F01.18 - Printed Electronics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Membrane switch keys are subjected to repeated actuations, usually by a human finger. This can transfer body oil, hand creams, automotive fluids and so forth. Materials are often subjected to other conditions (for example, wiping, cleaning, rubbing) during handling, end-use, shipment, or storage that may cause abrasion damage. The result may be a significant removal of the coatings, text, or decorative inks.  
3.2 This test method is applicable to a wide range of materials. The main criterion is that the abrasion process produces visible wear or breakthrough of the surface being tested.  
3.3 The amount of abrasion damage to a surface is dependent on numerous variables. This test method provides a way of comparing relative abrasion resistance and the effect of chemicals on inks, coatings, and substrates. In no way do the results provide a correlation value of the number of human finger touches before coating failure. It only provides a means to compare results of tests performed using the same equipment, abrasive materials and loading conditions.  
3.4 The test method can be used for quality control purposes, as a research and development tool, to evaluate material combinations for a given application, or for the comparison of materials with relatively similar properties and the effect of chemicals on the abrasion resistance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for subjecting inks or coatings on membrane switches to an abrasive medium, with or without the application of chemicals, at a specified force.  
1.2 Within certain limitations, as described in this standard, this test method is applicable for materials including, but not limited to: printed or coated polyester, polycarbonate, and silicone rubber. The samples can be either flat or contoured.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The different combinations of SMD types, attachment medias, circuit substrates, plating options, and process variation can account for significant variation in test outcome.  
3.2 The SMD shear strength test is useful to manufacturers and users for determining the bond strength of the component to the membrane switch circuit.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shear integrity of materials and procedures used to attach surface mount devices (SMD) to a membrane switch circuit.  
1.2 This test method is typically used to indicate the sufficient cure of conductive adhesive or underfill, or both. In general, this test method should be used prior to encapsulant. This test may also be used to demonstrate the Shear Force with encapsulation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Ingression protection classifications are widely used by manufacturers for specifying the level of protection offered by enclosures.  
5.2 An example of such a classification scheme is IEC 60529. Membrane switch manufacturers are often asked to meet these standards, however the test methods specified within these standards do not address considerations specific to membrane switches.  
5.3 The MSIP classification system considers the membrane switch separately from the testing and IP codes used for classifying the enclosure when subject to similar test conditions.  
5.4 Ingression testing can be useful to identify design deficiencies.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes a classification system and references test methods for verifying the degrees of:  
1.1.1 The ingress of dust into the internal layers of a membrane switch.  
1.1.2 Ingress of water into the internal layers of a membrane switch.  
1.1.3 Where external test methods are referenced, this guide specifies the special conditions that shall be considered in applying these tests to membrane switches and how the results are interpreted.  
1.2 This guide references test methods that can be used to establish the ingress classification of a membrane switch.  
1.3 This guide utilizes the test methods and reporting structure of IEC 60529 – (Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures) modified for membrane switches.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Application of an EL lamp (or other diffuse lighting source) to illuminate a device has a functional purpose and must meet specifications to satisfy the functional requirements of the device.  
4.2 Illumination of the device or application can be affected by variations in the quality, efficiency, and design of the lamp and any attendant mounting or shading fixtures.  
4.3 This test method addresses only the optical and visual appearance of the lamp and not its electrical function.  
4.4 This test method is non-destructive.  
4.5 This test method is described for application to the illumination layer in which case the results apply to that layer only. However, it may be desirable and practical to apply the test to a further assembly or to a fully assembled device with built in illumination. In such a case, the results refer specifically to the subassembly or the entire device respectively.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the uniformity of the luminance of an electroluminescent (EL) lamp. While written specifically for the purpose of evaluating EL devices, which are intrinsically very uniform, it can be applied (judiciously) to the measurement of any diffuse, essentially planar, light source. For specific purposes, it can be applied to partially assembled devices into which the illumination is installed (such as a membrane switch) as a diagnostic for the performance of the entire device. In such a case it must be understood that the results pertain only to the partial assembly and will be modified as the further assembly proceeds.  
1.2 The method is to take a 2-dimensional set of measurements, sampling the surface of the unit under test with appropriate density. The method is restricted to measuring luminance only, since variations in color will also show as luminance non-uniformity especially in any photoptically calibrated measuring device.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Insulation resistance is useful for design verification, quality control of materials, and workmanship.
Low insulation resistance can cause high leakage currents.
High leakage currents can lead to deterioration of the insulation or false triggering of the associated input device, or both.
Specific areas of testing are, but not limited to:
Conductor/dielectric/conductor crossing point.
Close proximity of conductors, and
Any other conductive surface such as shielding or metal backing panel.
Insulation resistance measurement may be destructive and units that have been tested should be considered unreliable for future use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the insulation resistance of a membrane switch.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is designed to enable all manufacturers and users of membrane switches to perform visual inspections under uniform conditions. The aim is to eliminate key variables in the inspection procedures so specimens can be viewed more objectively.
Viewing specimens under these conditions could reveal cosmetic defects in the specimen. Many of these defects or flaws are due to variables in the raw materials or the manufacturing process. These cosmetic flaws or defects do not necessarily mean that the specimen is defective. The determination of whether a specimen is acceptable or defective varies with the application and the needs of the user. Therefore, customer and vendor must agree on acceptable quality standards prior to manufacturing.
This practice does not establish standards for acceptability of specimens, only how they must be viewed (inspected).
This practice is not intended to be used for color matching purposes. Color matching must be performed under more precise lighting conditions outside the scope of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for performing visual inspection of membrane switches. This includes visual inspection of overlays and circuitry.
1.2 This practice defines lighting parameters, distance from eye to specimen, viewing angle, and the viewing time allowed for a specific size specimen.
1.3 This practice is only designed for visual inspection of aesthetic qualities of membrane switches. It is not intended for color matching or gloss measurement.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The different combinations of SMD types, attachment medias, circuit substrates, plating options, and process variation can account for significant variation in test outcome.
The SMD shear strength test is useful to manufacturers and users for determining the bond strength of the component to the membrane switch circuit.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shear integrity of materials and procedures used to attach surface mount devices (SMD) to a membrane switch circuit.
1.2 This test method is typically used to indicate the sufficient cure of conductive adhesive or underfill, or both. In general, this test method should be used prior to encapsulant. This test may also be used to demonstrate the Shear Force with encapsulation.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Ingression protection classifications are widely used by manufacturers for specifying the level of protection offered by electronic enclosures.
An example of such a classification scheme is IEC 60529. Membrane switch manufacturers are often asked to meet these standards, however the test methods specified within these standards do not address considerations specific to membrane switches.
A single classification scheme such as this is an important means of integrating the various standards that relate to ingression protection specifically for membrane switches.
Ingression testing can be useful to identify design deficiencies.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes a classification system and references test methods for verifying the degrees of protection provided by a membrane switch against the following:
1.1.1 The ingress of dust into a membrane switch.
1.1.2 Ingress of water into a membrane switch, or the entry into the finished product on which it is mounted.
1.1.3 It can be expanded to incorporate the degrees of protection from other environmental contaminants (such as salt fog) as these tests are developed either by ASTM, or existing test methods developed by other organizations are determined to be appropriate.
1.1.4 Where external test methods are referenced, this guide specifies the special conditions that shall be considered in applying these tests to membrane switches and how the results are interpreted.
1.1.5 The IP rating is based on the switch construction only and does not consider the effects of the switch body as a sealant for the enclosure.
1.1.6 For ingress of dust, numerals 5 and 6, the test is carried out according to category 2 (testing at atmospheric pressure).
1.2 This guide references appropriate test methods for verifying that a membrane switch satisfies the level of protection specified by a given classification.
1.3 This guide is a modification of the classification system described within IEC 60529 – Degrees of Protection Offered By An Electronic Enclosure.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Illumination of a switch or of certain features of a switch often has a functional purpose and must meet specification to satisfy the functional requirements of the switch.
Illumination of the switch can be affected by variations in the quality and design of the overlay and its application.
This test method addresses only the optical and visual appearance of the switch and not its electrical function.
This test method is non-destructive.
If this test method is applied to the entire switch assembly, the results can be applied to the whole device. However, it may be sufficient and practical to apply the test either to a subassembly only, or to the illumination only, in which case the results apply to that layer only and the net effect on the fully assembled device must be extrapolated.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the luminous color of a backlit membrane switch. As written, it applies to a fully assembled switch. For specific purposes, it can be applied to partially assembled switches, with the understanding that the results pertain only to the partial assembly and will be modified as the further assembly proceeds.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
There are numerous flammability ratings and tests. Almost without fail, these standards and tests are focused on very specific industries or results, many of which are not applicable to the membrane switch/human machine interface assembly. This test is designed to provide relative results between membrane switches that have been assembled to the unit's final enclosure, housing, etc.  
In addition to the test's measurement of the rate of burn, a laboratory can also observe the effects of burning material falling from the test specimen onto other materials (typically a gauze test area) not directly part of the test specimen. The indirect burning is an issue of interest to see if the test specimen will be able to act as an initiator for a far greater and more damaging flame event (fire). Observations should be noted, as qualitative descriptions, as appropriate.
This test can measure the flammability via the use of high-speed photographic or video equipment.
Temperature of the ignition source can be measured via a calibrated thermocouple pyrometer, calorimeter or IR thermometer with an appropriate range.
This test is not designed to provide a PASS or NO PASS status for a switch, rather, it is designed to provide a “grade” for the level of flammability of a membrane switch assembly (as defined in 3.1.10). The end user should make the final determination if the level of flammability is acceptable for the particular application.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flammability characteristics of a membrane switch.  
1.2 This test method defines the MSB rating of a membrane switch. Each character of the MSB rating represents a discrete characteristic of a membrane switch performance under destructive thermal loading.
1.3 This test procedure will be destructive, but should provide an insight into the relative performance flame-resistance characteristics of differing designs or assemblies, or both.  
1.4 This test method will focus on the use of convective contact (burner flame) method for ignition, though other methods of ignition are available.
1.5 This test method is designed to determine if the membrane switch assembly will add (or detract) from the flame propagation from an exterior flame/fire source.
1.6 If this test is intended to be used for an internal flammability source then set up the unit under test (UUT) appropriately and note it in the test scope and results.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology defines terms that are commonly used in the membrane switch industry.
1.2 These definitions are not mutually exclusive.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Vibration encountered in the field is not usually simple harmonic.
This test can be used to determine relative motion between parts, critical frequencies, adhesion strengths, loosening of parts or other physical effects that can cause fatigue or failure.
Experience has shown that this test will expose potential failures associated with the electronic components of a membrane switch, where tests of lower levels will not.
This practice can be used to qualify a membrane switch for aerospace, medical and other applications.
This test is potentially destructive, intended for device qualification.
Either Test Condition A or B can be chosen, based upon the intent of the test determined by the qualified engineer.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes procedures for determining the effect of sinusoidal vibration, within the specified frequency range, on switch contacts, mounting hardware, adhered component parts, solder or heat stakes, tactile devices, and cable or ribbon interconnects associated with a membrane switch or membrane switch assembly.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Vibration encountered in the field is usually random in nature and this test can be used to determine the effects of random excitation on the membrane switch.
Random vibration can cause mechanical fatigue and failure by switch components either loosening or otherwise changing over time.
Experience has shown that this test will expose potential failures associated with the electronic components of a membrane switch, where tests of lower levels will not.
This practice can be used to qualify a membrane switch for aerospace, medical and other applications.
This test is potentially destructive, intended for device qualification.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes procedures for determining the effect of random vibration, within the specified frequency range, on switch contacts, mounting hardware, adhered component parts, solder or heat stakes, tactile devices, and cable or ribbon interconnects associated with a membrane switch or membrane switch assembly.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
There are numerous flammability ratings and tests. Almost without fail, these standards and tests are focused on very specific industries or results, many of which are not applicable to the membrane switch/human machine interface assembly. This test is designed to provide relative results between membrane switches that have been assembled to the unit's final enclosure, housing, etc.  
In addition to the test's measurement of the rate of burn, a laboratory can also observe the effects of burning material falling from the test specimen onto other materials (typically a gauze test area) not directly part of the test specimen. The indirect burning is an issue of interest to see if the test specimen will be able to act as an initiator for a far greater and more damaging flame event (fire). Observations should be noted, as qualitative descriptions, as appropriate.
This test can measure the flammability via the use of high-speed photographic or video equipment.
Temperature of the ignition source can be measured via a calibrated thermocouple pyrometer, calorimeter or IR thermometer with an appropriate range.
This test is not designed to provide a PASS or NO PASS status for a switch, rather, it is designed to provide a “grade” for the level of flammability of a membrane switch assembly (as defined in 3.1.10). The end user should make the final determination if the level of flammability is acceptable for the particular application.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flammability characteristics of a membrane switch.  
1.2 This test method defines the MSB rating of a membrane switch. Each character of the MSB rating represents a discrete characteristic of a membrane switch performance under destructive thermal loading.
1.3 This test procedure will be destructive, but should provide an insight into the relative performance flame-resistance characteristics of differing designs or assemblies, or both.  
1.4 This test method will focus on the use of convective contact (burner flame) method for ignition, though other methods of ignition are available.
1.5 This test method is designed to determine if the membrane switch assembly will add (or detract) from the flame propagation from an exterior flame/fire source.
1.6 If this test is intended to be used for an internal flammability source then set up the unit under test (UUT) appropriately and note it in the test scope and results.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The force and displacement values when converted to a slope are useful in quantifying the differences in tactile response among membrane switches.
Specified resistance is useful to manufacturers and users when designing membrane switch interface circuitry.
Actuation force and contact force are useful to manufacturers and users in determining the suitability, reference and aesthetics of a membrane switch in a given application.
The tendency of a switch to make or break electrical contact at unexpected moments during closure or release can be a sign of a poor design. The degree of teasing can range from a simple annoyance to a failure of critical control process.
The amount of switch sensitivity or teasing can also be a result of poor surface conductivity that will prevent an electrical event even when switch poles are in partial contact.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of force displacement characteristics of a membrane switch.
1.1.1 This test method replaces Test Method F1570 (Tactile Ratio). Tactile Actuating Slope Angle and Tactile Recovery Slope Angle better represent the characterization of tactile sensation, previously called “Tactile Ratio” in Test Method F1570.
1.1.2 This test method replaces Test Method F1682 (Travel).
1.1.3 This test method replaces Test Method F1597 (Actuation and Contact Force).
1.1.4 This test method replaces Test Method F1997 (Switch Sensitivity).
1.2 Force displacement hysterisis loop curve can be used in the determination of Actuation Force, Displacement, Contact Force, Return Force, and Tactile Actuating Slope Angle and Tactile Recovery Slope Angle.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The presence of water inside a membrane switch can affect its mechanical operation or electrical functionality, or both. Electrical failure can result as short circuits due to silver migration or exceeding the specified resistance due to oxidation.
This test method establishes a procedure to verify the ability of a membrane switch to resist the entry of liquid in itself or a finished product, or both. It is useful in identifying design deficiencies.
Submersion testing may be destructive, therefore any samples tested should be considered unfit for future use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes procedures for the submerging of a membrane switch to verify resistance to ingress of a specified liquid.
1.2 This test method can also be used to verify the ability of a membrane switch or graphics layer to act as a liquid seal for a finished product.
1.3 Additional test methods or practices can be incorporated to investigate specific results or capabilities.
1.4 This test method is a modification of National Electrical Manufacturers Assoc. (NEMA) Publication 250-1991 Section 6.10, which is a test for submersion of a finished product housing.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Resistivity is useful to suppliers and manufacturers as follows:
when designing membrane switch interface circuitry,
when selecting the appropriate conductive material,
for conductive material quality verification, and
for conductive material cure optimization and quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical resistivity of a conductive material as used in the manufacture of a membrane switch.
1.2 This test method is not suitable for measuring force sensitive conductive materials.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
To provide a standardized test method that can be used for a valid comparison of luminance time curves, color changes and cosmetic changes between lamps of various designs, fabrication techniques, and sources.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the procedures for determining the visible performance change, which is defined by luminance, color and cosmetic appearance of an electroluminescent lamp during operation over an extended time.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Dielectric withstand voltage testing is useful for design verification, quality control of materials, and workmanship.
This test method is used to verify that the membrane switch can operate safely at its rated voltage, and withstand momentary overpotentials due to switching, surges and other similar electrical phenomena.
Specific areas of testing are, but not limited to:
Conductor/dielectric/conductor crossing point,
Close proximity of conductors, and
Any other conductive surface such as shielding or metal backing panel.
Dielectric withstand voltage testing may be destructive and units that have been tested should be considered unreliable for future use.
Testing using ac voltage may be useful for switches intended for control circuits powered by ac voltages.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the verification of a specified dielectric withstand voltage or dielectric breakdown voltage of a membrane switch.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The presence of water inside a membrane switch can affect its mechanical operation or electrical functionality, or both. Electrical failure can result as short circuits due to silver migration or exceeding the specified resistance due to oxidation.
This test method establishes a procedure to verify the ability of a membrane switch to resist the entry of liquid in itself or a finished product, or both. It is useful in identifying design deficiencies.
Submersion testing may be destructive, therefore any samples tested should be considered unfit for future use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes procedures for the submerging of a membrane switch to verify resistance to ingress of a specified liquid.
1.2 This test method can also be used to verify the ability of a membrane switch or graphics layer to act as a liquid seal for a finished product.
1.3 Additional test methods or practices can be incorporated to investigate specific results or capabilities.
1.4 This test method is a modification of National Electrical Manufacturers Assoc. (NEMA) Publication 250-1991 Section 6.10, which is a test for submersion of a finished product housing.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Bending of membrane switches or their components can affect their visual appearance, mechanical integrity or electrical functionality. This test method simulates conditions that may be seen during manufacture, installation or use.
Bend testing may be destructive, therefore any samples tested should be considered unfit for future use.
Specific areas of testing include, but are not limited to:
Membrane switch flex tails, and
Any component of a membrane switch that may be subjected to bending.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes a method for the bending of any part of a membrane switch with conductive circuits.
1.1.1 The values given in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The force and displacement values when converted to a slope are useful in quantifying the differences in tactile response among membrane switches.
Specified resistance is useful to manufacturers and users when designing membrane switch interface circuitry.
Actuation force and contact force are useful to manufacturers and users in determining the suitability, reference and aesthetics of a membrane switch in a given application.
The tendency of a switch to make or break electrical contact at unexpected moments during closure or release can be a sign of a poor design. The degree of teasing can range from a simple annoyance to a failure of critical control process.
The amount of switch sensitivity or teasing can also be a result of poor surface conductivity that will prevent an electrical event even when switch poles are in partial contact.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of force displacement characteristics of a membrane switch.
1.1.1 This test method replaces Test Method F 1570 (Tactile Ratio). Tactile Response Slope better represents the characterization of tactile sensation, previously called “Tactile Ratio” in Test Method F 1570.
1.1.2 This test method replaces Test Method F 1682 (Travel).
1.1.3 This test method replaces Test Method F 1597 (Actuation and Contact Force).
1.1.4 This test method replaces Test Method F 1997 (Switch Sensitivity).
1.2 Force displacement hysterisis loop curve can be used in the determination of Actuation Force, Displacement, Contact Force, Return Force, and Tactile Response Slope.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Gloss measurements are used to qualify a raw material or finished product.
Sample preparation will effect the outcome of gloss readings. This practice will eliminate second surface reflection, and allow a more accurate gloss reading of the substrate.
Materials which require this preparation include the following: clear or translucent substrates, colored transparent substrates, and areas printed with clear, translucent, or transparent colored coatings.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the method of sample preparation, prior to taking gloss measurements on a membrane switch overlay.
1.2 Typical applications include window display areas on a graphic overlay, and surface texture.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Nearly all electronic devices are susceptible to possible damage or degradation from ESD encountered in their operating environments. The sensitivity of the equipment, the potential consequences of a malfunction, and the expected environmental conditions all impact the level of ESD protection needed.
ESD shielding effectiveness test may be destructive, and units that have been tested should be considered unreliable for future use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the electrostatic discharge (ESD) shielding effectiveness of a membrane switch assembly. This test method may be used to test a membrane switch to destruction, that is, to determine its maximum ESD shielding effectiveness, or it may be used to test the ability of a membrane switch to withstand a predetermined level of exposure.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use..

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Contact bounce time is essential to manufacturers and users when designing interface circuitry because it specifies the time delay necessary in the decoder circuitry to avoid any false signals caused by contact bounce. Allowing for time delay makes the switch operation considerably more reliable.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the contact bounce time of a membrane switch.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Creasing of membrane switches or their components can affect their visual appearance, mechanical integrity or electrical functionality. This practice simulates conditions that may be seen during manufacture, installation or use.
Crease testing may be destructive, therefore any samples tested should be considered unfit for future use.
Specific areas of testing include, but are not limited to:
Membrane switch flex tails, and
Any component of a membrane switch that may be subjected to creasing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes a method for the creasing of any part of a membrane switch with conductive circuits.
1.1.1 The values given in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Capacitance testing is useful for design verification, quality control of materials, and workmanship.
High capacitance may interfere with the reliable performance of interface electronics.
Specific areas of testing are, but not limited to:
Conductor/dielectric/conductor crossing point,
Close proximity of conductors, and
Any other conductive surface such as shielding or metal backing panel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of capacitance(s) of a membrane switch.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
If the ink or coating is to fulfill its function, it must adhere to the substrate. Substrates and their surface preparation have a significant effect on the adhesion of inks or coatings. Therefore, a method of evaluating adhesion of inks or coatings to different substrates or surface treatments, or of different inks or coatings to the same substrate and surface treatment, is useful to the industry.
The limitations of all adhesion methods and the specific limitation of this test method to lower levels of adhesion should be recognized before using it. The intra– and inter–laboratory precision of this test method is under evaluation.
Printing area to be tested should be a solid area large enough to include the entire cross hatch pattern.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is based on existing Test Method D 3359, with modifications to make it suitable for plastic substrates and membrane switches.
1.2 Despite the problems associated with a tape test on plastic substrates, it is our belief that this is still one of the best ways to test ink and coating for adhesion for membrane switch applications. In writing this test method we are addressing several of the objections to the test method that could affect its precision and repeatability on plastic substrates.
1.3 These test methods cover whether the adhesion of coating or ink to a substrate is at an acceptable level. They do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion, for which more sophisticated methods of measurement may be required.
Note 1—It should be recognized that differences in adherability of the ink or coating surface can affect the results obtained with inks or coatings having the same inherent adhesion.
1.4 In multi–coat systems adhesion failure may occur between coats, so that the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.
1.5 This test method is specifically designed for measuring adhesion of inks and coatings (films) that have a thickness of 5 mil (125 microns) or less, on plastics such as polyester and polycarbonate.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
To provide a standardized test method that can be used for a valid comparison of luminance time curves, color changes and cosmetic changes between lamps of various designs, fabrication techniques, and sources.
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1.1 This test method establishes the procedures for determining the visible performance change, which is defined by luminance, color and cosmetic appearance of an electroluminescent lamp during operation over an extended time.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The force and displacement values when converted to a slope are useful in quantifying the differences in tactile response among membrane switches.
Specified resistance is useful to manufacturers and users when designing membrane switch interface circuitry.
Actuation force and contact force are useful to manufacturers and users in determining the suitability, reference and aesthetics of a membrane switch in a given application.
The tendency of a switch to make or break electrical contact at unexpected moments during closure or release can be a sign of a poor design. The degree of teasing can range from a simple annoyance to a failure of critical control process.
The amount of switch sensitivity or teasing can also be a result of poor surface conductivity that will prevent an electrical event even when switch poles are in partial contact.
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of force displacement characteristics of a membrane switch.
1.1.1 This test method replaces Test Method F 1570 (Tactile Ratio). Tactile Response Slope better represents the characterization of tactile sensation, previously called “Tactile Ratio” in Test Method F 1570.
1.1.2 This test method replaces Test Method F 1682 (Travel).
1.1.3 This test method replaces Test Method F 1597 (Actuation and Contact Force).
1.1.4 This test method replaces Test Method F 1997 (Switch Sensitivity).
1.2 Force displacement hysterisis loop curve can be used in the determination of Actuation Force, Displacement, Contact Force, Return Force, and Tactile Response Slope.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Creasing of membrane switches or their components can affect their visual appearance, mechanical integrity or electrical functionality. This practice simulates conditions that may be seen during manufacture, installation or use.
Crease testing may be destructive, therefore any samples tested should be considered unfit for future use.
Specific areas of testing include, but are not limited to:
Membrane switch flex tails, and
Any component of a membrane switch that may be subjected to bending.
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1.1 This test method establishes a method for the creasing of any part of a membrane switch with conductive circuits.
1.1.1 The values given in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Contact bounce time is essential to manufacturers and users when designing interface circuitry because it specifies the time delay necessary in the decoder circuitry to avoid any false signals caused by contact bounce. Allowing for time delay makes the switch operation considerably more reliable.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the contact bounce time of a membrane switch.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Bending of membrane switches or their components can affect their visual appearance, mechanical integrity or electrical functionality. This test method simulates conditions that may be seen during manufacture, installation or use.
Bend testing may be destructive, therefore any samples tested should be considered unfit for future use.
Specific areas of testing include, but are not limited to:
Membrane switch flex tails, and
Any component of a membrane switch that may be subjected to bending.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes a method for the bending of any part of a membrane switch with conductive circuits.
1.1.1 The values given in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Illumination of a switch or of certain features of a switch often has a functional purpose and must meet specification to satisfy the functional requirements of the switch.
Illumination of the switch can be affected by variations in the quality and design of the overlay and its application.
This test method addresses only the optical and visual appearance of the switch and not its electrical function.
This test method is non-destructive.
If this test method is applied to the entire switch assembly, the results can be applied to the whole device. However, it may be sufficient and practical to apply the test either to a subassembly only, or to the illumination layer only, in which case the results apply to that layer only and the net effect on the fully assembled device must be calculated, extrapolated, or otherwise inferred.
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1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the luminance of a backlit membrane switch. As written, it applies to a fully assembled switch. For specific purposes, it can be applied to partially assembled switches with the understanding that the results pertain only to the partial assembly and will be modified as the further assembly proceeds.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
p>Current carrying capacity is used by designers and manufacturers of electronic interface circuitry to ensure that the membrane switch can reliably handle the loads occurring in normal use and under extreme circumstances. A thorough understanding of CCC allows manufacturers to take it into account when developing design rules for membrane switches.
Failures due to exceeding the CCC of a circuit may take the form of a significant change in conductor resistance, insulation breakdown (shorts), or conductor breakdown (opens).
Since a number of design parameters, such as trace width, ink film thickness, etc. affect the final test results, any conclusions should only be applied to specific designs, rather than to a general combination of materials.
Current carrying capacity tests may be destructive and units that have been tested should be considered unreliable for future use.
Current carrying capacity may be significantly different for static loads and dynamic (that is, cycling) loads. Failure modes are also generally different.
The use of a thermocouple to monitor the temperature of the UUT may be helpful to monitor the progress of the test.
Initial expected starting current should be calculated in advance to prevent damage to test equipment.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the current carrying capacity of a conductor as part of a membrane switch.
1.2 This test method may be used to test a circuit to destruction, that is, to determine its maximum current carrying capacity, or it may be used to test the ability of a circuit to withstand a desired current level.
1.3 This test method applies only to static conditions, and does not apply to contact closure cycling of a membrane switch under current load (test method forthcoming).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Erratic operation or malfunction of a membrane switch resulting from changes in the specified switch characteristics,
Rupture, implosion or explosion of seals due to pressure variations,
Change in physical or chemical properties due to pressure differentiations, and
Delaminations of a membrane switch may occur due to pressure variations.
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1.1 This practice covers a procedure for exposing a membrane switch to variations in atmospheric pressure. It can be used to determine the effects of pressure variations on chemical and mechanical properties and functional characteristics of the switch.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This testing is performed to determine the electrical contact reliability under switching conditions and the physical changes caused by mechanical actuation of the switch assembly in the environments in which the assemblies operate. Evidence of deterioration, that is, cracking of substrate, domes both metal and polyester, ink delamination, etc., resulting from this test can at times be determined by visual examination. However, the effects may be more readily ascertained by measurements made prior to, during, and after exposure. Total circuit resistance, force-displacement, dielectric strength, insulation resistance, and capacitance are types of measurements that show the deleterious effects due to exposure.
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1.1 This test method covers the setup, procedure, and apparatus required to depress and release a membrane switch to a predetermined number of cycles.
1.2 This test method also covers the optional use of specified voltage and current during the cycling of the membrane switch.
1.3 This test method can be used in conjunction with other ASTM standards such as Test Method F 1596.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Resistance is useful to manufacturers and users when designing membrane switch interface circuitry.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the circuit resistance of a membrane switch.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Changes in temperature and humidity during shipping, storage or use can affect the visual appearance, mechanical integrity, or electrical functionality of switches. This practice simulates three different environments to which membrane switches may be exposed.
The three industry-recognized switch categories based on performance levels are Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 (see section 8.1).
Additionally, there may be custom requirements that vary by application, therefore, these requirements can be determined by customer and vendor agreement and be established as a Level 4.
This practice defines the duration of a single cycle. Multiple cycles may be appropriate depending on the requirements of the application.
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for temperature and humidity cycling of membrane switches.
1.2 This test method is performed to evaluate the properties of materials used in the construction of membrane switch assemblies as they are influenced by the absorption and diffusion of moisture and moisture vapor. This is an accelerated environmental test, accomplished by the continuous exposure of the test specimen to high relative humidity at an elevated temperature. Absorption of moisture by many materials results in swelling, which destroys their functional utility, causes loss of physical strength, and changes in other mechanical properties. Insulating materials which absorb moisture may suffer degradation of their electrical properties.
1.2.1 Physical changes:
1.2.1.1 Differential contraction or expansion rates or induced strain of dissimilar materials.
1.2.1.2. Cracking of surface coatings.
1.2.1.3 Leaking of sealed compartments.
1.2.1.4 Deformation or fracture of components.
1.2.2 Chemical changes:
1.2.2.1 Separation of constituents.
1.2.2.2 Failure of chemical agent protection.
1.2.3 Electrical changes:
1.2.3.1 Changes in electronic and electrical components.
1.2.3.2 Electronic or mechanical failures due to rapid water of condensate formation.
1.2.3.3 Excessive static electricity.
1.3 This test method is not intended to be a thermal shock procedure; a ramp rate between temperature extremes should not exceed 2°C/min.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The force and displacement values when converted to a slope are useful in quantifying the differences in tactile response among membrane switches.
Specified resistance is useful to manufacturers and users when designing membrane switch interface circuitry.
Actuation force and contact force are useful to manufacturers and users in determining the suitability, reference and aesthetics of a membrane switch in a given application.
The tendency of a switch to make or break electrical contact at unexpected moments during closure or release can be a sign of a poor design. The degree of teasing can range from a simple annoyance to a failure of critical control process.
The amount of switch sensitivity or teasing can also be a result of poor surface conductivity that will prevent an electrical event even when switch poles are in partial contact.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of force displacement characteristics of a membrane switch.
1.1.1 This test method replaces Test Method F 1570. The Tactile Response Slope has been determined to be a more representative characterization of a tactile sensation.
1.1.2 This test method replaces Test Method F 1682.
1.1.3 This test method replaces Test Method F 1597.
1.1.4 This test method replaces Test Method F 1997.
1.2 Force displacement hysterisis loop curve can be used in the determination of Actuation Force, Displacement, Contact Force, Return Force, and Tactile Response Slope.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Current carrying capacity is used by designers and manufacturers of electronic interface circuitry to ensure that the membrane switch can reliably handle the loads occurring in normal use and under extreme circumstances. A thorough understanding of CCC allows manufacturers to take it into account when developing design rules for membrane switches.
Failures due to exceeding the CCC of a circuit may take the form of a significant change in conductor resistance, insulation breakdown (shorts), or conductor breakdown (opens).
Since a number of design parameters, such as trace width, ink film thickness, etc. affect the final test results, any conclusions should only be applied to specific designs, rather than to a general combination of materials.
Current carrying capacity tests may be destructive and units that have been tested should be considered unreliable for future use.
Current carrying capacity may be significantly different for static loads and dynamic (that is, cycling) loads. Failure modes are also generally different.
The use of a thermocouple to monitor the temperature of the UUT may be helpful to monitor the progress of the test.
Initial expected starting current should be calculated in advance to prevent damage to test equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the current carrying capacity of a conductor as part of a membrane switch.
1.2 This test method may be used to test a circuit to destruction, that is, to determine its maximum current carrying capacity, or it may be used to test the ability of a circuit to withstand a desired current level.
1.3 This test method applies only to static conditions, and does not apply to contact closure cycling of a membrane switch under current load (test method forthcoming).
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Resistance is useful to manufacturers and users when designing membrane switch interface circuitry.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the circuit resistance of a membrane switch.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This test method covers the testing of any surface that may be exposed to liquid chemical(s).
1.2 This test method is not designed for immersion testing conditions or material edge attack.
1.3 This test method is designed for evaluation of visual changes. In certain instances physical (non-visual) changes may occur and functional testing may be appropriate.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The presence of water inside a membrane switch can affect its mechanical operation or electrical functionality, or both.
This practice establishes a procedure to verify the ability of a membrane switch to resist the entry of liquid into itself or a finished product, or both. It is useful in identifying design deficiencies.
Hosedown testing may be destructive, therefore any samples tested should be considered unfit for future use.
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1.1 This practice establishes procedures for the hosedown of a membrane switch to verify adequate protection from ingress of water from a high-volume water spray.
1.2 This practice can also be used to verify the ability of a membrane switch or graphics layer to act as a liquid seal for a finished product.
1.3 Additional test methods or practices can be incorporated to investigate specific results or capabilities.
1.4 This practice is a modification of NEMA Publication Number 250-1991 Section 6.7 which is a test for hosedown of a finished product housing.

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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of force displacement characteristics of a membrane switch.
1.2 Hysteresis (force-displacement) curve can be used in the determination of Actuation Force, Displacement, Contact Force, Restoration Force, and Tactile Response Slope.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of force displacement characteristics of a membrane switch.
1.2 Hysteresis (force-displacement) curve can be used in the determination of Actuation Force, Displacement, Contact Force, Restoration Force, and Tactile Response Slope.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Destructive and non-destructive tests characteristics must be evaluated to ensure the membrane switch will operate and survive the application it was designed for. It is not feasible for all tests to be performed on each membrane of a production lot. However, there are some non-destructive tests that must be performed on each switch assembly to ensure 100 % functionality and checking each i/o point for unwanted electrical continuity to any other i/o point is one of these characteristics.
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1.1 This standard establishes a test method for detecting unwanted electrical shorts in a membrane switch.
1.2 Since this is a non-destructive test, it can be performed on a membrane switch that is going to be mounted and used in its intended environment.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The effects of silver migration are short circuiting or reduction in insulation resistance. It is evidenced by staining or dicoloration between the cathode and anode conductive traces.
Accelerated testing may be accomplished by increasing the voltage over the specified voltages. (A typical starting point would be 5Vdc 50mA).
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1.1 This test method is used to determine the susceptibility of a membrane switch to the migration of the silver between circuit traces under dc voltage potential.
1.2 Silver migration will occur when special conditions of moisture and electrical energy are present.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The different combinations of SMD types, attachment medias, circuit substrates, plating options, and process variation can account for significant variation in test outcome.
The SMD shear strength test is useful to manufacturers and users for determining the bond strength of the component to the membrane switch circuit.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shear integrity of materials and procedures used to attach surface mount devices (SMD) to a membrane switch circuit.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes a method for the creasing or bending of any part of a membrane switch.
1.2 This practice can be used with other test methods to achieve specific test results.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.