G01.05 - Laboratory Corrosion Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a quantitative measure of the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion of Al-Mg and Al-Mg-Mn alloys. The nitric acid dissolves a second phase, an aluminum-magnesium intermetallic compound (βAl-Mg), in preference to the solid solution of magnesium in the aluminum matrix. When this compound is precipitated in a relatively continuous network along grain boundaries, the effect of the preferential attack is to corrode around the grains, causing them to fall away from the specimens. Such dropping out of the grains causes relatively large mass losses of the order of 25 mg/cm2  to 75 mg/cm2  (160 mg/in.2 to 480 mg/in.2), whereas, samples of intergranular-resistant materials lose only about 1 mg/cm2 to 15 mg/cm2 (10 mg/in.2 to 100 mg/in.2). When the βAl-Mg compound is randomly distributed, the preferential attack can result in intermediate mass losses. Metallographic examination is required in such cases to establish whether or not the loss in mass is the result of intergranular attack.  
4.2 The precipitation of the second phase in the grain boundaries also gives rise to intergranular corrosion when the material is exposed to chloride-containing natural environments, such as seacoast atmospheres or sea water. The extent to which the alloy will be susceptible to intergranular corrosion depends upon the degree of precipitate continuity in the grain boundaries. Visible manifestations of the attack may be in various forms such as pitting, exfoliation, or stress-corrosion cracking, depending upon the morphology of the grain structure and the presence of sustained tensile stress.3
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, also known as the Nitric Acid Mass Loss Test (NAMLT), covers a procedure for constant immersion intergranular corrosion testing of 5XXX series aluminum alloys.  
1.2 This test method is applicable only to wrought products.  
1.3 This test method covers type of specimen, specimen preparation, test environment, and method of exposure.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a reliable prediction of the exfoliation corrosion behavior of Al-Mg alloys in marine environments.4,5,6 The test is useful for alloy development studies and quality control of mill products such as sheet and plate.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for continuous immersion exfoliation corrosion testing of 5XXX series aluminum-magnesium alloys containing 2.0 % or more magnesium.  
1.2 This test method applies only to wrought products.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the absence of water, the crude oil is noncorrosive. However, trace amounts of water and sediment have the potential to create corrosive situations during crude oil handling or transport if such materials accumulate and persist on steel surfaces. Test Methods D473 and D4006 provide methods for determination of the water and sediment content of crude oil.  
5.2 The potential for a corrosive situation to develop during the handling and transport of crude oil that contains water can be determined by a combination of three properties (Fig. 1) (1)6: the type of emulsion formed between oil and water, the wettability of the steel surface, and the corrosivity of water phase in the presence of oil.
FIG. 1 Predicting Influence of Crude Oil on the Corrosivity of Aqueous Phase  
5.3 Water and oil are immiscible but, under certain conditions, they can form emulsion. There are two kinds of emulsion: oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O). W/O emulsion (in which oil is the continuous phase) has low conductivity and is thus less corrosive; whereas O/W (in which water is the continuous phase) has high conductivity and, hence, is corrosive (2) (see ISO 6614). The percentage of water at which W/O converts to O/W is known as the emulsion inversion point (EIP). EIP can be determined by measuring the conductivity of the emulsion. At and above the EIP, a continuous phase of water or free water is present. Therefore, there is a potential for corrosion.  
5.4 Whether water phase can cause corrosion in the presence of oil depends on whether the surface is oil-wet (hydrophobic) or water-wet (hydrophilic) (1, 3-5). Because of higher resistance, an oil-wet surface is not susceptible to corrosion, but a water-wet surface is. Wettability can be characterized by measuring the contact angle or by evaluating the tendency of water to displace oil from a multi-electrode array by measuring the resistance (or conductors) between the electrodes (spreading methodology).  
5.4.1 In the con...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers some generally accepted laboratory methodologies that are used for determining emulsion forming tendency, wetting behavior, and corrosion-inhibitory properties of crude oil.  
1.2 This guide does not cover detailed calculations and methods, but rather covers a range of approaches that have found application in evaluating emulsions, wettability, and the corrosion rate of steel in crude oil/water mixtures.  
1.3 Only those methodologies that have found wide acceptance in the industry are considered in this guide.  
1.4 This guide is intended to assist in the selection of methodologies that can be used for determining the corrosivity of crude oil under conditions in which water is present in the liquid state (typically up to 100 °C). These conditions normally occur during oil and gas production, storage, and transportation in the pipelines.  
1.5 This guide is not applicable at higher temperatures (typically above 300 °C) that occur during refining crude oil in refineries.  
1.6 This guide involves the use of electrical currents in the presence of flammable liquids. Awareness of fire safety is critical for the safe use of this guide.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was originally developed for research and development purposes; however, it is referenced, in specific material specifications, as applicable for evaluating production material (refer to Section 14 on Precision and Bias).  
5.2 Use of this test method provides a useful prediction of the exfoliation corrosion behavior of these alloys in various types of outdoor service, especially in marine and industrial environments.5 The test solution is very corrosive and represents the more severe types of environmental service, excluding, of course, unusual chemicals not likely to be encountered in natural environments.  
5.3 The exfoliation ratings were arbitrarily chosen to illustrate a wide range in resistance to exfoliation in this test. However, it remains to be determined whether correlations can be established between EXCO test ratings and realistic service conditions for a given alloy. For example, it has been reported6 that samples of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys rated EA or P in a 48 h EXCO test did not develop more than a slight amount of incipient exfoliation (EA) during six- to nine-year exposures to seacoast atmospheres, whereas, ED rated materials in most cases developed severe exfoliation within a year in the seacoast atmosphere.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for constant immersion exfoliation corrosion (EXCO) testing of high-strength 2XXX (see Note 2) and 7XXX series aluminum alloys.  
Note 1: This test method was originally developed for research and development purposes; however, it is referenced, in specific material specifications, as applicable for evaluating production material (refer to Section 14 on Precision and Bias).
Note 2: Some Al-Cu-Li alloys are registered in the 2xxx family. This test method has been reported as non representative of performance in outdoor atmospheres for various Al-Cu-Li alloys in both as-quenched and artificially aged tempers.2  
1.2 This test method applies to all wrought products such as sheet, plate, extrusions, and forgings produced from conventional ingot metallurgy process.  
1.3 This test method can be used with any form of specimen or part that can be immersed in the test solution.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Moist air containing sulfur dioxide quickly produces easily visible corrosion on many metals in a form resembling that occurring in industrial environments. It is therefore a test medium well suited to detect pores or other sources of weakness in protective coatings and deficiencies in corrosion resistance associated with unsuitable alloy composition or treatments.  
3.2 The results obtained in the test should not be regarded as a general guide to the corrosion resistance of the tested materials in all environments where these materials may be used. Performance of different materials in the test should only be taken as a general guide to the relative corrosion resistance of these materials in moist SO2 service.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the apparatus and procedure to be used in conducting qualitative assessment tests in accordance with the requirements of material or product specifications by means of specimen exposure to condensed moisture containing sulfur dioxide.  
1.2 The exposure conditions may be varied to suit particular requirements and this practice includes provisions for use of different concentrations of sulfur dioxide and for tests either running continuously or in cycles of alternate exposure to the sulfur dioxide containing atmosphere and to the ambient atmosphere.  
1.3 The variant of the test to be used, the exposure period required, the type of test specimen, and the criteria of failure are not prescribed by this practice. Such details are provided in appropriate material and product purchase specifications.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For a specific warning statement, see 4.3.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Domestic wastewater headspace environments are corrosive due to the presence of sewer gases and sulfuric acid generated during the biogenic sulfide corrosion process.5 This operating procedure provides an accelerated exposure to sewer gases and concentration of sulfuric acid commonly produced by bacteria within these sewer environments.6  
5.2 The results obtained by the use of this practice can be a means for estimating the protective barrier qualities of a protective coating or lining for use in severe sewer conditions.  
5.3 Some protective coatings or linings may not withstand the exposure temperature specified in this practice but have demonstrated satisfactory performance in actual sewer exposures, which are at lower temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the basic apparatus, procedures, and conditions required to create and maintain the severe wastewater analysis testing apparatus used for testing a protective coating or lining.  
1.2 This apparatus may simulate the pertinent attributes of a typical domestic severe wastewater headspace (sewer) environment. The testing chamber comprises two phases: (1) a liquid phase containing a prescribed acid and saline solution, and (2) a vapor phase consisting of air, humidity, and concentrated sewer gas (Note 1). The temperature of the test chamber is elevated to create accelerated conditions and reaction rates.
Note 1: For the purposes of this practice, sewer gas is composed of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and methane gas.  
1.3 Caution—This practice can be extremely hazardous. All necessary precautions need to be taken when working with sewer gas, sulfuric acid, and a glass tank. It is highly recommended that a professional testing laboratory experienced in testing with hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and methane gases perform this practice.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Section 8 on Hazards.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The boiling ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test may be applied to the following alloys in the wrought condition:    
Alloy  
Testing Time, h  
N06007  
120  
N06022  
24  
N06030  
120  
N06059  
24  
N06200  
24  
N06455  
24  
N06600  
24  
N06625  
120  
N06686  
24  
N06985  
120  
N08020  
120  
N08367  
24  
Alloy  
Testing Time, h  
N08800  
120  
N08825A  
120  
N10276  
24(A) While the ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test does detect susceptibility to inter- granular corrosion in Alloy N08825, the boiling 65 % nitric acid test, Practices A262, Practice C, for detecting susceptibility to intergranular corrosion in stainless steels is more sensitive and should be used if the intended service is nitric acid.  
3.2 This test method may be used to evaluate as-received material and to evaluate the effects of subsequent heat treatments. In the case of nickel-rich, chromium-bearing alloys, the test method may be applied to wrought and weldments of products. The test method is not applicable to cast products.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover two tests as follows:  
1.1.1 Method A, Ferric Sulfate-Sulfuric Acid Test (Sections 3 – 10, inclusive)—This test method describes the procedure for conducting the boiling ferric sulfate—50 % sulfuric acid test which measures the susceptibility of certain nickel-rich, chromium-bearing alloys to intergranular corrosion (see Terminology G193), which may be encountered in certain service environments. The uniform corrosion rate obtained by this test method, which is a function of minor variations in alloy composition, may easily mask the intergranular corrosion components of the overall corrosion rate on alloys N10276, N06022, N06059, and N06455.  
1.1.2 Method B, Mixed Acid-Oxidizing Salt Test (Sections 11 – 18, inclusive)—This test method describes the procedure for conducting a boiling 23 % sulfuric + 1.2 % hydrochloric + 1 % ferric chloride + 1 % cupric chloride test which measures the susceptibility of certain nickel-rich, chromium-bearing alloys to display a step function increase in corrosion rate when there are high levels of grain boundary precipitation.  
1.2 The purpose of these two test methods is to detect susceptibility to intergranular corrosion as influenced by variations in processing or composition, or both. Materials shown to be susceptible may or may not be intergranularly corroded in other environments. This must be established independently by specific tests or by service experience.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Some desired corrosion rate units in 8.1.1 are given in inch-pound units.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning statements are given in 5.1.1, 5.1.3, 5.1.9, 13.1.1, and 13.1.11.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Although there are ASTM test methods for exfoliation testing, they concentrate on specific procedures for test methodology itself. Existent test methods do not discuss material variables that can affect performance. Likewise they do not address the need to establish the suitability of an accelerated test for alloys never previously tested nor the need to correlate results of accelerated tests with tests in outdoor atmospheres and with end-use performance.  
4.2 This guide is a compilation of the experience of investigators skilled in the art of conducting exfoliation tests and assessing the degree and significance of the damage encountered. The focus is on two general aspects: guides to techniques that will enhance the likelihood of obtaining reliable information, and tips and procedures to avoid pitfalls that could lead to erroneous results and conclusions.  
4.3 The following three areas of testing are considered: the test materials starting with the “as-received” sample up through final specimen preparation, the corrosion test procedures including choice of test, inspection periods, termination point, and rating procedures, and analyses of results and methods for reporting them.  
4.4 This guide is not intended as a specific corrosion test procedure by which to evaluate the resistance to exfoliation of an aluminum alloy product.  
4.5 This guide is not intended as a basis for specifications, nor as a guide for material lot acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide differs from the usual ASTM standard in that it does not address a specific test. Rather, it is an introductory guide for new users of various standard exfoliation test methods with consideration for specific aluminum alloy families (see Terminology G193 for definition of exfoliation).  
1.2 This guide covers aspects of specimen preparation, exposure, inspection, and evaluation for conducting exfoliation tests on aluminum alloys in both laboratory accelerated environments and in natural, outdoor atmospheres. The intent is to clarify any gaps in existent test methods.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is especially useful for evaluating the adequacy of quenching when performed on material in the as-quenched condition. The practice may also be used to study the effect of subsequent thermal processes (for example, paint or bonding cures) or of actual precipitation treatments on the inherent type of corrosion. Intergranular corrosion resistance of heat treatable aluminum alloys is often directly related to the quenching conditions applied after solution heat treatment and to the subsequent aging treatment.4  
4.2 This practice is not well suited for non-heat treatable work hardening aluminum alloys, such as the 1XXX, 3XXX, and 5XXX series (see Test Method G67).  
4.3 This practice does not deal with the interpretation of resulting intergranular corrosion. The significance of the extent and depth of any intergranular corrosion resulting from this test is to be agreed upon between producer and user.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for immersion tests in sodium chloride + hydrogen peroxide solution. It is primarily for tests of wrought heat treatable aluminum alloys (2XXX and 7XXX) but may be used for other aluminum alloys, including castings. It sets forth the specimen preparation procedures and the environmental conditions of the test and the means for controlling them.  
1.2 This practice is intended for evaluations during alloy development and for evaluating production where it may serve as a control test on the quality of successive lots of the same material (see MIL-H-6088 and U.S. Federal Test Method Std. 151b). Therefore strict test conditions are stipulated for maximum assurance that variations in results are attributable to lot-to-lot differences in the material being tested.
Note 1: This practice does not address sampling or interpretation or significance of results.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods describe laboratory tests to determine the presence of mu-phase in Wrought Nickel-Rich, Chromium, and Molybdenum-Bearing Alloys through comparison of microstructure observed for etched metallographic specimens to a glossary of photomicrographs displaying the presence and absence of mu-phase in the microstructure. The presence of mu-phase in the microstructure may significantly reduce the corrosion resistance, strength, toughness and ductility of Wrought Nickel-Rich, Chromium, and Molybdenum-Bearing Alloys.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice incorporates etching and metallographic examination of Wrought Nickel-Rich, Chromium, Molybdenum-Bearing Alloys such as, but not limited to, UNS N06686 and UNS N10276.  
1.2 Microstructures have a strong influence on properties and successful application of metals and alloys. The presence of mu-phase in the microstructure may significantly reduce the corrosion resistance of Wrought Nickel-Rich, Chromium, and Molybdenum-Bearing Alloys.  
1.3 This practice may be used to determine the presence of mu-phase in Wrought Nickel-Rich, Chromium, and Molybdenum-Bearing Alloys through comparison of microstructure observed for etched metallographic specimens to a glossary of photomicrographs displaying the presence and absence of mu-phase in the microstructure.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Autoclave tests are commonly used to evaluate the corrosion performance of metallic and non-metallic materials under simulated HP and HTHP service conditions. Examples of service environments in which HP and HTHP corrosion tests have been used include chemical processing, petroleum production and refining, food processing, pressurized cooling water, electric power systems, and aerospace propulsion.  
5.2 For the applications of corrosion testing listed in 5.1, the service environment involves handling corrosive and potentially hazardous media under conditions of high pressure or high temperature, or both. The temperature and pressure, among other parameters, usually drive the composition and properties of the aqueous phase and, hence, the severity of the corrosion process. Consequently, the laboratory evaluation of corrosion severity cannot be performed in conventional low pressure glassware without making potentially invalid assumptions as to the potential effects of high temperature and pressure on corrosion severity.  
5.3 Therefore, there is a substantial need to provide standardized methods by which corrosion testing can be performed under HP and HTHP. In many cases, however, the standards used for exposure of specimens in conventional low-pressure glassware experiments cannot be followed due to the limitations of access, volume, and visibility arising from the construction of high-pressure test cells. This guide refers to existing corrosion standards and practices, as applicable, and then goes further in areas in which specific guidelines for performing HP and HTHP corrosion testing are needed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures, specimens, and equipment for conducting laboratory corrosion tests on metallic materials under conditions of high pressure (HP) or the combination of high temperature and high pressure (HTHP). See 3.2 for definitions of high pressure and temperature.  
1.2 The procedures and methods in this guide are applicable for conducting mass loss corrosion, localized corrosion, and electrochemical tests as well as for use in environmentally induced cracking tests that need to be conducted under HP or HTHP conditions.  
1.3 The primary purpose for this guide is to promote consistency of corrosion test results. Furthermore, this guide will aid in the comparison of corrosion data between laboratories or testing organizations that utilize different equipment.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 It is important to be able to determine the extent of pitting, either in a service application in which it is necessary to predict the remaining life in a metal structure, or in laboratory test programs that are used to select the most pitting-resistant materials for service. The purpose of the study is crucial in determining the appropriate examination and evaluation steps.  
4.2 Some typical purposes of laboratory tests include, but are not limited to, evaluating performance of alloys, determining whether an alloy is resistant to the environment, evaluating how environmental conditions including corrosion inhibitor affect or prevent pitting, and evaluating whether a lot of metal is sufficiently resistant for its use in a particular application or environment.  
4.3 Some typical purposes of field studies include, but are not limited to, determining if pits are likely to grow and cause leak or release of process fluid, and assisting a determination of whether to replace or repair damage from pits (remaining life assessment).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection of procedures that can be used in the examination and evaluation of pitted metals. These procedures include both nondestructive and destructive approaches.  
1.2 The procedures covered in this guide include those that may be used in laboratory evaluations of corroded metal specimens and field examinations and inspections.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—In X1.2.1, mils per year (MPY) are regarded as standard for the target corrosion rate.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The guide is intended to facilitate the recording of corrosion test results and does not imply or endorse any particular database design or schema. It provides a useful reference to be consulted before initiating a corrosion test to be sure plans are made to record all relevant data.  
4.2 Corrosion tests are usually performed following a prescribed test procedure that is often not a standard test method. Most corrosion tests involve concurrent exposure of multiple specimens of one or more materials (refer to 6.1.1).  
4.3 This guide is designed to record data for individual specimens with groupings by separate tests (as contrasted to separate test methods) as described in 4.2 and 6.1.1. Consequently, some of the individual fields may apply to all of the specimens in a single test, while others must be repeated as often as necessary to record data for individual specimens.  
4.4 The guidelines provided are designed for recording data for entry into computerized material performance databases. They may be useful for other applications where systematic recording of corrosion data is desired.  
4.5 Reliable comparisons of corrosion data from multiple sources will be expedited if data are provided for as many of the listed fields as possible. Comparisons are possible where data are limited, but some degree of uncertainty will be present.  
4.6 Certain specialized corrosion tests may require additional data elements to fully characterize the data recorded. This guide does not preclude these additions. Other ASTM guides for recording data from mechanical property tests may be helpful.  
4.7 This guide does not cover the recording of data from electrochemical corrosion tests.  
4.8 These material identification guidelines are compatible with Guide E1338.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the data categories and specific data elements (fields) considered necessary to accommodate desired search strategies and reliable data comparisons in computerized corrosion databases. The data entries are designed to accommodate data relative to the basic forms of corrosion and to serve as guides for structuring multiple source database compilations capable of assessing compatibility of metals and alloys for a wide range of environments and exposure conditions.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Corrosion inhibitors continue to play a key role in controlling internal corrosion associated with oil and gas production and transportation. This results primarily from the industry’s extensive use of carbon and low alloy steels, which, for many applications, are economic materials of construction that generally exhibit poor corrosion resistance. As a consequence, there is a strong reliance on inhibitor deployment for achieving cost-effective corrosion control, especially for treating long flowlines and main export pipelines (1).5  
5.2 For multiphase flow, the aqueous-oil-gas interphases can take any of an infinite number of possible forms. These forms are delineated into certain classes of interfacial distribution called flow regimes. The flow regimes depend on the inclination of the pipe (that is, vertical or horizontal), flow rate (based on production rate), and flow direction (that is, upward or downward). The common flow regimes in vertical upward flow, vertical downward flow, and horizontal flow are presented in Figs. 1-3 respectively (2, 3).  
5.14 To develop an inhibitor selection strategy, in addition to inhibitor efficiency, several other key performance factors need to be evaluated: (1) water/oil partitioning, (2) solubility, (3) emulsification tendency, (4) foaming tendency, (5) thermal stability, (6) toxicity, and (7) compatibility with other additives/materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers some generally accepted laboratory methodologies that are used for evaluating corrosion inhibitors for oilfield and refinery applications in well defined flow conditions.  
1.2 This guide does not cover detailed calculations and methods, but rather covers a range of approaches which have found application in inhibitor evaluation.  
1.3 Only those methodologies that have found wide acceptance in inhibitor evaluation are considered in this guide.  
1.4 This guide is intended to assist in the selection of methodologies that can be used for evaluating corrosion inhibitors.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Selection of corrosion inhibitor for oilfield and refinery applications involves qualification of corrosion inhibitors in the laboratory (see Guide G170). Field conditions should be simulated in the laboratory in a fast and cost-effective manner.  
5.2 Oilfield and refinery corrosion inhibitors should provide protection over a range of flow conditions from stagnant to that found during typical production conditions. The inhibitors are not equally effective over all flow conditions, so it is important to determine the flow conditions in which they are effective.  
5.3 Severity of hydrodynamic conditions depends on the type of laboratory methodology. Typically, rotating cylinder electrode is effective up to 20 Pa of wall shear stress, rotating cage (RC) is effective between 20 and 200 Pa of wall shear stress, and jet impingement (JI) is effective at wall shear stress above 200 Pa (1)3 of wall shear stress.  
5.4 The JI test system is relatively inexpensive and uses simple flat specimens.  
5.5 In this practice, a general procedure is presented to obtain reproducible results using JI simulating the effects of different types of coupon materials; inhibitor concentrations; oil, gas, and brine compositions; temperature; pressure; and flow. Erosive effects predominate when the flow rate is very high (typically above 500 Pa) or when sand or solid particles are present; however, this practice does not cover the erosive effects.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a generally accepted procedure to use the jet impingement (JI) apparatus for evaluating corrosion inhibitors for oilfield and refinery applications in defined flow conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Selection of corrosion inhibitor for oil field and refinery applications involves qualification of corrosion inhibitors in the laboratory (see Guide G170). Field conditions should be simulated in the laboratory in a fast and cost-effective manner (1).3  
5.2 Oil field corrosion inhibitors should provide protection over a range of flow conditions from stagnant to that found during typical production conditions. Not all inhibitors are equally effective over this range of conditions so that is important for a proper evaluation of inhibitors to test the inhibitors using a range of flow conditions.  
5.3 The RCE is a compact and relatively inexpensive approach to obtaining varying hydrodynamic conditions in a laboratory apparatus. It allows electrochemical methods of estimating corrosion rates on the specimen and produces a uniform hydrodynamic state across the metal test surface. (2-21)  
5.4 In this practice, a general procedure is presented to obtain reproducible results using RCE to simulate the effects of different types of coupon materials, inhibitor concentrations, oil, gas and brine compositions, temperature, pressure, and flow. Oil field fluids may often contain sand. This practice does not cover erosive effects that occur when sand is present.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a generally accepted procedure to use the rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) for evaluating corrosion inhibitors for oil field and refinery applications in defined flow conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods describe laboratory tests for comparing the resistance of stainless steels and related alloys to the initiation of pitting and crevice corrosion. The results may be used for ranking alloys in order of increasing resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion initiation under the specific conditions of these methods. Methods A and B are designed to cause the breakdown of Type 304 at room temperature.  
4.2 The use of ferric chloride solutions is justified because it is related to, but not the same as, that within a pit or crevice site on a ferrous alloy in chloride bearing environments (1, 2).3 The presence of an inert crevice former of consistent dimension on a surface is regarded as sufficient specification of crevice geometry to assess relative crevice corrosion susceptibility.  
4.3 The relative performance of alloys in ferric chloride solution tests has been correlated to performance in certain real environments, such as natural seawater at ambient temperature (3) and strongly oxidizing, low pH, chloride containing environments (4), but several exceptions have been reported (4-7).  
4.4 Methods A, B, C, D, E, and F can be used to rank the relative resistance of stainless steels and nickel base alloys to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride-containing environments. No statement can be made about resistance of alloys in environments that do not contain chlorides.  
4.4.1 Methods A, B, C, D, E, and F were designed to accelerate the time to initiate localized corrosion relative to most natural environments. Consequently, the degree of corrosion damage that occurs during testing will generally be greater than that in natural environments in any similar time period.  
4.4.2 No statement regarding localized corrosion propagation can be made based on the results of Methods A, B, C, D, E, or F.  
4.4.3 Surface preparation can significantly influence results. Therefore, grinding and pickling of the specimen will mean that the results may not...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the determination of the resistance of stainless steels and related alloys to pitting and crevice corrosion (see Terminology G193) when exposed to oxidizing chloride environments. Six procedures are described and identified as Methods A, B, C, D, E, and F.  
1.1.1 Method A—Ferric chloride pitting test.  
1.1.2 Method B—Ferric chloride crevice test.  
1.1.3 Method C—Critical pitting temperature test for nickel-base and chromium-bearing alloys.  
1.1.4 Method D—Critical crevice temperature test for nickel-base and chromium-bearing alloys.  
1.1.5 Method E—Critical pitting temperature test for stainless steels.  
1.1.6 Method F—Critical crevice temperature test for stainless steels.  
1.2 Method A is designed to determine the relative pitting resistance of stainless steels and nickel-base, chromium-bearing alloys, whereas Method B can be used for determining both the pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of these alloys. Methods C, D, E, and F allow for a ranking of alloys by minimum (critical) temperature to cause initiation of pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion, respectively, of stainless steels, nickel-base and chromium-bearing alloys in a standard ferric chloride solution.  
1.3 These tests may be used to determine the effects of alloying additives, heat treatment, and surface finishes on pitting and crevice corrosion resistance.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in a...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The rotating cage (RC) test system is relatively inexpensive and uses simple flat specimens that allow replicates to be run with each setup. (1-11).3  
3.2 The RC method can be used to evaluate either corrosion inhibitors, or materials, or both. Practice G184 describes the procedure to use rotating cage to evaluate corrosion inhibitors.  
3.3 In this test method, a general procedure is presented to obtain reproducible results using RC to simulate the effects of different types of coupon materials, inhibitor concentrations, oil, gas and brine compositions, temperature, and flow. Oil field fluids may often contain sand; however, this test method does not cover erosive effects that occur when sand is present.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a generally accepted procedure to conduct the rotating cage (RC) experiment under atmospheric pressure.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Selection of corrosion inhibitor for oil field and refinery applications involves qualification of corrosion inhibitors in the laboratory (see Guide G170). Field conditions should be simulated in the laboratory in a fast and cost-effective manner (1).3  
5.2 Oil field corrosion inhibitors should provide protection over a range of flow conditions from stagnant to that found during typical production conditions. Not all inhibitors are equally effective over this range of conditions so it is important for a proper evaluation of inhibitors to test the inhibitors using a range of flow conditions.  
5.3 The RC test system is relatively inexpensive and uses simple flat specimens that allow replicates to be run with each setup. (2-13).  
5.4 In this practice, a general procedure is presented to obtain reproducible results using RC to simulate the effects of different types of coupon materials, inhibitor concentrations, oil, gas and brine compositions, temperature, pressure, and flow. Oil field fluids may often contain sand; however, this practice does not cover erosive effects that occur when sand is present.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a generally accepted procedure to use the rotating cage (RC) for evaluating corrosion inhibitors for oil field and refinery applications.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is applicable to ferrous and nonferrous metals; also organic and inorganic coatings. The variations described herein are useful when a different or more corrosive environment than the salt fog described in Practice B117 is desired.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers and sets forth conditions for five modifications in salt spray (fog) testing for specification purposes. These are in chronological order of their development:  
1.1.1 Annex A1,  acetic acid-salt spray test, continuous.  
1.1.2 Annex A2,  cyclic acidified salt spray test.  
1.1.3 Annex A3,  seawater acidified test, cyclic (SWAAT).  
1.1.4 Annex A4,  SO2 salt spray test, cyclic.  
1.1.5 Annex A5,  dilute electrolyte cyclic fog dry test.  
1.2 This practice does not prescribe the type of modification, test specimen or exposure periods to be used for a specific product, nor the interpretation to be given to the results.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice provides a controlled corrosive environment which has been utilized to produce relative corrosion resistance information for specimens of metals and coated metals exposed in a given test chamber.  
3.2 Prediction of performance in natural environments has seldom been correlated with salt spray results when used as stand alone data.  
3.2.1 Correlation and extrapolation of corrosion performance based on exposure to the test environment provided by this practice are not always predictable.  
3.2.2 Correlation and extrapolation should be considered only in cases where appropriate corroborating long-term atmospheric exposures have been conducted.  
3.3 The reproducibility of results in the salt spray exposure is highly dependent on the type of specimens tested and the evaluation criteria selected, as well as the control of the operating variables. In any testing program, sufficient replicates should be included to establish the variability of the results. Variability has been observed when similar specimens are tested in different fog chambers even though the testing conditions are nominally similar and within the ranges specified in this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the apparatus, procedure, and conditions required to create and maintain the salt spray (fog) test environment. Suitable apparatus which may be used is described in Appendix X1.  
1.2 This practice does not prescribe the type of test specimen or exposure periods to be used for a specific product, nor the interpretation to be given to the results.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Corrosion test results often show more scatter than many other types of tests because of a variety of factors, including the fact that minor impurities often play a decisive role in controlling corrosion rates. Statistical analysis can be very helpful in allowing investigators to interpret such results, especially in determining when test results differ from one another significantly. This can be a difficult task when a variety of materials are under test, but statistical methods provide a rational approach to this problem.  
3.2 Modern data reduction programs in combination with computers have allowed sophisticated statistical analyses on data sets with relative ease. This capability permits investigators to determine if associations exist between many variables and, if so, to develop quantitative expressions relating the variables.  
3.3 Statistical evaluation is a necessary step in the analysis of results from any procedure which provides quantitative information. This analysis allows confidence intervals to be estimated from the measured results.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers and presents briefly some generally accepted methods of statistical analyses which are useful in the interpretation of corrosion test results.  
1.2 This guide does not cover detailed calculations and methods, but rather covers a range of approaches which have found application in corrosion testing.  
1.3 Only those statistical methods that have found wide acceptance in corrosion testing have been considered in this guide.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to provide a series of evaluations that will assist engineers dealing with chemical environments in selecting appropriate alloys (1-3). In chemical environments, an important issue for determining general corrosion resistance is the temperature at which an alloy transitions from corrosion at a low rate to corrosion at a much higher rate. Other important concerns include the tendency towards crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking resistance, especially in hot chloride-containing aqueous environments.  
4.2 This guide is also intended for alloy developers to assist them in choosing environments and test methods that are of particular interest to the chemical process industries.  
4.3 The use of this approach will allow direct comparisons to be made among alloys from various suppliers and, thereby, to assist engineers in selecting the most appropriate materials for further testing to determine suitability in their application.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an evaluation approach that is designed to provide information on the corrosion properties of wrought iron- and nickel-based alloys for the chemical process industries. This guide incorporates test conditions for general corrosion measurements in a variety of environments, crevice corrosion resistance in chloride environments, and stress corrosion cracking resistance in chloride environments.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The procedure described is used to observe the behavior of steels under exposure conditions that retard the formation of a protective type of rust. It is also used to evaluate seal coat on insulation.  
3.2 This practice should not be used to rank steels that form a protective type of rust under atmospheric exposure conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for conducting cyclic humidity exposures with a corrosive dip.2 It sets forth the conditions required in cyclic humidity testing.  
1.2 This practice does not prescribe the type of exposure specimen or exposure periods nor the interpretation to be given to the results.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide is intended to assist those encountering corrosion or possible corrosion as a causative factor in a failure analysis.  
3.2 This guide is not an absolute plan that will identify the cause of corrosion in all failure analyses.  
3.3 This guide is intended to help an investigator identify significant sources and types of corrosion information that may be available for failure analysis.  
3.4 Appendix X1 contains a checklist that is intended to assist in corrosion-related failure evaluations.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers key issues to be considered when examining metallic failures when corrosion is suspected as either a major or minor causative factor.  
1.2 Corrosion-related failures could include one or more of the following: change in surface appearance (for example, tarnish, rust, color change), pin hole leak, catastrophic structural failure (for example, collapse, explosive rupture, implosive rupture, cracking), weld failure, loss of electrical continuity, and loss of functionality (for example, seizure, galling, spalling, swelling).  
1.3 Issues covered include overall failure site conditions, operating conditions at the time of failure, history of equipment and its operation, corrosion product sampling, environmental sampling, metallurgical and electrochemical factors, morphology (mode) or failure, and by considering the preceding, deducing the cause(s) of corrosion failure.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides an indication of the resistance or susceptibility, or both, to HID of a metallurgically bonded stainless alloy surface layer on a steel substrate due to exposure to hydrogen-containing gaseous environments under HP/HT conditions. This practice is applicable over a broad range of pressures, temperatures, cooling rates, and gaseous hydrogen environments where HID could be a significant problem. These procedures can be used to assess the effects of material composition, processing methods, fabrication techniques, and heat treatment as well as the effects of hydrogen partial pressure, service temperature, and cooling rate. The HID produced by these procedures may not correlate directly with service experience for particular applications. Additionally, this practice does not address the evaluation of high-temperature hydrogen attack in the steel substrate. Typically, longer exposure times at the test conditions must be utilized to allow for the resistance to decarburization, internal blistering or cracking, or both, to be evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the evaluation of disbonding of bimetallic stainless alloy/steel plate for use in refinery high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) gaseous hydrogen service. It includes procedures to (1) produce suitable laboratory test specimens, (2) obtain hydrogen charging conditions in the laboratory that are similar to those found in refinery HP/HT hydrogen gas service for evaluation of bimetallic specimens exposed to these environments, and (3) perform analysis of the test data. The purpose of this practice is to allow for comparison of data among test laboratories on the resistance of bimetallic stainless alloy/steels to hydrogen-induced disbonding (HID).  
1.2 This practice applies primarily to bimetallic products fabricated by weld overlay of stainless alloy onto a steel substrate. Most of the information developed using this practice has been obtained for such materials. The procedures described herein, may also be appropriate for evaluation of hot roll bonded, explosive bonded, or other suitable processes for applying stainless alloys on steel substrates. However, due to the broad range of possible materials, test conditions, and variations in test procedures, it is up to the user of this practice to determine the suitability and applicability of these procedures for evaluation of such materials.  
1.3 This practice is intended to be applicable for evaluation of materials for service conditions involving severe hydrogen charging which may produce HID as shown in Fig. 1 for stainless steel weld overlay on steel equipment (see Refs 1 and 2 in Appendix X1). However, it should be noted that this practice may not be appropriate for forms of bimetallic construction or service conditions which have not been observed to cause HID in service.
FIG. 1 Conditions of Hydrogen Partial Pressure and Temperature with Demonstrated Susceptibility to Hydrogen Disbonding in Refinery High-Pressure Hydrogen Service  
Note 1: Open symbols—no disbonding reported. Filled symbols—disbonding reported.  
1.4 Additional information regarding the evaluation of bimetallic stainless alloy/steel plate for HID, test methodologies, and the effects of test conditions, materials, and welding variables, and inspection techniques is given in Appendix X1.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6 for additional safety information.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedures given are designed to remove corrosion products without significant removal of base metal. This allows an accurate determination of the mass loss of the metal or alloy that occurred during exposure to the corrosive environment.  
4.2 These procedures, in some cases, may apply to metal coatings. However, possible effects from the substrate must be considered.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers suggested procedures for preparing bare, solid metal specimens for tests, for removing corrosion products after the test has been completed, and for evaluating the corrosion damage that has occurred. Emphasis is placed on procedures related to the evaluation of corrosion by mass loss and pitting measurements. (Warning—In many cases the corrosion product on the reactive metals titanium and zirconium is a hard and tightly bonded oxide that defies removal by chemical or ordinary mechanical means. In many such cases, corrosion rates are established by mass gain rather than mass loss.)  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 1.1 and 7.2.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 HP and HTHP corrosion tests are commonly used to evaluate the corrosion performance of metallic materials under conditions that attempt to simulate service conditions that involve HP or HTHP in combination with service environments. Examples of service environments where HP and HTHP corrosion tests have been utilized include chemical processing, petroleum production and refining, food processing, pressurized cooling water, electric power systems and aerospace propulsion.  
5.2 For the applications of corrosion testing listed in 5.1, the service involves handling corrosive and potentially hazardous media under conditions of high pressure or high temperature, or both. The temperature and pressure usually enter directly into the severity of the corrosion process. Consequently, the laboratory evaluation of corrosion severity cannot be performed in conventional low pressure glassware without making potentially invalid assumptions as to the potential effects of high temperature and pressure on corrosion severity.  
5.3 Therefore, there is a substantial need to provide standardized methods by which corrosion testing can be performed under HP and HTHP. In many cases, however, the standards used for exposure of specimens in conventional low pressure glassware experiments cannot be followed due to the limitations of access, volume and visibility arising from the construction of high pressure test cells. This guide refers to existing corrosion standards and practices as applicable and then goes further in areas where specific guidelines for performing HP and HTHP corrosion testing are needed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures, specimens, and equipment for conducting laboratory corrosion tests on metallic materials under conditions of high pressure (HP) or the combination of high temperature and high pressure (HTHP). See 3.2 for definitions of high pressure and temperature.  
1.2 Tests conducted under HP or HTHP by their nature have special requirements. This guide establishes the basic considerations that are necessary when these conditions must be incorporated into laboratory corrosion tests.  
1.3 The procedures and methods in this guide are applicable for conducting mass loss corrosion, localized corrosion, and electrochemical tests as well as for use in environmentally induced cracking tests that need to be conducted under HP or HTHP conditions.  
1.4 The primary purpose for this guide is to promote consistency of corrosion test results. Furthermore, this guide will aid in the comparison of corrosion data between laboratories or testing organizations that utilize different equipment.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Domestic wastewater headspace environments are corrosive due to the presence of sewer gases and sulfuric acid generated during the biogenic sulfide corrosion process.5 This operating procedure provides an accelerated exposure to sewer gases and concentration of sulfuric acid commonly produced by bacteria within these sewer environments.6  
5.2 The results obtained by the use of this practice can be a means for estimating the protective barrier qualities of a protective coating or lining for use in severe sewer conditions.  
5.3 Some protective coatings or linings may not withstand the exposure temperature specified in this practice but have demonstrated satisfactory performance in actual sewer exposures, which are at lower temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the basic apparatus, procedures, and conditions required to create and maintain the severe wastewater analysis testing apparatus used for testing a protective coating or lining.  
1.2 This apparatus may simulate the pertinent attributes of a typical domestic severe wastewater headspace (sewer) environment. The testing chamber comprises two phases: (1) a liquid phase containing a prescribed acid and saline solution, and (2) a vapor phase consisting of air, humidity, and concentrated sewer gas (Note 1). The temperature of the test chamber is elevated to create accelerated conditions and reaction rates.
Note 1: For the purposes of this practice, sewer gas is composed of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and methane gas.  
1.3 Caution—This practice can be extremely hazardous. All necessary precautions need to be taken when working with sewer gas, sulfuric acid, and a glass tank. It is highly recommended that a professional testing laboratory experienced in testing with hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and methane gases perform this practice.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Section 8 on Hazards.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a reliable prediction of the exfoliation corrosion behavior of Al-Mg alloys in marine environments.5,6,7 The test is useful for alloy development studies and quality control of mill products such as sheet and plate.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for continuous immersion exfoliation corrosion testing of 5XXX series aluminum-magnesium alloys containing 2.0 % or more magnesium.  
1.2 This test method applies only to wrought products.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 HP and HTHP corrosion tests are commonly used to evaluate the corrosion performance of metallic materials under conditions that attempt to simulate service conditions that involve HP or HTHP in combination with service environments. Examples of service environments where HP and HTHP corrosion tests have been utilized include chemical processing, petroleum production and refining, food processing, pressurized cooling water, electric power systems and aerospace propulsion.  
5.2 For the applications of corrosion testing listed in 5.1, the service involves handling corrosive and potentially hazardous media under conditions of high pressure or high temperature, or both. The temperature and pressure usually enter directly into the severity of the corrosion process. Consequently, the laboratory evaluation of corrosion severity cannot be performed in conventional low pressure glassware without making potentially invalid assumptions as to the potential effects of high temperature and pressure on corrosion severity.  
5.3 Therefore, there is a substantial need to provide standardized methods by which corrosion testing can be performed under HP and HTHP. In many cases, however, the standards used for exposure of specimens in conventional low pressure glassware experiments cannot be followed due to the limitations of access, volume and visibility arising from the construction of high pressure test cells. This guide refers to existing corrosion standards and practices as applicable and then goes further in areas where specific guidelines for performing HP and HTHP corrosion testing are needed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures, specimens, and equipment for conducting laboratory corrosion tests on metallic materials under conditions of high pressure (HP) or the combination of high temperature and high pressure (HTHP). See 3.2 for definitions of high pressure and temperature.  
1.2 Tests conducted under HP or HTHP by their nature have special requirements. This guide establishes the basic considerations that are necessary when these conditions must be incorporated into laboratory corrosion tests.  
1.3 The procedures and methods in this guide are applicable for conducting mass loss corrosion, localized corrosion, and electrochemical tests as well as for use in environmentally induced cracking tests that need to be conducted under HP or HTHP conditions.  
1.4 The primary purpose for this guide is to promote consistency of corrosion test results. Furthermore, this guide will aid in the comparison of corrosion data between laboratories or testing organizations that utilize different equipment.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods describe laboratory tests to determine the presence of mu-phase in Wrought Nickel-Rich, Chromium, and Molybdenum-Bearing Alloys through comparison of microstructure observed for etched metallographic specimens to a glossary of photomicrographs displaying the presence and absence of mu-phase in the microstructure. The presence of mu-phase in the microstructure may significantly reduce the corrosion resistance, strength, toughness and ductility of Wrought Nickel-Rich, Chromium, and Molybdenum-Bearing Alloys.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice incorporates etching and metallographic examination of Wrought Nickel-Rich, Chromium, Molybdenum-Bearing Alloys such as, but not limited to, UNS N06686 and UNS N10276.  
1.2 Microstructures have a strong influence on properties and successful application of metals and alloys. The presence of mu-phase in the microstructure may significantly reduce the corrosion resistance of Wrought Nickel-Rich, Chromium, and Molybdenum-Bearing Alloys.  
1.3 This practice may be used to determine the presence of mu-phase in Wrought Nickel-Rich, Chromium, and Molybdenum-Bearing Alloys through comparison of microstructure observed for etched metallographic specimens to a glossary of photomicrographs displaying the presence and absence of mu-phase in the microstructure.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other units are given in parentheses for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Moist air containing sulfur dioxide quickly produces easily visible corrosion on many metals in a form resembling that occurring in industrial environments. It is therefore a test medium well suited to detect pores or other sources of weakness in protective coatings and deficiencies in corrosion resistance associated with unsuitable alloy composition or treatments.  
3.2 The results obtained in the test should not be regarded as a general guide to the corrosion resistance of the tested materials in all environments where these materials may be used. Performance of different materials in the test should only be taken as a general guide to the relative corrosion resistance of these materials in moist SO2 service.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the apparatus and procedure to be used in conducting qualitative assessment tests in accordance with the requirements of material or product specifications by means of specimen exposure to condensed moisture containing sulfur dioxide.  
1.2 The exposure conditions may be varied to suit particular requirements and this practice includes provisions for use of different concentrations of sulfur dioxide and for tests either running continuously or in cycles of alternate exposure to the sulfur dioxide containing atmosphere and to the ambient atmosphere.  
1.3 The variant of the test to be used, the exposure period required, the type of test specimen, and the criteria of failure are not prescribed by this practice. Such details are provided in appropriate material and product purchase specifications.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For a specific warning statement, see 4.3.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was originally developed for research and development purposes; however, it is referenced, in specific material specifications, as applicable for evaluating production material (refer to Section 14 on Precision and Bias).  
5.2 Use of this test method provides a useful prediction of the exfoliation corrosion behavior of these alloys in various types of outdoor service, especially in marine and industrial environments.5 The test solution is very corrosive and represents the more severe types of environmental service, excluding, of course, unusual chemicals not likely to be encountered in natural environments.  
5.3 The exfoliation ratings were arbitrarily chosen to illustrate a wide range in resistance to exfoliation in this test. However, it remains to be determined whether correlations can be established between EXCO test ratings and realistic service conditions for a given alloy. It is an ongoing activity of the Task Group on Exfoliation Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys (G01.05.02.08) to maintain outdoor exposure tests for this purpose. For example, it has been reported6 that samples of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys rated EA or P in a 48-h EXCO test did not develop more than a slight amount of incipient exfoliation (EA) during six- to nine-year exposures to seacoast atmospheres, whereas, ED rated materials in most cases developed severe exfoliation within a year in the seacoast atmosphere. It is anticipated that additional comparisons will become available as the outdoor tests are extended.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for constant immersion exfoliation corrosion (EXCO) testing of high-strength 2XXX and 7XXX series aluminum alloys.  
Note 1: This test method was originally developed for research and development purposes; however, it is referenced, in specific material specifications, as applicable for evaluating production material (refer to Section 14 on Precision and Bias).  
1.2 This test method applies to all wrought products such as sheet, plate, extrusions, and forgings produced from conventional ingot metallurgy process.  
1.3 This test method can be used with any form of specimen or part that can be immersed in the test solution.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 It is important to be able to determine the extent of pitting, either in a service application where it is necessary to predict the remaining life in a metal structure, or in laboratory test programs that are used to select the most pitting-resistant materials for service.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection of procedures that can be used in the identification and examination of pits and in the evaluation of pitting (See Terminology G15) corrosion to determine the extent of its effect.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was originally developed for research and development purposes; however, it is referenced, in specific material specifications, as applicable for evaluating production material (refer to Section 14 on Precision and Bias).  
5.2 Use of this test method provides a useful prediction of the exfoliation corrosion behavior of these alloys in various types of outdoor service, especially in marine and industrial environments.4 The test solution is very corrosive and represents the more severe types of environmental service, excluding, of course, unusual chemicals not likely to be encountered in natural environments.  
5.3 The exfoliation ratings were arbitrarily chosen to illustrate a wide range in resistance to exfoliation in this test. However, it remains to be determined whether correlations can be established between EXCO test ratings and realistic service conditions for a given alloy. It is an ongoing activity of the Task Group on Exfoliation Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys (G01.05.02.08) to maintain outdoor exposure tests for this purpose. For example, it has been reported5 that samples of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys rated EA or P in a 48 h EXCO test did not develop more than a slight amount of incipient exfoliation (EA) during six- to nine-year exposures to seacoast atmospheres, whereas, ED rated materials in most cases developed severe exfoliation within a year in the seacoast atmosphere. It is anticipated that additional comparisons will become available as the outdoor tests are extended.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for constant immersion exfoliation corrosion (EXCO) testing of high-strength 2XXX and 7XXX series aluminum alloys.  
Note 1: This test method was originally developed for research and development purposes; however, it is referenced, in specific material specifications, as applicable for evaluating production material (refer to Section 14 on Precision and Bias).  
1.2 This test method applies to all wrought products such as sheet, plate, extrusions, and forgings produced from conventional ingot metallurgy process.  
1.3 This test method can be used with any form of specimen or part that can be immersed in the test solution.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a quantitative measure of the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion of Al-Mg and Al-Mg-Mn alloys. The nitric acid dissolves a second phase, an aluminum-magnesium intermetallic compound (βAl-Mg), in preference to the solid solution of magnesium in the aluminum matrix. When this compound is precipitated in a relatively continuous network along grain boundaries, the effect of the preferential attack is to corrode around the grains, causing them to fall away from the specimens. Such dropping out of the grains causes relatively large mass losses of the order of 25 to 75 mg/cm2  (160 to 480 mg/in.2), whereas, samples of intergranular-resistant materials lose only about 1 to 15 mg/cm2 (10 to 100 mg/in.2). When the βAl-Mg compound is randomly distributed, the preferential attack can result in intermediate mass losses. Metallographic examination is required in such cases to establish whether or not the loss in mass is the result of intergranular attack.  
4.2 The precipitation of the second phase in the grain boundaries also gives rise to intergranular corrosion when the material is exposed to chloride-containing natural environments, such as seacoast atmospheres or sea water. The extent to which the alloy will be susceptible to intergranular corrosion depends upon the degree of precipitate continuity in the grain boundaries. Visible manifestations of the attack may be in various forms such as pitting, exfoliation, or stress-corrosion cracking, depending upon the morphology of the grain structure and the presence of sustained tensile stress.3
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, also known as the Nitric Acid Mass Loss Test (NAMLT) describes a procedure for constant immersion intergranular corrosion testing of 5XXX series aluminum alloys.  
1.2 This test method is applicable only to wrought products.  
1.3 This test method covers type of specimen, specimen preparation, test environment, and method of exposure.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a reliable prediction of the exfoliation corrosion behavior of Al-Mg alloys in marine environments.5,6,7 The test is useful for alloy development studies and quality control of mill products such as sheet and plate.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for continuous immersion exfoliation corrosion testing of 5XXX series aluminum-magnesium alloys containing 2.0 % or more magnesium.  
1.2 This test method applies only to wrought products.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice provides a controlled corrosive environment which has been utilized to produce relative corrosion resistance information for specimens of metals and coated metals exposed in a given test chamber.  
3.2 Prediction of performance in natural environments has seldom been correlated with salt spray results when used as stand alone data.  
3.2.1 Correlation and extrapolation of corrosion performance based on exposure to the test environment provided by this practice are not always predictable.  
3.2.2 Correlation and extrapolation should be considered only in cases where appropriate corroborating long-term atmospheric exposures have been conducted.  
3.3 The reproducibility of results in the salt spray exposure is highly dependent on the type of specimens tested and the evaluation criteria selected, as well as the control of the operating variables. In any testing program, sufficient replicates should be included to establish the variability of the results. Variability has been observed when similar specimens are tested in different fog chambers even though the testing conditions are nominally similar and within the ranges specified in this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the apparatus, procedure, and conditions required to create and maintain the salt spray (fog) test environment. Suitable apparatus which may be used is described in Appendix X1.  
1.2 This practice does not prescribe the type of test specimen or exposure periods to be used for a specific product, nor the interpretation to be given to the results.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the absence of water, the crude oil is noncorrosive. However, trace amounts of water and sediment have the potential to create corrosive situations during crude oil handling or transport if such materials accumulate and persist on steel surfaces. Test Methods D96, D473, D4006, and D4377 provide methods for determination of the water and sediment content of crude oil.  
5.2 The potential for a corrosive situation to develop during the handling and transport of crude oil that contains water can be determined by a combination of three properties (Fig. 1) (1)6: the type of emulsion formed between oil and water, the wettability of the steel surface, and the corrosivity of water phase in the presence of oil.  
5.3 Water and oil are immiscible but, under certain conditions, they can form emulsion. There are two kinds of emulsion: oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O). W/O emulsion (in which oil is the continuous phase) has low conductivity and is thus less corrosive; whereas O/W (in which water is the continuous phase) has high conductivity and, hence, is corrosive (2) (see ISO 6614). The percentage of water at which W/O converts to O/W is known as the emulsion inversion point (EIP). EIP can be determined by measuring the conductivity of the emulsion. At and above the EIP, a continuous phase of water or free water is present. Therefore, there is a potential for corrosion.  
5.4 Whether water phase can cause corrosion in the presence of oil depends on whether the surface is oil-wet (hydrophobic) or water-wet (hydrophilic) (1, 3-5). Because of higher resistance, an oil-wet surface is not susceptible to corrosion, but a water-wet surface is. Wettability can be characterized by measuring the contact angle or by evaluating the tendency of water to displace oil from a multi-electrode array by measuring the resistance (or conductors) between the electrodes (spreading methodology).  
5.4.1 In the contact angle methodology, the tendency of water to displace hydrocar...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents some generally accepted laboratory methodologies that are used for determining emulsion forming tendency, wetting behavior, and corrosion-inhibitory properties of crude oil.  
1.2 This guide does not cover detailed calculations and methods, but rather covers a range of approaches that have found application in evaluating emulsions, wettability, and the corrosion rate of steel in crude oil/water mixtures.  
1.3 Only those methodologies that have found wide acceptance in the industry are considered in this guide.  
1.4 This guide is intended to assist in the selection of methodologies that can be used for determining the corrosivity of crude oil under conditions in which water is present in the liquid state (typically up to 100°C). These conditions normally occur during oil and gas production, storage, and transportation in the pipelines.  
1.5 This guide is not applicable at higher temperatures (typically above 300°C) that occur during refining crude oil in refineries.  
1.6 This guide involves the use of electrical currents in the presence of flammable liquids. Awareness of fire safety is critical for the safe use of this guide.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Selection of corrosion inhibitor for oil field and refinery applications involves qualification of corrosion inhibitors in the laboratory (see Guide G170). Field conditions should be simulated in the laboratory in a fast and cost-effective manner (1).4  
5.2 Oil field corrosion inhibitors should provide protection over a range of flow conditions from stagnant to that found during typical production conditions. Not all inhibitors are equally effective over this range of conditions so it is important for a proper evaluation of inhibitors to test the inhibitors using a range of flow conditions.  
5.3 The RC test system is relatively inexpensive and uses simple flat specimens that allow replicates to be run with each setup. (2-13).  
5.4 In this practice, a general procedure is presented to obtain reproducible results using RC to simulate the effects of different types of coupon materials, inhibitor concentrations, oil, gas and brine compositions, temperature, pressure, and flow. Oil field fluids may often contain sand; however, this practice does not cover erosive effects that occur when sand is present.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a generally accepted procedure to use the rotating cage (RC) for evaluating corrosion inhibitors for oil field and refinery applications.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The rotating cage (RC) test system is relatively inexpensive and uses simple flat specimens that allow replicates to be run with each setup. (1-11).3  
3.2 The RC method can be used to evaluate either corrosion inhibitors, or materials, or both. Guide G184 describes the procedure to use rotating cage to evaluate corrosion inhibitors.  
3.3 In this test method, a general procedure is presented to obtain reproducible results using RC to simulate the effects of different types of coupon materials, inhibitor concentrations, oil, gas and brine compositions, temperature, and flow. Oil field fluids may often contain sand; however, this test method does not cover erosive effects that occur when sand is present.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a generally accepted procedure to conduct the rotating cage (RC) experiment under atmospheric pressure.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Selection of corrosion inhibitor for oil field and refinery applications involves qualification of corrosion inhibitors in the laboratory (see Guide G170). Field conditions should be simulated in the laboratory in a fast and cost-effective manner (1).4  
5.2 Oil field corrosion inhibitors should provide protection over a range of flow conditions from stagnant to that found during typical production conditions. Not all inhibitors are equally effective over this range of conditions so that is important for a proper evaluation of inhibitors to test the inhibitors using a range of flow conditions.  
5.3 The RCE is a compact and relatively inexpensive approach to obtaining varying hydrodynamic conditions in a laboratory apparatus. It allows electrochemical methods of estimating corrosion rates on the specimen and produces a uniform hydrodynamic state across the metal test surface. (2-21)  
5.4 In this practice, a general procedure is presented to obtain reproducible results using RCE to simulate the effects of different types of coupon materials, inhibitor concentrations, oil, gas and brine compositions, temperature, pressure, and flow. Oil field fluids may often contain sand. This practice does not cover erosive effects that occur when sand is present.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a generally accepted procedure to use the rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) for evaluating corrosion inhibitors for oil field and refinery applications in defined flow conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Selection of corrosion inhibitor for oilfield and refinery applications involves qualification of corrosion inhibitors in the laboratory (see Guide G170). Field conditions should be simulated in the laboratory in a fast and cost-effective manner.  
5.2 Oilfield and refinery corrosion inhibitors should provide protection over a range of flow conditions from stagnant to that found during typical production conditions. The inhibitors are not equally effective over all flow conditions, so it is important to determine the flow conditions in which they are effective.  
5.3 Severity of hydrodynamic conditions depends on the type of laboratory methodology. Typically, rotating cylinder electrode is effective up to 20 Pa of wall shear stress, rotating cage (RC) is effective between 20 and 200 Pa of wall shear stress, and jet impingement (JI) is effective at wall shear stress above 200 Pa (1)3 of wall shear stress.  
5.4 The JI test system is relatively inexpensive and uses simple flat specimens.  
5.5 In this practice, a general procedure is presented to obtain reproducible results using JI simulating the effects of different types of coupon materials; inhibitor concentrations; oil, gas, and brine compositions; temperature; pressure; and flow. Erosive effects predominate when the flow rate is very high (typically above 500 Pa) or when sand or solid particles are present; however, this practice does not cover the erosive effects.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a generally accepted procedure to use the jet impingement (JI) apparatus for evaluating corrosion inhibitors for oilfield and refinery applications in defined flow conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice provides a controlled corrosive environment which has been utilized to produce relative corrosion resistance information for specimens of metals and coated metals exposed in a given test chamber.  
3.2 Prediction of performance in natural environments has seldom been correlated with salt spray results when used as stand alone data.  
3.2.1 Correlation and extrapolation of corrosion performance based on exposure to the test environment provided by this practice are not always predictable.  
3.2.2 Correlation and extrapolation should be considered only in cases where appropriate corroborating long-term atmospheric exposures have been conducted.  
3.3 The reproducibility of results in the salt spray exposure is highly dependent on the type of specimens tested and the evaluation criteria selected, as well as the control of the operating variables. In any testing program, sufficient replicates should be included to establish the variability of the results. Variability has been observed when similar specimens are tested in different fog chambers even though the testing conditions are nominally similar and within the ranges specified in this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the apparatus, procedure, and conditions required to create and maintain the salt spray (fog) test environment. Suitable apparatus which may be used is described in Appendix X1.  
1.2 This practice does not prescribe the type of test specimen or exposure periods to be used for a specific product, nor the interpretation to be given to the results.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is especially useful for evaluating the adequacy of quenching when performed on material in the as-quenched condition. The practice may also be used to study the effect of subsequent thermal processes (for example, paint or bonding cures) or of actual precipitation treatments on the inherent type of corrosion. Intergranular corrosion resistance of heat treatable aluminum alloys is often directly related to the quenching conditions applied after solution heat treatment and to the subsequent aging treatment.4  
4.2 This practice is not well suited for non-heat treatable work hardening aluminum alloys, such as the 1XXX, 3XXX, and 5XXX series (see Test Method G67).  
4.3 This practice does not deal with the interpretation of resulting intergranular corrosion. The significance of the extent and depth of any intergranular corrosion resulting from this test is to be agreed upon between producer and user.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for immersion tests in sodium chloride + hydrogen peroxide solution. It is primarily for tests of wrought heat treatable aluminum alloys (2XXX and 7XXX) but may be used for other aluminum alloys, including castings. It sets forth the specimen preparation procedures and the environmental conditions of the test and the means for controlling them.  
1.2 This practice is intended for evaluations during alloy development and for evaluating production where it may serve as a control test on the quality of successive lots of the same material (see MIL-H-6088 and U.S. Federal Test Method Std. 151b). Therefore strict test conditions are stipulated for maximum assurance that variations in results are attributable to lot-to-lot differences in the material being tested.
Note 1: This practice does not address sampling or interpretation or significance of results.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is especially useful for evaluating the adequacy of quenching when performed on material in the as-quenched condition. The practice may also be used to study the effect of subsequent thermal processes (for example, paint or bonding cures) or of actual precipitation treatments on the inherent type of corrosion. Intergranular corrosion resistance of heat treatable aluminum alloys is often directly related to the quenching conditions applied after solution heat treatment and to the subsequent aging treatment.5  
4.2 This practice is not well suited for non-heat treatable work hardening aluminum alloys, such as the 1XXX, 3XXX, and 5XXX series (see Test Method G67).  
4.3 This practice does not deal with the interpretation of resulting intergranular corrosion. The significance of the extent and depth of any intergranular corrosion resulting from this test is to be agreed upon between producer and user.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for immersion tests in sodium chloride + hydrogen peroxide solution. It is primarily for tests of wrought heat treatable aluminum alloys (2XXX and 7XXX) but may be used for other aluminum alloys, including castings. It sets forth the specimen preparation procedures and the environmental conditions of the test and the means for controlling them.  
1.2 This practice is intended for evaluations during alloy development and for evaluating production where it may serve as a control test on the quality of successive lots of the same material (see MIL-H-6088 and U.S. Federal Test Method Std. 151b). Therefore strict test conditions are stipulated for maximum assurance that variations in results are attributable to lot-to-lot differences in the material being tested.  
Note 1: This practice does not address sampling or interpretation or significance of results.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The boiling ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test may be applied to the following alloys in the wrought condition:    
Alloy  
Testing Time, h  
N06007  
120  
N06022  
24  
N06030  
120  
N06059  
24  
N06200  
24  
N06455  
24  
N06600  
24  
N06625  
120  
N06686  
24  
N06985  
120  
N08020  
120  
N08367  
24  
N08800  
120  
N08825A  
120  
N10276  
24(A) While the ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test does detect susceptibility to inter- granular corrosion in Alloy N08825, the boiling 65 % nitric acid test, Practices A262, Practice C, for detecting susceptibility to intergranular corrosion in stainless steels is more sensitive and should be used if the intended service is nitric acid.  
3.2 This test method may be used to evaluate as-received material and to evaluate the effects of subsequent heat treatments. In the case of nickel-rich, chromium-bearing alloys, the test method may be applied to wrought and weldments of products. The test method is not applicable to cast products.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover two tests as follows:  
1.1.1 Method A, Ferric Sulfate-Sulfuric Acid Test (Sections 3 – 10, inclusive)—This test method describes the procedure for conducting the boiling ferric sulfate—50 % sulfuric acid test which measures the susceptibility of certain nickel-rich, chromium-bearing alloys to intergranular corrosion (see Terminology G15), which may be encountered in certain service environments. The uniform corrosion rate obtained by this test method, which is a function of minor variations in alloy composition, may easily mask the intergranular corrosion components of the overall corrosion rate on alloys N10276, N06022, N06059, and N06455.  
1.1.2 Method B, Mixed Acid-Oxidizing Salt Test (Sections 11 – 18, inclusive)—This test method describes the procedure for conducting a boiling 23 % sulfuric + 1.2 % hydrochloric + 1 % ferric chloride + 1 % cupric chloride test which measures the susceptibility of certain nickel-rich, chromium-bearing alloys to display a step function increase in corrosion rate when there are high levels of grain boundary precipitation.  
1.2 The purpose of these two test methods is to detect susceptibility to intergranular corrosion as influenced by variations in processing or composition, or both. Materials shown to be susceptible may or may not be intergranularly corroded in other environments. This must be established independently by specific tests or by service experience.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning statements are given in 5.1.1, 5.1.3, 5.1.9, 13.1.1, and 13.1.11.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The guide is intended to facilitate the recording of corrosion test results and does not imply or endorse any particular database design or schema. It provides a useful reference to be consulted before initiating a corrosion test to be sure plans are made to record all relevant data.  
4.2 Corrosion tests are usually performed following a prescribed test procedure that is often not a standard test method. Most corrosion tests involve concurrent exposure of multiple specimens of one or more materials (refer to 6.1.1).  
4.3 This guide is designed to record data for individual specimens with groupings by separate tests (as contrasted to separate test methods) as described in 4.2 and 6.1.1. Consequently, some of the individual fields may apply to all of the specimens in a single test, while others must be repeated as often as necessary to record data for individual specimens.  
4.4 The guidelines provided are designed for recording data for entry into computerized material performance databases. They may be useful for other applications where systematic recording of corrosion data is desired.  
4.5 Reliable comparisons of corrosion data from multiple sources will be expedited if data are provided for as many of the listed fields as possible. Comparisons are possible where data are limited, but some degree of uncertainty will be present.  
4.6 Certain specialized corrosion tests may require additional data elements to fully characterize the data recorded. This guide does not preclude these additions. Other ASTM guides for recording data from mechanical property tests may be helpful.  
4.7 This guide does not cover the recording of data from electrochemical corrosion tests.  
4.8 These material identification guidelines are compatible with Guide E1338.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the data categories and specific data elements (fields) considered necessary to accommodate desired search strategies and reliable data comparisons in computerized corrosion databases. The data entries are designed to accommodate data relative to the basic forms of corrosion and to serve as guides for structuring multiple source database compilations capable of assessing compatibility of metals and alloys for a wide range of environments and exposure conditions.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Although there are ASTM test methods for exfoliation testing, they concentrate on specific procedures for test methodology itself. Existent test methods do not discuss material variables that can affect performance. Likewise they do not address the need to establish the suitability of an accelerated test for alloys never previously tested nor the need to correlate results of accelerated tests with tests in outdoor atmospheres and with end use performance.  
4.2 This guide is a compilation of the experience of investigators skilled in the art of conducting exfoliation tests and assessing the degree and significance of the damage encountered. The focus is on two general aspects: guides to techniques that will enhance the likelihood of obtaining reliable information, and tips and procedures to avoid pitfalls that could lead to erroneous results and conclusions.  
4.3 The following three areas of testing are considered: the test materials starting with the “as-received” sample up through final specimen preparation, the corrosion test procedures including choice of test, inspection periods, termination point, and rating procedures, and analyses of results and methods for reporting them.  
4.4 This guide is not intended as a specific corrosion test procedure by which to evaluate the resistance to exfoliation of an aluminum alloy product.  
4.5 This guide is not intended as a basis for specifications, nor as a guide for material lot acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide differs from the usual ASTM standard in that it does not address a specific test. Rather, it is an introductory guide for new users of other standard exfoliation test methods, (see Terminology G15 for definition of exfoliation).  
1.2 This guide covers aspects of specimen preparation, exposure, inspection, and evaluation for conducting exfoliation tests on aluminum alloys in both laboratory accelerated environments and in natural, outdoor atmospheres. The intent is to clarify any gaps in existent test methods.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.