitions of spreading rate and hiding power in Terminology D16, D2805, and the Paint and Coatings Testing Manual.
Note 3: The contrast ratio 0.98 is conventionally accepted in the coatings industry as representing “complete” hiding for reflectometric hiding power measurements. But visually, as well as photometrically, it is slightly less than complete.  
1.2 These test methods cover the determination of the hiding power of powder coatings applied by electrostatic spraying.  
1.3 These test methods determine hiding power by means of reflectometric and thickness gauge measurements. They are limited to coatings having a minimum CIE-Y reflectance of 15 %.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Test Method A is a straight-forward method using readily available laboratory equipment and glassware. Test Method A may only be used with powder that does not contain metallic pigments.  
4.2 Test Method B provides better precision at higher cost and includes metallics, although different models produced different grand averages for each of the three samples tested.  
4.3 Test Method C may be used when the formulation is known, and the density of each raw material is available.
SCOPE
1.1 These standard test methods cover three procedures for determining the density of coating powders, as follows:  
1.2 Test Method A, for testing coating powders, excluding metallics, is a method that uses readily available laboratory equipment (for example, analytical balance, volumetric flask, etc.).  
1.3 Test Method B requires the use of a pycnometer.  
1.4 Test Method C is a method that calculates the density of a powder based upon the formula ingredients and their amounts and densities.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide describes the need to specify the measuring technique used whenever quoting the particle size distribution of a coating powder.  
4.2 This guide is for use by manufacturers of coating powders and by specifiers for process control and product acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the significance of referencing the techniques used whenever specifying the particle size distribution of a coating powder.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful for selecting coating powders that gel in the desired time at the specified temperature. The method is not useful for determination of cure time.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the length of time a thermosetting coating powder takes to gel on a polished metal surface at a specified temperature, such as 204°C (400°F). The determination of the gel time is a very simple method for the characterization and quality control of coating powders. However, the gel time determined by this method is not directly related to the time for the coating powder to cure in practical applications.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides a useful summary to the selection and use of procedures for testing coating powders and powder coatings. It is applicable to both thermoplastic and thermoset coatings, unless indicated otherwise. By design this guide does not purport to address test methods or procedures developed specifically for the functional powder coating market, those coating powders for application to pipe or reinforced steel bars (rebar). Information on current test procedures for pipe and reinforced steel bar coating powders and powder coatings can be obtained through their respective ASTM Subcommittees, A01.05 and D01.48.  
4.2 Selection of the methods to be followed and the interpretation of results must be governed by experience and the requirements in each individual case, together with agreement between the purchaser and seller. It should be noted that many of the methods used for characterizing a coating powder, such as gel time (Section 16) and inclined flow (Section 17), are primarily meant for the relative comparison of two coating powders, rather than to give a test value that can be interpreted as good or bad. Interpretation of the test results will depend on the specific application in question and will also often depend on the chemistry of the coating powder used.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing coating powders and powder coatings. The test methods included are listed in Table 1. Where more than one test method is listed for the same characteristic, no attempt is made to indicate superiority of one method over another. Selection of the methods to be followed must be governed by experience and the requirements in each individual case, together with agreement between the purchaser and the seller.  
1.2 This guide also refers to methods developed specifically for the coating powder industry by the Powder Coating Institute, PCI, and the International Organization for Standards, ISO.  
1.3 This guide describes the testing of coating powders as applied by electrostatic spray, fluidized bed, or any other applicable method.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method measures the degree to which different coating powder materials cover sharp corners. Corner coverage is influenced by face thickness, thixotropy, melt viscosity, surface tension, cure rate, and temperature of application and curing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ratio of corner thickness (see 3.1.3) to face thickness (see 3.1.4) of powder coatings applied to a specific face thickness by dipping preheated square bars into aerated powder and curing the coating using predetermined conditions.
Note 1: The property of corner coverage has also been referred to as “edge coverage,” though the latter is not recommended. There are widespread misunderstandings and expectations relative to the term “edge coverage.” This test is performed on a steel bar having square corners and the results do not necessarily relate to edges that are sharper, that is, burrs. A coating that has measurable corner coverage may still not protect sharper edges from corrosion or provide the electrical insulation needed in some applications.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This standard provides guide to evaluation and testing of color, color difference, gloss, metamerism, and miscellaneous optical properties of optical powder coatings by both visual and instrumental means. Visual evaluation of optical properties shall include visual gloss test method, Munsell Color Order System, and ASTM test standards indicated in the specification. Instrumental evaluation of optical properties shall include specular gloss test, filter photometry, reflection haze, fluorescence, and ASTM test standards indicated in the specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides the user with a guide to the various available practices and test methods for the evaluation of color, color difference, gloss, and metamerism by both visual and by instrumental means.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for selecting coating powders of similar characteristics of melt flow under minimal shear. It is not recommended as an absolute measurement, but rather as a comparative measurement of samples on the same panel measured at the same time.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a method for determining the flow characteristics of a fused thermosetting coating powder down a plane inclined at a set angle to the horizontal. The test gives an indication of the degree of melt flow that may occur during the curing of the coating powder. This characteristic contributes to the coherence of the coating, to its surface appearance and to the degree of coverage over sharp edges (see Test Method D2967), however, it should not be used as the sole factor for judgment. The test acts as a useful method for checking for batch to batch variation in the behavior of a given coating powder. Correlation between the results from coating powders of differing composition is not to be expected. This method is unlikely to yield meaningful results with coating powders which have gel times of less than one minute at the test temperature (see Test Method D4217). Oven drafts, angle of inclination and pellet variations significantly affect results making inter-lab reproducibility somewhat difficult to correlate.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many physical and appearance properties of the finished coating are affected by the film thickness. Film thickness can affect the color, gloss, surface profile, adhesion, flexibility, impact resistance and hardness of the coating. The fit of pieces assembled after coating can be affected when film thickness is not within tolerance. Therefore coatings must be applied within certain minimum and maximum film thickness specifications to optimize their intended use.  
5.2 All procedures involve taking measurements of applied coating powders in the pre-cured, pre-gelled state to help insure correct cured film thickness. This enables the application system to be set up and fine-tuned prior to the curing process. In turn, this will reduce the amount of scrap and over-spray. Accurate predictions help avoid stripping and re-coating which can cause problems with adhesion and coating integrity.  
5.3 Measurements of cured powder coating thickness can be made using different methods depending upon the substrate. Non-destructive measurements over metal substrates can be made with magnetic and eddy current coating thickness gages (see Practice D7091). Non-destructive measurements over non-metal substrates can be made with ultrasonic coating thickness gages (see Test Method D6132). Destructive measurements over rigid substrates can be made with cross-sectioning instruments (see Practices D4138).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the thickness measurement of dry coating powders applied to a variety of rigid substrates. Use of some of these procedures may require repair of the coating powder. This practice covers the use of portable instruments. It is intended to supplement the manufacturers’ instructions for their operation of the gages and is not intended to replace them. It includes definitions of key terms, reference documents, the significance and use of the practice, and the advantages and limitations of the instruments.  
1.2 Three procedures are provided for measuring dry coating powder thickness:  
1.2.1 Procedure A—Using rigid metal notched (comb) gages.  
1.2.2 Procedure B—Using magnetic or eddy current coating thickness gages.  
1.2.3 Procedure C—Using non-contact ultrasonic powder thickness instruments.  
1.3 Coating powders generally diminish in thickness during the curing process. Some of these procedures therefore require a reduction factor be established to predict cured film thickness of powder coatings.  
1.4 Procedure A and Procedure B  
measure the thickness (height or depth) of the applied coating powders in the pre-cured, pre-gelled state. By comparing results to the measured cured powder thickness in the same location, a reduction factor can be determined and applied to future thickness measurements of the same coating powder.  
1.5 Procedure C  
results in a predicted thickness value of the cured state based on a calibration for typical coating powders. If the powder in question is not typical then an adjustment can be made to align gage readings with the actual cured values as determined by other measurement methods.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Contrast ratio at a specified film thickness is a useful hiding power parameter for production control and purchasing specifications.  
5.2 The greater the hiding power, the less coating is required per unit area to obtain adequate hiding. Knowledge of hiding power is therefore important in regard to coating costs and for comparing coating value.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine and report the hiding power of a powder coating with respect to two parameters:  
1.1.1 Test Method A—Contrast Ratio at a given film thickness  
1.1.2 Test Method B—Film thickness at 0.98 (98 %) contrast ratio.
Note 1: The measured parameters follow powder coating industry practice by measuring hiding power in relation to film thickness, rather than the “Spreading Rate” function employed in Test Methods D344 and D2805 and other hiding power test methods.
Note 2: Hiding power is photometrically defined as the spreading rate at 0.98 contrast ratio. See definitions of spreading rate and hiding power in Terminology D16, D2805, and the Paint and Coatings Testing Manual.
Note 3: The contrast ratio 0.98 is conventionally accepted in the coatings industry as representing “complete” hiding for reflectometric hiding power measurements. But visually, as well as photometrically, it is slightly less than complete.  
1.2 These test methods cover the determination of the hiding power of powder coatings applied by electrostatic spraying.  
1.3 These test methods determine hiding power by means of reflectometric and thickness gage measurements. They are limited to coatings having a minimum CIE-Y reflectance of 15 %.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and to determine in advance the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for selecting coating powders of similar characteristics of melt flow under minimal shear. It is not recommended as an absolute measurement, but rather as a comparative measurement of samples on the same panel measured at the same time.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a method for determining the flow characteristics of a fused thermosetting coating powder down a plane inclined at a set angle to the horizontal. The test gives an indication of the degree of melt flow that may occur during the curing of the coating powder. This characteristic contributes to the coherence of the coating, to its surface appearance and to the degree of coverage over sharp edges (see Test Method D2967), however, it should not be used as the sole factor for judgment. The test acts as a useful method for checking for batch to batch variation in the behavior of a given coating powder. Correlation between the results from coating powders of differing composition is not to be expected. This method is unlikely to yield meaningful results with coating powders which have gel times of less than one minute at the test temperature (see Test Method D4217). Oven drafts, angle of inclination and pellet variations significantly affect results making inter-lab reproducibility somewhat difficult to correlate.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide describes the need to specify the measuring technique used whenever quoting the particle size distribution of a coating powder.  
4.2 This guide is for use by manufacturers of coating powders and by specifiers for process control and product acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the significance of referencing the techniques used whenever specifying the particle size distribution of a coating powder.

ABSTRACT
This standard provides guide to evaluation and testing of color, color difference, gloss, metamerism, and miscellaneous optical properties of optical powder coatings by both visual and instrumental means. Visual evaluation of optical properties shall include visual gloss test method, Munsell Color Order System, and ASTM test standards indicated in the specification. Instrumental evaluation of optical properties shall include specular gloss test, filter photometry, reflection haze, fluorescence, and ASTM test standards indicated in the specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides the user with a guide to the various available practices and test methods for the evaluation of color, color difference, gloss, and metamerism by both visual and by instrumental means.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Test Method A is a less expensive method of determining specific gravity of coating powders, excluding metallics, that produced less precise results than Test Method B.  
4.2 Test Method B provides better precision at higher cost and includes metallics, although different models produced different grand averages for each of the three samples tested.  
4.3 Test Method C is commonly used by the powder coating industry to estimate the coverage of a powder coating at a given thickness, using the theoretical specific gravity calculated from those of the raw materials.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover three procedures for determining the specific gravity (see definition) of coating powders, as follows:    
TEST METHOD A—For Testing Coating Powders, Excluding Metallics  
TEST METHOD B—For Tests Requiring Greater Precision than Test Method A,
Including Metallics, Using Helium Pycnometry  
TEST METHOD C—For Theoretical Calculation Based on Raw Material Specific
Gravities
1.2 Test Method A can be used as a less expensive method with reduced accuracy for determining the specific gravity of coating powders, excluding metallics.  
1.3 The ideal gas law forms the basis for all calculations used in the Test Method B determination of density of coating powders.  
1.4 Test Method B includes procedures that provided acceptable results for samples analyzed during round robin testing.  
1.5 Test Method B uses SI units as standard. State all numerical values in terms of SI units unless specific instrumentation software reports surface area using alternate units. Many instruments report density as g/cm3, instead of using SI units (kg/m3).  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful for selecting coating powders that gel in the desired time at the specified temperature. The method is not useful for determination of cure time.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the length of time a thermosetting coating powder takes to gel on a polished metal surface at a specified temperature, such as 204°C (400°F). The determination of the gel time is a very simple method for the characterization and quality control of coating powders. However, the gel time determined by this method is not directly related to the time for the coating powder to cure in practical applications.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method measures the degree to which different coating powder materials cover sharp corners. Corner coverage is influenced by face thickness, thixotropy, melt viscosity, surface tension, cure rate, and temperature of application and curing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ratio of corner thickness (see 3.1.3) to face thickness (see 3.1.4) of powder coatings applied to a specific face thickness by dipping preheated square bars into aerated powder and curing the coating using predetermined conditions.Note 1—The property of corner coverage has also been referred to as “edge coverage,” though the latter is not recommended. There are widespread misunderstandings and expectations relative to the term “edge coverage.” This test is performed on a steel bar having square corners and the results do not necessarily relate to edges that are sharper, that is, burrs. A coating that has measurable corner coverage may still not protect sharper edges from corrosion or provide the electrical insulation needed in some applications.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides a useful summary to the selection and use of procedures for testing coating powders and powder coatings. It is applicable to both thermoplastic and thermoset coatings, unless indicated otherwise. By design this guide does not purport to address test methods or procedures developed specifically for the functional powder coating market, those coating powders for application to pipe or reinforced steel bars (rebar). Information on current test procedures for pipe and reinforced steel bar coating powders and powder coatings can be obtained through their respective ASTM Subcommittees, A01.05 and D01.48.  
4.2 Selection of the methods to be followed and the interpretation of results must be governed by experience and the requirements in each individual case, together with agreement between the purchaser and seller. It should be noted that many of the methods used for characterizing a coating powder, such as gel time (Section 16) and inclined flow (Section 17), are primarily meant for the relative comparison of two coating powders, rather than to give a test value that can be interpreted as good or bad. Interpretation of the test results will depend on the specific application in question and will also often depend on the chemistry of the coating powder used.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing coating powders and powder coatings. The test methods included are listed in Table 1. Where more than one test method is listed for the same characteristic, no attempt is made to indicate superiority of one method over another. Selection of the methods to be followed must be governed by experience and the requirements in each individual case, together with agreement between the purchaser and the seller.  
1.2 This guide also refers to methods developed specifically for the coating powder industry by the Powder Coating Institute, PCI, and the International Organization for Standards, ISO.  
1.3 This guide describes the testing of coating powders as applied by electrostatic spray, fluidized bed, or any other applicable method.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Many physical and appearance properties of the finished coating are affected by the film thickness. Film thickness can affect the color, gloss, surface profile, adhesion, flexibility, impact resistance and hardness of the coating. The fit of pieces assembled after coating can be affected when film thickness is not within tolerance. Therefore coatings must be applied within certain minimum and maximum film thickness specifications to optimize their intended use.
All procedures involve taking measurements of applied coating powders in the pre-cured, pre-gelled state to help insure correct cured film thickness. This enables the application system to be set up and fine-tuned prior to the curing process. In turn, this will reduce the amount of scrap and over-spray. Accurate predictions help avoid stripping and re-coating which can cause problems with adhesion and coating integrity.
Measurements of cured powder coating thickness can be made using different methods depending upon the substrate. Non-destructive measurements over metal substrates can be made with magnetic and eddy current coating thickness gages (see Practice D7091). Non-destructive measurements over non-metal substrates can be made with ultrasonic coating thickness gages (see Test Method D6132). Destructive measurements over rigid substrates can be made with cross-sectioning instruments (see Practices D4138).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the thickness measurement of dry coating powders applied to a variety of rigid substrates. Use of some of these procedures may require repair of the coating powder. This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturers’ instructions for the operation of the gages and is not intended to replace them. It includes definitions of key terms, reference documents, the significance and use of the practice, and the advantages and limitations of the instruments.
1.2 Three procedures are provided for measuring dry coating powder thickness:
1.2.1 Procedure A—Using rigid metal notched (comb) gages.
1.2.2 Procedure B—Using magnetic or eddy current dry film thickness gages.
1.2.3 Procedure C—Using non-contact ultrasonic powder thickness instruments.  
1.3 Coating powders generally diminish in thickness during the curing process. Some of these procedures therefore require a reduction factor be established to predict cured film thickness of powder coatings.
1.4 Procedure A and Procedure B
measure the thickness (height or depth) of the applied coating powders in the pre-cured, pre-gelled state. By comparing results to the measured cured powder thickness in the same location, a reduction factor can be determined and applied to future thickness measurements of the same coating powder.
1.5 Procedure C
results in a predicted thickness value of the cured state based on a calibration for typical coating powders. If the powder in question is not typical then an adjustment can be made to align gage readings with the actual cured values as determined by other measurement methods.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Contrast ratio at a specified film thickness is a useful hiding power parameter for production control and purchasing specifications.
The greater the hiding power, the less coating is required per unit area to obtain adequate hiding. Knowledge of hiding power is therefore important in regard to coating costs and for comparing coating value.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine and report the hiding power of a powder coating with respect to two parameters:
1.1.1 Test Method AContrast Ratio at a given film thickness
1.1.2 Test Method BFilm thickness at 0.98 (98 %) contrast ratio.
Note 1—The measured parameters follow powder coating industry practice by measuring hiding power in relation to film thickness, rather than the “Spreading Rate” function employed in Test Methods D344 and D2805 and other hiding power test methods.
Note 2—Hiding power is photometrically defined as the spreading rate at 0.98 contrast ratio. See definitions of spreading rate and hiding power in Terminology D16, D2805, and the Paint and Coatings Testing Manual.
Note 3—The contrast ratio 0.98 is conventionally accepted in the coatings industry as representing “complete” hiding for reflectometric hiding power measurements. But visually, as well as photometrically, it is slightly less than complete.
1.2 These test methods cover the determination of the hiding power of powder coatings applied by electrostatic spraying.
1.3 These test methods determine hiding power by means of reflectometric and thickness gage measurements. They are limited to coatings having a minimum CIE-Y reflectance of 15 %.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and to determine in advance the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Test Method A is a less expensive method of determining specific gravity of coating powders, excluding metallics, that produced less precise results than Test Method B.
Test Method B provides better precision at higher cost and includes metallics, although different models produced different grand averages for each of the three samples tested.
Test Method C is commonly used by the powder coating industry to estimate the coverage of a powder coating at a given thickness,using the theoretical specific gravity calculated from those of the raw materials.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover three procedures for determining the specific gravity (see definition) of coating powders, as follows:
TEST METHOD A—For Testing Coating Powders, Excluding Metallics TEST METHOD B—For Tests Requiring Greater Precision than Test Method A,
Including Metallics, Using Helium Pycnometry TEST METHOD C—For Theoretical Calculation Based on Raw Material Specific
Gravities
1.2 Test Method A can be used as a less expensive method with reduced accuracy for determining the specific gravity of coating powders, excluding metallics.
1.3 The ideal gas law forms the basis for all calculations used in the Test Method B determination of density of coating powders.
1.4 Test Method B includes procedures that provided acceptable results for samples analyzed during round robin testing.
1.5 Test Method B uses SI units as standard. State all numerical values in terms of SI units unless specific instrumentation software reports surface area using alternate units. Many instruments report density as g/cm3, instead of using SI units (kg/m3).  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Many physical and appearance properties of the finished coating are affected by the film thickness. Film thickness can affect the color, gloss, surface profile, adhesion, flexibility, impact resistance and hardness of the coating. The fit of pieces assembled after coating can be affected when film thickness is not within tolerance. Therefore coatings must be applied within certain minimum and maximum film thickness specifications to optimize their intended use.
All procedures involve taking measurements of applied coating powders in the pre-cured, pre-gelled state to help insure correct cured film thickness. This enables the application system to be set up and fine-tuned prior to the curing process. In turn, this will reduce the amount of scrap and over-spray. Accurate predictions help avoid stripping and re-coating which can cause problems with adhesion and coating integrity.
Measurements of cured powder coating thickness can be made using different methods depending upon the substrate. Non-destructive measurements over metal substrates can be made with magnetic and eddy current coating thickness gages (see Practice D 7091). Non-destructive measurements over non-metal substrates can be made with ultrasonic coating thickness gages (see Test Method D 6132). Destructive measurements over rigid substrates can be made with cross-sectioning instruments (see Test Method D 4138).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the thickness measurement of dry coating powders applied to a variety of substrates. Use of some of these procedures may require repair of the coating powder. This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturers instructions for the operation of the gages and is not intended to replace them. It includes definitions of key terms, reference documents, the significance and use of the practice, and the advantages and limitations of the instruments.
1.2 Three procedures are provided for measuring dry coating powder thickness:
1.2.1 Procedure A - Using rigid metal notched (comb) gages.
1.2.2 Procedure B - Using magnetic or eddy current coating thickness gages.
1.2.3 Procedure C - Using non-contact ultrasonic powder thickness instruments.
1.3 Coating powders generally diminish in thickness during the curing process. These procedures therefore require a reduction factor be established to predict cured film thickness of powder coatings.
1.4 Procedure A and Procedure B measure the thickness (height or depth) of the applied coating powders in the pre-cured, pre-gelled state. By comparing results to the measured cured powder thickness in the same location, a reduction factor can be determined and applied to future thickness measurements of the same coating powder.
1.5 Procedure C results in a predicted thickness value based on a calibration for typical coating powders. If the powder in question is not typical then a calibration adjustment can be made to align gage readings with the actual cured values as determined by other measurement methods.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is useful for selecting coating powders of similar characteristics of melt flow under minimal shear. It is not recommended as an absolute measurement, but rather as a comparative measurement of samples on the same panel measured at the same time.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a method for determining the flow characteristics of a fused thermosetting coating powder down a plane inclined at a set angle to the horizontal. The test gives an indication of the degree of melt flow that may occur during the curing of the coating powder. This characteristic contributes to the coherence of the coating, to its surface appearance and to the degree of coverage over sharp edges (see Test Method D 2967), however, it should not be used as the sole factor for judgment. The test acts as a useful method for checking for batch to batch variation in the behavior of a given coating powder. Correlation between the results from coating powders of differing composition is not to be expected. This method is unlikely to yield meaningful results with coating powders which have gel times of less than one minute at the test temperature (see Test Method D 4217). Oven drafts, angle of inclination and pellet variations significantly affect results making inter-lab reproducibility somewhat difficult to correlate.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is useful for selecting coating powders that gel in the desired time at the specified temperature. The method is not useful for determination of cure time.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the length of time a thermosetting coating powder takes to gel on a polished metal surface at a specified temperature, such as 204C (400F). The determination of the gel time is a very simple method for the characterization and quality control of coating powders. However, the gel time determined by this method is not directly related to the time for the coating powder to cure in practical applications.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This standard provides guide to evaluation and testing of color, color difference, gloss, metamerism, and miscellaneous optical properties of optical powder coatings by both visual and instrumental means. Visual evaluation of optical properties shall include visual gloss test method, Munsell Color Order System, and ASTM test standards indicated in the specification. Instrumental evaluation of optical properties shall include specular gloss test, filter photometry, reflection haze, fluorescence, and ASTM test standards indicated in the specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides the user with a guide to the various available practices and test methods for the evaluation of color, color difference, gloss, and metamerism by both visual and by instrumental means.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide describes the need to specify the measuring technique used whenever quoting the particle size distribution of a coating powder.
This guide is for use by manufacturers of coating powders and by specifiers for process control and product acceptance.
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1.1 This guide covers the significance of referencing the techniques used whenever specifying the particle size distribution of a coating powder.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method measures the degree to which different coating powder materials cover sharp corners. Corner coverage is influenced by face thickness, thixotropy, melt viscosity, surface tension, cure rate, and temperature of application and curing.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ratio of corner thickness (see 3.1.3) to face thickness (see ) of powder coatings applied to a specific face thickness by dipping preheated square bars into aerated powder and curing the coating using predetermined conditions.Note 1
The property of corner coverage has also been referred to as "edge coverage," though the latter is not recommended. There are widespread misunderstandings and expectations relative to the term "edge coverage." This test is performed on a steel bar having square corners and the results do not necessarily relate to edges that are sharper, that is, burrs. A coating that has measurable corner coverage may still not protect sharper edges from corrosion or provide the electrical insulation needed in some applications.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide provides a useful summary to the selection and use of procedures for testing coating powders and powder coatings. It is applicable to both thermoplastic and thermoset coatings, unless indicated otherwise. By design this guide does not purport to address test methods or procedures developed specifically for the functional powder coating market, those coating powders for application to pipe or reinforced steel bars (rebar). Information on current test procedures for pipe and reinforced steel bar coating powders and powder coatings can be obtained through their respective ASTM Subcommittees, A01.05 and D01.48.
Selection of the methods to be followed and the interpretation of results must be governed by experience and the requirements in each individual case, together with agreement between the purchaser and seller. It should be noted that many of the methods used for characterizing a coating powder, such as gel time (Section 16) and inclined flow (Section 17), are primarily meant for the relative comparison of two coating powders, rather than to give a test value that can be interpreted as good or bad. Interpretation of the test results will depend on the specific application in question and will also often depend on the chemistry of the coating powder used.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing coating powders and powder coatings. The test methods included are listed in . Where more than one test method is listed for the same characteristic, no attempt is made to indicate superiority of one method over another. Selection of the methods to be followed must be governed by experience and the requirements in each individual case, together with agreement between the purchaser and the seller.
1.2 This guide also refers to methods developed specifically for the coating powder industry by the Powder Coating Institute, PCI, and the International Organization for Standards, ISO.
1.3 This guide describes the testing of coating powders as applied by electrostatic spray, fluidized bed, or any other applicable method.
1.4
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Contrast ratio at a specified film thickness is a useful hiding power parameter for production control and purchasing specifications.
The greater the hiding power, the less coating is required per unit area to obtain adequate hiding. Knowledge of hiding power is therefore important in regard to coating costs and for comparing coating value.
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1.1 These test methods determine and report the hiding power of a powder coating with respect to two parameters:
1.1.1 Test Method A-Contrast Ratio at a given film thickness
1.1.2 Test Method B-Film thickness at 0.98 (98%) contrast ratio.
Note 1-The measured parameters conform to powder coating industry practice by measuring hiding power in relation to film thickness, rather than the more conventional "Spreading Rate" function employed in Test Methods D 344 and D 2805 and other hiding power test methods.
Note 2-Hiding power is photometrically defined as the spreading rate at 0.98 contrast ratio. See definitions of spreading rate and hiding power in Terminology D 16, D 2805, and the Paint and Coatings Testing Manual.
Note 3-The contrast ratio of 0.98 is conventionally accepted in the coatings industry as representing "complete" hiding for reflectometric hiding power measurements. But visually, as well as photometrically, it is slightly less than complete.
1.2 These test methods cover the determination of the hiding power of powder coatings applied by electrostatic spraying.
1.3 These test methods determine hiding power by means of reflectometric and thickness gage measurements. They are limited to coatings having a minimum CIE-Y reflectance of 15 %.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ratio of corner thickness (see ) to face thickness (see 3.1.3) of powdered plastic coatings applied to a specific face thickness by dipping preheated square bars into aerated powder and curing the coating using predetermined conditions.
Note 1—The property of corner coverage has also been referred to as "edge coverage," though the latter is not recommended. There are widespread misunderstandings and expectations relative to the term "edge coverage." This test is performed on a steel bar having square corners and the results do not necessarily relate to edges that are sharper, that is, burrs. A coating that has measurable corner coverage may still not protect sharper edges from corrosion or provide the electrical insulation needed in some applications.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a method for determining the flow characteristics of a fused thermosetting coating powder down a plane inclined at a set angle to the horizontal. The test gives an indication of the degree of melt flow that may occur during the curing of the coating powder. This characteristic contributes to the coherence of the coating, to its surface appearance and to the degree of coverage over sharp edges, however, it should not be used as the sole factor for judgment. The test acts as a useful method for checking for batch to batch variation in the behavior of a given coating powder. Correlation between the results from coating powders of differing composition is not to be expected. This method is unlikely to yield meaningful results with coating powders which have gel times of less than one minute at the test temperature (see Test Method D 4217.)
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the length of time a thermosetting coating powder takes to gel on a polished metal surface at a specified temperature, such as 204°C (400°F). The determination of the gel time is a very simple method for the characterization and quality control of coating powders. However, the gel time determined by this method is not directly related to the time for the coating powder to cure in practical applications.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides the user with a guide to the various available practices and test methods for the evaluation of color, color difference, gloss, and metamerism by both visual and by instrumental means.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ratio of edge thickness (see 3.1.3) to face thickness (see 3.1.4) of powdered plastic coatings applied to a specific face thickness by dipping preheated square bars into aerated powder and curing the coating using predetermined conditions.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Test Method A is a less expensive method of determining specific gravity of coating powders, excluding metallics, that produced less precise results than Test Method B.
Test Method B provides better precision at higher cost and includes metallics, although different models produced different grand averages for each of the three samples tested.
Test Method C is commonly used by the powder coating industry to estimate the coverage of a powder coating at a given thickness, using the theoretical specific gravity calculated from those of the raw materials.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover three procedures for determining the specific gravity (see definition) of coating powders, as follows: TEST METHOD A—For Testing Coating Powders, Excluding MetallicsTEST METHOD B—For Tests Requiring Greater Precision than Test Method A, Including Metallics, Using Helium PycnometryTEST METHOD C—For Theoretical Calculation Based on Raw Material Specific Gravities
1.2 Test Method A can be used as a less expensive method with reduced accuracy for determining the specific gravity of coating powders, excluding metallics.
1.3 The ideal gas law forms the basis for all calculations used in the Test Method B determination of density of coating powders.
1.4 Test Method B includes procedures that provided acceptable results for samples analyzed during round robin testing.
1.5 Test Method B uses SI units as standard. State all numerical values in terms of SI units unless specific instrumentation software reports surface area using alternate units. Many instruments report density as g/cm3, instead of using SI units (kg/m3).
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides the user with a guide to the various available practices and test methods for the evaluation of color, color difference, gloss, and metamerism by both visual and by instrumental means.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ratio of edge thickness (see 3.1.3) to face thickness (see 3.1.4) of powdered plastic coatings applied to a specific face thickness by dipping preheated square bars into aerated powder and curing the coating using predetermined conditions.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover three procedures for determining the specific gravity (see definition) of coating powders, as follows: TEST METHOD A—For Testing Coating Powders, Excluding MetallicsTEST METHOD B—For Tests Requiring Greater Precision than Test Method A,Including Metallics, Using Helium PycnometryTEST METHOD C—For Theoretical Calculation Based on Raw Material SpecificGravities
1.2 Test Method A can be used as a less expensive method with reduced accuracy for determining the specific gravity of coating powders, excluding metallics.
1.3 The ideal gas law forms the basis for all calculations used in the Test Method B determination of density of coating powders.
1.4 Test Method B includes procedures that provided acceptable results for samples analyzed during round robin testing.
1.5 Test Method B uses SI units as standard. State all numerical values in terms of SI units unless specific instrumentation software reports surface area using alternate units. Many instruments report density as g/cm3, instead of using SI units (kg/m3).
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a method for determining the flow characteristics of a fused thermosetting coating powder down a plane inclined at a set angle to the horizontal. The test gives an indication of the degree of melt flow that may occur during the curing of the coating powder. This characteristic contributes to the coherence of the coating, to its surface appearance and to the degree of coverage over sharp edges, however, it should not be used as the sole factor for judgment. The test acts as a useful method for checking for batch to batch variation in the behavior of a given coating powder. Correlation between the results from coating powders of differing composition is not to be expected. This method is unlikely to yield meaningful results with coating powders which have gel times of less than one minute at the test temperature (see Test Method D 4217.)
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a method for determining the flow characteristics of a fused thermosetting coating powder down a plane inclined at a set angle to the horizontal. The test gives an indication of the degree of melt flow that may occur during the curing of the coating powder. This characteristic contributes to the coherence of the coating, to its surface appearance and to the degree of coverage over sharp edges, however, it should not be used as the sole factor for judgment. The test acts as a useful method for checking for batch to batch variation in the behavior of a given coating powder. Correlation between the results from coating powders of differing composition is not to be expected. This method is unlikely to yield meaningful results with coating powders which have gel times of less than one minute at the test temperature (see Test Method D 4217.)
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing coating powders and powder coatings. The test methods included are listed in . Where more than one test method is listed for the same characteristic, no attempt is made to indicate superiority of one method over another. Selection of the methods to be followed must be governed by experience and the requirements in each individual case, together with agreement between the purchaser and the seller.
1.2 This guide also refers to methods developed specifically for the coating powder industry by the Powder Coating Institute, PCI, and the International Organization for Standards, ISO.
1.3 This guide describes the testing of coating powders as applied by electrostatic spray, fluidized bed, or any other applicable method.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing coating powders and powder coatings. The test methods included are listed in . Where more than one test method is listed for the same characteristic, no attempt is made to indicate superiority of one method over another. Selection of the methods to be followed must be governed by experience and the requirements in each individual case, together with agreement between the purchaser and the seller.
1.2 This guide also refers to methods developed specifically for the coating powder industry by the Powder Coating Institute, PCI, and the International Organization for Standards, ISO.
1.3 This guide describes the testing of coating powders as applied by electrostatic spray, fluidized bed, or any other applicable method.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine and report the hiding power of a powder coating with respect to two parameters:
1.1.1 Test Method A-Contrast Ratio at a given film thickness
1.1.2 Test Method B-Film thickness at 0.98 (98%) contrast ratio.
Note 1-The measured parameters conform to powder coating industry practice by measuring hiding power in relation to film thickness, rather than the more conventional "Spreading Rate" function employed in Test Methods D 344 and D 2805 and other hiding power test methods.
Note 2-Hiding power is photometrically defined as the spreading rate at 0.98 contrast ratio. See definitions of spreading rate and hiding power in Terminology D 16, D 2805, and the Paint and Coatings Testing Manual.
Note 3-The contrast ratio of 0.98 is conventionally accepted in the coatings industry as representing "complete" hiding for reflectometric hiding power measurements. But visually, as well as photometrically, it is slightly less than complete.
1.2 These test methods cover the determination of the hiding power of powder coatings applied by electrostatic spraying.
1.3 These test methods determine hiding power by means of reflectometric and thickness gage measurements. They are limited to coatings having a minimum CIE-Y reflectance of 15 %.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the significance of referencing the techniques used whenever specifying the particle size distribution of a coating powder.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the significance of referencing the techniques used whenever specifying the particle size distribution of a coating powder.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the length of time a thermosetting coating powder remains liquified at a specified elevated temperature. The method provides a means for estimating thermal gel time of coatings. This test method is intended for gel times of less than 90 s.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in Section 8.

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1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of the properties of organic resinous powders and their fused coatings used for electrical insulation.  Note 1-These test methods do not apply to ceramic, glass, or metal powder.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 5.