D14.40 - Adhesives for Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed for obtaining a qualitative estimate of the compatibility of plastics and adhesives. Due to the many process variables associated with the fabrication of plastic parts, it is not possible to use this test as a substitute for compatibility tests on actual parts.  
5.2 The detection of cracks or crazes may be determined with or without optical aid. Make comparisons only among tests employing crack detection methods of equivalent sensitivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the compatibility of adhesives with plastics based on whether the adhesive causes cracking of stressed samples.  
1.2 Specimen configurations and test fixture designs are given.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for products in the form of sheet or strip. It can also be used on injection molded tensile specimens or flexural bars.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides an estimate of the shear strength of an adhesive on various machinable and nonmachinable substrate materials. It is particularly applicable for testing bonds between ceramic, glass, magnet moldings, and plastic parts with one flat face where machining would be difficult or impractical.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure and fixture used to determine shear strengths of adhesives used to bond materials with moduli higher than the modulus of the adhesive. The size and shape of the specimens are variable within the physical restraints of the fixture.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Due to the increased use of adhesively-bonded FRP as a result of the inherent advantages afforded by bonded rather than mechanically-fastened joints (particularly the alleviation of stress risers and stress cracking), there is a need for tests by which joints of various FRP substrates and adhesives may be compared. This test method is intended to meet such a need.  
5.2 Additional information on significance and use may be found in Guide D4896.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a lap shear test for use in measuring the bonding characteristics of adhesives for joining fiber reinforced plastics to themselves and to metals. The method is applicable to random and fiber oriented FRP.  
1.2 This test method is intended to complement Test Method D1002 and extend the application to single-lap shear adhesive joints of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) adherends. This test method is useful for generating comparative apparent shear strength data for joints made from a number of FRP materials, providing a means by which FRP surface treatments may be compared.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Due to the increased use of adhesive-bonded plastics as a result of the inherent advantages afforded by bonded rather than mechanically fastened joints, particularly the alleviation of stress raisers and stress cracking, there is a need for standard tests by which joints of various plastic substrates and adhesives can be compared. This test method is intended to meet such a need.  
4.2 This test method is limited to test temperatures below the softening point of the subject adherends, and is not intended for use on anisotropic adherends such as reinforced plastic laminates.  
4.3 The misuse of strength values obtained from this test method as allowable design-stress values for structural joints could lead to product failure, property damage, and human injury. The apparent shear strength of an adhesive obtained from a given small single-lap specimen may differ from that obtained from a joint made with different adherends or by a different bonding process. The normal variation of temperature and moisture in the service environment causes the adherends and the adhesive to swell and shrink. The adherends and adhesive are likely to have different thermal and moisture coefficients of expansion. Even in small specimens, short-term environmental changes can induce internal stresses or chemical changes in the adhesive that permanently affect the apparent strength and other mechanical properties of the adhesive. The problem of predicting joint behavior in a changing environment is even more difficult if a different type of adherend is used in a larger structural joint than was used in the small specimen.  
4.3.1 The apparent shear strength measured with a single-lap specimen is not suitable for determining allowable design stresses for designing structural joints that differ in any manner from the joints tested without thorough analysis and understanding of the joint and adhesive behaviors.  
4.3.2 Single-lap tests may be used for comparing and selecting adhesives or ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to complement Test Method D1002 and extend its application to single-lap shear adhesive joints of rigid plastic adherends. The test method is useful for generating comparative shear strength data for joints made from a number of plastics. It can also provide a means by which several plastic surface treatments can be compared.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is a quick, simple, and inexpensive test method for qualitatively determining, without the need to prepare bonded test specimens, whether the adhesive under consideration will bond to a particular substrate. If the results are acceptable, then standard quantitative adhesive test procedures can be used to obtain quantitative measurements of the adhesive's performance.  
5.2 This test method can also be used to compare relative adhesion of several adhesives to given substrates.  
5.3 It can be used to determine whether an adhesive will continue to adhere to the substrate under specified environmental conditions.  
5.4 It can be used to evaluate adhesion of a particular adhesive to a variety of substrates.  
5.5 It can be used to obtain “subjective” comparative data between several adhesives on a given substrate by noting the relative ease of inducing failure between the adhesives tested.  
5.6 It should be most applicable to adhesives that cure or set when exposed to “air” (ambient, heated, etc.) and could be used for anaerobic adhesives if testing is carried out in an oxygen-free atmosphere.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a simple qualitative procedure for quickly screening whether an adhesive will, under recommended application conditions, bond to a given substrate without actually making bonded assemblies.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The atmospheric exposure tests described in this practice will evaluate the stability of the adhesive bond only in terms of a particular natural atmosphere. Since the atmospheric conditions vary greatly from year to year, these results will not be as reproducible as those derived from laboratory aging procedures. Considerable research has shown that laboratory artificial weathering tests will not give consistently good correlation with outdoor test exposures (2, 3, 4).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for the direct exposure of adhesive bonded joints and structures to natural atmospheric environments.  
1.2 The procedure for sheltered atmospheric exposure, such as a Stevenson screen (1),2 of adhesive-bonded joints and specimens is the same except for the requirements of facing south and measurement of solar radiation.  
1.3 This practice is limited to the procedure by which samples are exposed and does not cover the tests that may be used to evaluate the effects of atmospheric exposure on these adhesive-bonded joints and structures. These samples could be any one of several varieties.  
1.3.1 A complete structure for test,  
1.3.2 A section of a structure for test,  
1.3.3 A complete structure or section with strength observations on specimens cut therefrom,  
1.3.4 Test specimens themselves, or  
1.3.5 Any of the above, mounted under stress.  
1.4 Suitable test methods for evaluation of the effects of exposure include nondestructive qualitative or quantitative observations on the same sample at prescribed intervals, or destructive tests on separate sets of specimens in accordance with such tests as Test Method D1002.  
Note 1: See Test Methods D896 and D897.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is for determining the effects of UV light, or UV light and water, on adhesive bonded joints under controlled but artificial conditions. The results of this practice can be used for comparing the relative durability of several adhesives in a specific laboratory UV exposure.  
4.2 This practice is not for determining a forecast of the life of an adhesive bond in service. It is only for determining the relative durability of different adhesives compared to each other.  
4.3 The results obtained may vary between the different light sources (xenon-arc or fluorescent UV), because of the different spectral-irradiance of the lamps. Adhesives should not be compared to each other based on their performance under different types of light sources.  
4.4 The results obtained may vary when operation conditions are varied within the limits of a given method. The results may also vary when exposures are performed on instruments made by different manufacturers. Comparisons between materials must only be made when they are tested at the same time in the same instrument. Be sure to accurately report the operating conditions.  
4.5 The type and UV transmittance characteristics of the transparent adherend used can have a significant effect on the rate and type of degradation of the adhesives being tested. Comparisons between adhesives must only be made when tested on transparent adherends of the same type (preferably the same lot) with the same UV transmission.  
4.6 This practice is not for determining the effects of atmospheric pollutants, biological organisms, salt, or freeze/thaw cycles.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating procedures for ultraviolet (UV) light aging (with or without water) of adhesive bonded joints having at least one glass or transparent adherend, using fluorescent UV (see Method A) or xenon-arc light sources (see Method B).  
1.2 This practice is limited to the apparatus for obtaining, measuring, and controlling the aging conditions, and to the procedures for exposure. Sample preparation, strength, test conditions, and evaluation of the results are described in other ASTM test methods or specifications.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method determines strength properties of adhesives in cleavage peel by tension loading. It allows the comparative testing of cleavage/peel strengths of bonded engineering thermoplastic adherends.  
4.2 Cleavage/peel forces are common in bonded assemblies. This test method gives information as to the performance of substrate/adhesive combinations under cleavage/peel forces.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative cleavage/peel strengths of adhesives for bonding engineering plastics when tested on a standard specimen and under specific conditions of preparation and testing.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a simple means of classifying failure modes for adhesively bonded FRP joints.  
4.2 Each failure mode classification is based solely on a visual observation of the failure surface without the aid of a microscope or other means to magnify the surface.  
4.3 Except for the line-drawing representations given, this practice does not contain descriptions of failure modes possible when using adhesion promoters. However, similar analogies to the failure modes described herein can be made.  
4.4 This practice does not address the acceptability of any specific failure mode.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the method of classifying, identifying, and characterizing the failure modes in adhesively bonded fiber-reinforced-plastic (FRP) joints. The FRP used in developing this practice consists of glass fibers in a thermoset-polyester-resin matrix, commonly referred to as sheet-molding compound, or SMC.  
1.2 One objective of this practice is to present comprehensive definitions of possible failure modes to serve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications, and product performance.  
Note 1: Figures 2 through 11 referred to in the practice are contained in the ASTM adjunct, Color Photographs of Failure Modes.2
Fig. 2—Side-by Side Comparison of Failure Modes
Fig. 3—Adhesive Failure
Fig. 4—Cohesive Failure
Fig. 5—Thin-Layer Cohesive Failure
Fig. 6—Fiber-Tear Failure
Fig. 7—Light-Fiber-Tear Failure
Fig. 8—Stock-Break Failure
Fig. 9—Mixed Failure—40 % Fiber-Tear Failure, 60 % Light-Fiber-Tear Fiber
Fig. 10—Mixed Failure—32 % Adhesive Failure, 68 % Fiber-Tear Failure
Fig. 11—Mixed Failure—20 % Adhesive Failure, 60 % Light-Fiber-Tear Failure, 20 % Fiber-Tear Failure
Note 2: This practice may be used to describe the failure modes generated from testing, using procedures such as Test Methods D3163, D3164, D3165, D3807, D5041, D5868, and SAE J1525.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a means of measuring the cleavage forces and energies required to fail adhesively bonded reinforced flat bonded specimens. It also offers a semi-quantitative observation of failure mode.  
4.2 This test method has found application in screening structural adhesives for bonding reinforced plastics where simple lap shear testing has proven to be inadequate in distinguishing differences between adhesives.  
4.3 It is important to note that the test method measures performance properties of the total bonded system (for example, reinforced plastic and adhesive) but will not yield fundamental properties of the adhesive alone.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of fracture strength in cleavage of adhesive bonds when tested on standard reinforced plastic specimens and under specified conditions of preparation and testing (Note 1).  
Note 1: While this test method is intended for use in reinforced plastic applications, it may be used for measuring fracture properties of adhesives using other plastic adherends, provided consideration is given to the thickness and should be of equal rigidity to the plastic adherends.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Bonding of many polymeric substrates presents a problem due to the low wettability of their surfaces and their chemical inertness. Adhesive bond formation begins with the establishment of interfacial molecular contact by wetting. Wettability of a substrate surface depends on its surface energy. The surface activation with electrical discharges improves wettability of polymers and subsequent adhesive bonding. The surface activation with electrical discharges results in addition of polar functional groups on the polymer surface. The higher the concentration of polar functional groups on the surface the more actively the surface reacts with the different polar interfaces.  
5.2 To achieve a proper adhesive bond the polyolefin substrate's polar component should be raised from near zero to 15 to 20 mJ/m2.  
5.3 The pre-treated surfaces are ready for application of the adhesive immediately after the treatment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers various electrical discharge treatments to be used to enhance the ability of polymeric substrates to be adhesively bonded. This practice does not include additional information on the preparation of test specimens or testing conditions as they are covered in the various ASTM test methods or specifications for specific materials.  
1.2 The types of discharge phenomena that are used for surface modification of polymers fit into the general category of nonequilibrium or non-thermal discharges in which electron temperature (mean energy) greatly exceeds the gas temperature.  
1.3 The technologies included in this practice are:    
Technology  
Section  
Gas plasma at reduced pressure  
8  
Electrical discharges at atmospheric pressure  
9  
AC dielectric barrier discharge  
9.1  
High Frequency Apparatus  
9.1.1  
Suppressed Spark Apparatus  
9.1.2  
Arc Plasma Apparatus  
9.2  
Glow Discharge Apparatus  
9.3
Note 1: The term “corona treatment” has been applied sometimes in the literature to the different electrical discharge treatment technologies described in Section 9. This practice defines each electrical discharge treatment technology at atmospheric pressure presented in Section 9 and draws the necessary distinctions between them and corona discharge. See Test Method D1868 for “corona discharge.”  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements appear in Section 6.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful for reducing some of the surface variability of plastics (due to differences in manufacturing methods) that might otherwise cause excessive variation in the results of ASTM test methods designed to measure adhesion. The treatments specified are convenient for laboratory work.  
4.2 This practice is not necessarily designed to provide optimum adhesion to the surfaces and the treatments specified may not always be practical for industrial use.    
4.3 This practice does not address all of the surface preparation methods available; nor does this practice cite all of the types or classes of plastics currently available.  
4.4 This practice is used as a starting point for evaluating surface preparation techniques for plastic adherends prior to adhesive bonding.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes surface preparations for plastic adherends, to be used prior to adhesive bonding of test specimens. It should be noted, however, that this practice specifies only the pretreating conditions of the plastic and does not cover the preparation of test specimens, testing conditions, or evaluation of tests. These are covered in the various ASTM test methods or specifications for specific materials.  
1.2 Physical Treatments  (for example, sanding and solvent wiping) are used in order to remove the glossy finish and all traces of dirt, grease, mold release, or other contaminants from the bonding surfaces.  
1.3 Chemical Treatments (for example, sulfuric acid—dichromate solution and sodium naphthalene complex) are used in some cases to alter chemically the surface layers of the polymer itself to improve its adhesion characteristics.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 6.1.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Due to the increased use of adhesively bonded plastics as a result of the inherent advantages afforded by bonded rather than mechanically fastened joints, particularly the alleviation of stress risers and stress cracking, there is a need for standard tests by which joints of various substrates and adhesives can be compared. This test method is intended to meet such a need.  
4.2 This test method is limited to test temperatures below the softening point of the subject adherends, and is not intended for use on anisotropic adherends such as reinforced plastic laminates.  
4.3 The misuse of strength values obtained from this test method as design stress allowable values for structural joints could lead to product failure, property damage, and human injury.  
4.4 The apparent shear strength of an adhesive obtained from a given small single-lap specimen may differ from that obtained from a joint made with different adherends or by a different bonding process. The normal variation of temperature and moisture in the service environment causes the adherends and the adhesive to swell and shrink. The adherends and adhesive are likely to have different thermal and moisture coefficients of expansion.  
4.5 Even in small specimens, short-term environmental changes can induce internal stresses or chemical changes in the adhesive that permanently affect the apparent strength and other mechanical properties of the adhesive. The problem of predicting joint behavior in a changing environment is even more difficult if a different type of adherend is used in a larger structural joint than was used in the small specimen.  
4.6 The apparent shear strength measured with a single-lap specimen is not suitable for determining allowable design stresses for designing structural joints that differ in any manner from the joints tested without thorough analysis and understanding of the joint and adhesive behaviors.  
4.7 Single-lap tests may be used for comparing and selecting adhesives ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to complement Test Method D1002 and Test Method D3163 and extend its application to single-lap-shear adhesive joints employing plastic adherends. The test method is useful for generating comparative shear strength data for joints made from a number of plastics. It can also provide a means by which several plastics surface treatments can be compared.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: A complete metric companion to Test Method D3164 has been developed — D3164M.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed for obtaining a qualitative estimate of the compatibility of plastics and adhesives. Due to the many process variables associated with the fabrication of plastic parts, it is not possible to use this test as a substitute for compatibility tests on actual parts.  
5.2 The detection of cracks or crazes may be determined with or without optical aid. Make comparisons only among tests employing crack detection methods of equivalent sensitivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the compatibility of adhesives with plastics based on whether the adhesive causes cracking of stressed samples.  
1.2 Specimen configurations and test fixture designs are given.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for products in the form of sheet or strip. It can also be used on injection molded tensile specimens or flexural bars.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides an estimate of the shear strength of an adhesive on various machinable and nonmachinable substrate materials. It is particularly applicable for testing bonds between ceramic, glass, magnet moldings, and plastic parts with one flat face where machining would be difficult or impractical.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure and fixture used to determine shear strengths of adhesives used to bond materials with moduli higher than the modulus of the adhesive. The size and shape of the specimens are variable within the physical restraints of the fixture.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Due to the increased use of adhesively-bonded FRP as a result of the inherent advantages afforded by bonded rather than mechanically-fastened joints (particularly the alleviation of stress risers and stress cracking), there is a need for tests by which joints of various FRP substrates and adhesives may be compared. This test method is intended to meet such a need.  
5.2 Additional information on significance and use may be found in Guide D4896.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a lap shear test for use in measuring the bonding characteristics of adhesives for joining fiber reinforced plastics to themselves and to metals. The method is applicable to random and fiber oriented FRP.  
1.2 This test method is intended to complement Test Method D1002 and extend the application to single-lap shear adhesive joints of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) adherends. This test method is useful for generating comparative apparent shear strength data for joints made from a number of FRP materials, providing a means by which FRP surface treatments may be compared.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Due to the increased use of adhesive-bonded plastics as a result of the inherent advantages afforded by bonded rather than mechanically fastened joints, particularly the alleviation of stress raisers and stress cracking, there is a need for standard tests by which joints of various plastic substrates and adhesives can be compared. This test method is intended to meet such a need.  
4.2 This test method is limited to test temperatures below the softening point of the subject adherends, and is not intended for use on anisotropic adherends such as reinforced plastic laminates.  
4.3 The misuse of strength values obtained from this test method as allowable design-stress values for structural joints could lead to product failure, property damage, and human injury. The apparent shear strength of an adhesive obtained from a given small single-lap specimen may differ from that obtained from a joint made with different adherends or by a different bonding process. The normal variation of temperature and moisture in the service environment causes the adherends and the adhesive to swell and shrink. The adherends and adhesive are likely to have different thermal and moisture coefficients of expansion. Even in small specimens, short-term environmental changes can induce internal stresses or chemical changes in the adhesive that permanently affect the apparent strength and other mechanical properties of the adhesive. The problem of predicting joint behavior in a changing environment is even more difficult if a different type of adherend is used in a larger structural joint than was used in the small specimen.  
4.3.1 The apparent shear strength measured with a single-lap specimen is not suitable for determining allowable design stresses for designing structural joints that differ in any manner from the joints tested without thorough analysis and understanding of the joint and adhesive behaviors.  
4.3.2 Single-lap tests may be used for comparing and selecting adhesives or ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to complement Test Method D1002 and extend its application to single-lap shear adhesive joints of rigid plastic adherends. The test method is useful for generating comparative shear strength data for joints made from a number of plastics. It can also provide a means by which several plastic surface treatments can be compared.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The atmospheric exposure tests described in this practice will evaluate the stability of the adhesive bond only in terms of a particular natural atmosphere. Since the atmospheric conditions vary greatly from year to year, these results will not be as reproducible as those derived from laboratory aging procedures. Considerable research has shown that laboratory artificial weathering tests will not give consistently good correlation with outdoor test exposures (2, 3, 4).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for the direct exposure of adhesive bonded joints and structures to natural atmospheric environments.  
1.2 The procedure for sheltered atmospheric exposure, such as a Stevenson screen (1),2 of adhesive-bonded joints and specimens is the same except for the requirements of facing south and measurement of solar radiation.  
1.3 This practice is limited to the procedure by which samples are exposed and does not cover the tests that may be used to evaluate the effects of atmospheric exposure on these adhesive-bonded joints and structures. These samples could be any one of several varieties.  
1.3.1 A complete structure for test,  
1.3.2 A section of a structure for test,  
1.3.3 A complete structure or section with strength observations on specimens cut therefrom,  
1.3.4 Test specimens themselves, or  
1.3.5 Any of the above, mounted under stress.  
1.4 Suitable test methods for evaluation of the effects of exposure include nondestructive qualitative or quantitative observations on the same sample at prescribed intervals, or destructive tests on separate sets of specimens in accordance with such tests as Test Method D1002. Note 1—See Test Methods D896 and D897.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is a quick, simple, and inexpensive test method for qualitatively determining, without the need to prepare bonded test specimens, whether the adhesive under consideration will bond to a particular substrate. If the results are acceptable, then standard quantitative adhesive test procedures can be used to obtain quantitative measurements of the adhesive's performance.  
5.2 This test method can also be used to compare relative adhesion of several adhesives to given substrates.  
5.3 It can be used to determine whether an adhesive will continue to adhere to the substrate under specified environmental conditions.  
5.4 It can be used to evaluate adhesion of a particular adhesive to a variety of substrates.  
5.5 It can be used to obtain “subjective” comparative data between several adhesives on a given substrate by noting the relative ease of inducing failure between the adhesives tested.  
5.6 It should be most applicable to adhesives that cure or set when exposed to “air” (ambient, heated, etc.) and could be used for anaerobic adhesives if testing is carried out in an oxygen-free atmosphere.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a simple qualitative procedure for quickly screening whether an adhesive will, under recommended application conditions, bond to a given substrate without actually making bonded assemblies.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is for determining the effects of UV light, or UV light and water, on adhesive bonded joints under controlled but artificial conditions. The results of this practice can be used for comparing the relative durability of several adhesives in a specific laboratory UV exposure.  
4.2 This practice is not for determining a forecast of the life of an adhesive bond in service. It is only for determining the relative durability of different adhesives compared to each other.  
4.3 The results obtained may vary between the different light sources (xenon-arc or fluorescent UV), because of the different spectral-irradiance of the lamps. Adhesives should not be compared to each other based on their performance under different types of light sources.  
4.4 The results obtained may vary when operation conditions are varied within the limits of a given method. The results may also vary when exposures are performed on instruments made by different manufacturers. Comparisons between materials must only be made when they are tested at the same time in the same instrument. Be sure to accurately report the operating conditions.  
4.5 The type and UV transmittance characteristics of the transparent adherend used can have a significant effect on the rate and type of degradation of the adhesives being tested. Comparisons between adhesives must only be made when tested on transparent adherends of the same type (preferably the same lot) with the same UV transmission.  
4.6 This practice is not for determining the effects of atmospheric pollutants, biological organisms, salt, or freeze/thaw cycles.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating procedures for ultraviolet (UV) light aging (with or without water) of adhesive bonded joints having at least one glass or transparent adherend, using fluorescent UV (see Method A) or xenon-arc light sources (see Method B).  
1.2 This practice is limited to the apparatus for obtaining, measuring, and controlling the aging conditions, and to the procedures for exposure. Sample preparation, strength, test conditions, and evaluation of the results are described in other ASTM test methods or specifications.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a simple means of classifying failure modes for adhesively bonded FRP joints.  
4.2 Each failure mode classification is based solely on a visual observation of the failure surface without the aid of a microscope or other means to magnify the surface.  
4.3 Except for the line-drawing representations given, this practice does not contain descriptions of failure modes possible when using adhesion promoters. However, similar analogies to the failure modes described herein can be made.  
4.4 This practice does not address the acceptability of any specific failure mode.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the method of classifying, identifying, and characterizing the failure modes in adhesively bonded fiber-reinforced-plastic (FRP) joints. The FRP used in developing this practice consists of glass fibers in a thermoset-polyester-resin matrix, commonly referred to as sheet-molding compound, or SMC.  
1.2 One objective of this practice is to present comprehensive definitions of possible failure modes to serve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications, and product performance. Note 1—Figures 2 through 11 referred to in the practice are contained in the ASTM adjunct, Color Photographs of Failure Modes.2
Fig. 2—Side-by Side Comparison of Failure Modes
Fig. 3—Adhesive Failure
Fig. 4—Cohesive Failure
Fig. 5—Thin-Layer Cohesive Failure
Fig. 6—Fiber-Tear Failure
Fig. 7—Light-Fiber-Tear Failure
Fig. 8—Stock-Break Failure
Fig. 9—Mixed Failure—40 % Fiber-Tear Failure, 60 % Light-Fiber-Tear Fiber
Fig. 10—Mixed Failure—32 % Adhesive Failure, 68 % Fiber-Tear Failure
Fig. 11—Mixed Failure—20 % Adhesive Failure, 60 % Light-Fiber-Tear Failure, 20 % Fiber-Tear Failure Note 2—This practice may be used to describe the failure modes generated from testing, using procedures such as Test Methods D3163, D3164, D3165, D3807, D5041, D5868, and SAE J1525.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Bonding of many polymeric substrates presents a problem due to the low wettability of their surfaces and their chemical inertness. Adhesive bond formation begins with the establishment of interfacial molecular contact by wetting. Wettability of a substrate surface depends on its surface energy. The surface activation with electrical discharges improves wettability of polymers and subsequent adhesive bonding. The surface activation with electrical discharges results in addition of polar functional groups on the polymer surface. The higher the concentration of polar functional groups on the surface the more actively the surface reacts with the different polar interfaces.
To achieve a proper adhesive bond the polyolefin substrate's polar component should be raised from near zero to 15 to 20 mJ/m2.
The pre-treated surfaces are ready for application of the adhesive immediately after the treatment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers various electrical discharge treatments to be used to enhance the ability of polymeric substrates to be adhesively bonded. This practice does not include additional information on the preparation of test specimens or testing conditions as they are covered in the various ASTM test methods or specifications for specific materials.
1.2 The types of discharge phenomena that are used for surface modification of polymers fit into the general category of nonequilibrium or non-thermal discharges in which electron temperature (mean energy) greatly exceeds the gas temperature.
1.3 The technologies included in this practice are:
TechnologySection Gas plasma at reduced pressure8 Electrical discharges at atmospheric pressure9 AC dielectric barrier discharge9.1 High Frequency Apparatus9.1.1 Suppressed Spark Apparatus9.1.2 Arc Plasma Apparatus9.2 Glow Discharge Apparatus9.3
Note 1—The term “corona treatment” has been applied sometimes in the literature to the different electrical discharge treatment technologies described in Section 9. This practice defines each electrical discharge treatment technology at atmospheric pressure presented in Section 9 and draws the necessary distinctions between them and corona discharge. See Test Method D1868 for “corona discharge.”
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements appear in Section 6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method determines strength properties of adhesives in cleavage peel by tension loading. It allows the comparative testing of cleavage/peel strengths of bonded engineering thermoplastic adherends.
Cleavage/peel forces are common in bonded assemblies. This test method gives information as to the performance of substrate/adhesive combinations under cleavage/peel forces.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative cleavage/peel strengths of adhesives for bonding engineering plastics when tested on a standard specimen and under specific conditions of preparation and testing.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a means of measuring the cleavage forces and energies required to fail adhesively bonded reinforced flat bonded specimens. It also offers a semi-quantitative observation of failure mode.
This test method has found application in screening structural adhesives for bonding reinforced plastics where simple lap shear testing has proven to be inadequate in distinguishing differences between adhesives.
It is important to note that the test method measures performance properties of the total bonded system (for example, reinforced plastic and adhesive) but will not yield fundamental properties of the adhesive alone.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of fracture strength in cleavage of adhesive bonds when tested on standard reinforced plastic specimens and under specified conditions of preparation and testing (Note 1).
Note 1—While this test method is intended for use in reinforced plastic applications, it may be used for measuring fracture properties of adhesives using other plastic adherends, provided consideration is given to the thickness and should be of equal rigidity to the plastic adherends.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Due to the increased use of adhesively bonded plastics as a result of the inherent advantages afforded by bonded rather than mechanically fastened joints, particularly the alleviation of stress risers and stress cracking, there is a need for standard tests by which joints of various substrates and adhesives can be compared. This test method is intended to meet such a need.
This test method is limited to test temperatures below the softening point of the subject adherends, and is not intended for use on anisotropic adherends such as reinforced plastic laminates.
The misuse of strength values obtained from this test method as design stress allowable values for structural joints could lead to product failure, property damage, and human injury.
The apparent shear strength of an adhesive obtained from a given small single-lap specimen may differ from that obtained from a joint made with different adherends or by a different bonding process. The normal variation of temperature and moisture in the service environment causes the adherends and the adhesive to swell and shrink. The adherends and adhesive are likely to have different thermal and moisture coefficients of expansion.
Even in small specimens, short-term environmental changes can induce internal stresses or chemical changes in the adhesive that permanently affect the apparent strength and other mechanical properties of the adhesive. The problem of predicting joint behavior in a changing environment is even more difficult if a different type of adherend is used in a larger structural joint than was used in the small specimen.
The apparent shear strength measured with a single-lap specimen is not suitable for determining allowable design stresses for designing structural joints that differ in any manner from the joints tested without thorough analysis and understanding of the joint and adhesive behaviors.
Single-lap tests may be used for comparing and selecting adhesives or bonding processes for susceptib...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to complement Test Method D1002 and Test Method D3163 and extend its application to single-lap-shear adhesive joints employing plastic adherends. The test method is useful for generating comparative shear strength data for joints made from a number of plastics. It can also provide a means by which several plastics surface treatments can be compared.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1—A complete metric companion to Test Method D3164 has been developed - D3164M.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is useful for reducing some of the surface variability of plastics (due to differences in manufacturing methods) that might otherwise cause excessive variation in the results of ASTM test methods designed to measure adhesion. The treatments specified are convenient for laboratory work.
This practice is not necessarily designed to provide optimum adhesion to the surfaces and the treatments specified may not always be practical for industrial use.
This practice does not address all of the surface preparation methods available; nor does this practice cite all of the types or classes of plastics currently available.
This practice is used as a starting point for evaluating surface preparation techniques for plastic adherends prior to adhesive bonding.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes surface preparations for plastic adherends, to be used prior to adhesive bonding of test specimens. It should be noted, however, that this practice specifies only the pretreating conditions of the plastic and does not cover the preparation of test specimens, testing conditions, or evaluation of tests. These are covered in the various ASTM test methods or specifications for specific materials.
1.2 Physical Treatments (for example, sanding and solvent wiping) are used in order to remove the glossy finish and all traces of dirt, grease, mold release, or other contaminants from the bonding surfaces.
1.3 Chemical Treatments  (for example, sulfuric acid—dichromate solution and sodium naphthalene complex) are used in some cases to alter chemically the surface layers of the polymer itself to improve its adhesion characteristics.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 6.1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is designed for obtaining a qualitative estimate of the compatibility of plastics and adhesives. Due to the many process variables associated with the fabrication of plastic parts, it is not possible to use this test as a substitute for compatibility tests on actual parts.
The detection of cracks or crazes may be determined with or without optical aid. Make comparisons only among tests employing crack detection methods of equivalent sensitivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the compatibility of adhesives with plastics based on whether the adhesive causes cracking of stressed samples.
1.2 Specimen configurations and test fixture designs are given.
1.3 This test method is suitable for products in the form of sheet or strip. It can also be used on injection molded tensile specimens or flexural bars.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides an estimate of the shear strength of an adhesive on various machinable and nonmachinable substrate materials. It is particularly applicable for testing bonds between ceramic, glass, magnet moldings, and plastic parts with one flat face where machining would be difficult or impractical.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure and fixture used to determine shear strengths of adhesives used to bond materials with moduli higher than the modulus of the adhesive. The size and shape of the specimens are variable within the physical restraints of the fixture.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Due to the increased use of adhesive-bonded plastics as a result of the inherent advantages afforded by bonded rather than mechanically fastened joints, particularly the alleviation of stress raisers and stress cracking, there is a need for standard tests by which joints of various plastic substrates and adhesives can be compared. This test method is intended to meet such a need.
This test method is limited to test temperatures below the softening point of the subject adherends, and is not intended for use on anisotropic adherends such as reinforced plastic laminates.
The misuse of strength values obtained from this test method as allowable design-stress values for structural joints could lead to product failure, property damage, and human injury. The apparent shear strength of an adhesive obtained from a given small single-lap specimen may differ from that obtained from a joint made with different adherends or by a different bonding process. The normal variation of temperature and moisture in the service environment causes the adherends and the adhesive to swell and shrink. The adherends and adhesive are likely to have different thermal and moisture coefficients of expansion. Even in small specimens, short-term environmental changes can induce internal stresses or chemical changes in the adhesive that permanently affect the apparent strength and other mechanical properties of the adhesive. The problem of predicting joint behavior in a changing environment is even more difficult if a different type of adherend is used in a larger structural joint than was used in the small specimen.  
The apparent shear strength measured with a single-lap specimen is not suitable for determining allowable design stresses for designing structural joints that differ in any manner from the joints tested without thorough analysis and understanding of the joint and adhesive behaviors.
Single-lap tests may be used for comparing and selecting adhesives or bonding processes for susce...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to complement Test Method D 1002 and extend its application to single-lap shear adhesive joints of rigid plastic adherends. The test method is useful for generating comparative shear strength data for joints made from a number of plastics. It can also provide a means by which several plastic surface treatments can be compared.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Due to the increased use of adhesively-bonded FRP as a result of the inherent advantages afforded by bonded rather than mechanically-fastened joints (particularly the alleviation of stress risers and stress cracking), there is a need for tests by which joints of various FRP substrates and adhesives may be compared. This test method is intended to meet such a need.
Additional information on significance and use may be found in Guide D 4896.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a lap shear test for use in measuring the bonding characteristics of adhesives for joining fiber reinforced plastics to themselves and to metals. The method is applicable to random and fiber oriented FRP.
1.2 This test method is intended to complement Test Method D 1002 and extend the application to single-lap shear adhesive joints of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) adherends. This test method is useful for generating comparative apparent shear strength data for joints made from a number of FRP materials, providing a means by which FRP surface treatments may be compared.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is for determining the effects of UV light, or UV light and water, on adhesive bonded joints under controlled but artificial conditions. The results of this practice can be used for comparing the relative durability of several adhesives in a specific laboratory UV exposure.
This practice is not for determining a forecast of the life of an adhesive bond in service. It is only for determining the relative durability of different adhesives compared to each other.
The results obtained may vary between the different light sources (xenon-arc or fluorescent UV), because of the different spectral-irradiance of the lamps. Adhesives should not be compared to each other based on their performance under different types of light sources.
The results obtained may vary when operation conditions are varied within the limits of a given method. The results may also vary when exposures are performed on instruments made by different manufacturers. Comparisons between materials must only be made when they are tested at the same time in the same instrument. Be sure to accurately report the operating conditions.
The type and UV transmittance characteristics of the transparent adherend used can have a significant effect on the rate and type of degradation of the adhesives being tested. Comparisons between adhesives must only be made when tested on transparent adherends of the same type (preferably the same lot) with the same UV transmission.
This practice is not for determining the effects of atmospheric pollutants, biological organisms, salt, or freeze/thaw cycles.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating procedures for ultraviolet (UV) light aging (with or without water) of adhesive bonded joints having at least one glass or transparent adherend, using fluorescent UV (see Method A) or xenon-arc light sources (see Method B).
1.2 This practice is limited to the apparatus for obtaining, measuring, and controlling the aging conditions, and to the procedures for exposure. Sample preparation, strength, test conditions, and evaluation of the results are described in other ASTM test methods or specifications.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This is a quick, simple, and inexpensive test method for qualitatively determining, without the need to prepare bonded test specimens, whether the adhesive under consideration will bond to a particular substrate. If the results are acceptable, then standard quantitative adhesive test procedures can be used to obtain quantitative measurements of the adhesive’performance.
This test method can also be used to compare relative adhesion of several adhesives to given substrates.
It can be used to determine whether an adhesive will continue to adhere to the substrate under specified environmental conditions.
It can be used to evaluate adhesion of a particular adhesive to a variety of substrates.
It can be used to obtain “subjective” comparative data between several adhesives on a given substrate by noting the relative ease of inducing failure between the adhesives tested.
It should be most applicable to adhesives that cure or set when exposed to “air” (ambient, heated, etc.) and could be used for anaerobic adhesives if testing is carried out in an oxygen-free atmosphere.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a simple qualitative procedure for quickly screening whether an adhesive will, under recommended application conditions, bond to a given substrate without actually making bonded assemblies.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The atmospheric exposure tests described in this practice will evaluate the stability of the adhesive bond only in terms of a particular natural atmosphere. Since the atmospheric conditions vary greatly from year to year, these results will not be as reproducible as those derived from laboratory aging procedures. Considerable research has shown that laboratory artificial weathering tests will not give consistently good correlation with outdoor test exposures (2, 3, 4).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for the direct exposure of adhesive bonded joints and structures to natural atmospheric environments.
1.2 The procedure for sheltered atmospheric exposure, such as a Stevenson screen (1), of adhesive-bonded joints and specimens is the same except for the requirements of facing south and measurement of solar radiation.
1.3 This practice is limited to the procedure by which samples are exposed and does not cover the tests that may be used to evaluate the effects of atmospheric exposure on these adhesive-bonded joints and structures. These samples could be any one of several varieties.
1.3.1 A complete structure for test,
1.3.2 A section of a structure for test,
1.3.3 A complete structure or section with strength observations on specimens cut therefrom,
1.3.4 Test specimens themselves, or
1.3.5 Any of the above, mounted under stress.
1.4 Suitable test methods for evaluation of the effects of exposure include nondestructive qualitative or quantitative observations on the same sample at prescribed intervals, or destructive tests on separate sets of specimens in accordance with such tests as Test Method D 1002. Note 1 - See Test Methods D 896 and D 897.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a simple means of classifying failure modes for adhesively bonded FRP joints.
Each failure mode classification is based solely on a visual observation of the failure surface without the aid of a microscope or other means to magnify the surface.
Except for the line-drawing representations given, this practice does not contain descriptions of failure modes possible when using adhesion promoters. However, similar analogies to the failure modes described herein can be made.
This practice does not address the acceptability of any specific failure mode.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the method of classifying, identifying, and characterizing the failure modes in adhesively bonded fiber-reinforced-plastic (FRP) joints. The FRP used in developing this practice consists of glass fibers in a thermoset-polyester-resin matrix, commonly referred to as sheet-molding compound, or SMC.
1.2 One objective of this practice is to present comprehensive definitions of possible failure modes to serve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications, and product performance.
Note 1-Figures 2 through 11 referred to in the practice are contained in the ASTM adjunct, Color Photographs of Failure Modes.
Fig. 2-Side-by Side Comparison of Failure Modes
Fig. 3-Adhesive Failure
Fig. 4-Cohesive Failure
Fig. 5-Thin-Layer Cohesive Failure
Fig. 6-Fiber-Tear Failure
Fig. 7-Light-Fiber-Tear Failure
Fig. 8-Stock-Break Failure
Fig. 9-Mixed Failure-40 % Fiber-Tear Failure, 60 % Light-Fiber-Tear Fiber
Fig. 10-Mixed Failure-32 % Adhesive Failure, 68 % Fiber-Tear Failure
Fig. 11-Mixed Failure-20 % Adhesive Failure, 60 % Light-Fiber-Tear Failure, 20 % Fiber-Tear Failure
Note 2-This practice may be used to describe the failure modes generated from testing, using procedures such as Test Methods D 3163, D 3164, D 3165, D 3807, D 5041, D 5868 , and SAE J1525.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is for determining the effects of UV light, or UV light and water, on adhesive bonded joints under controlled but artificial conditions. The results of this practice can be used for comparing the relative durability of several adhesives in a specific laboratory UV exposure.
This practice is not for determining a forecast of the life of an adhesive bond in service. It is only for determining the relative durability of different adhesives compared to each other.
The results obtained may vary between the different light sources (xenon-arc or fluorescent UV), because of the different spectral-irradiance of the lamps. Adhesives should not be compared to each other based on their performance under different types of light sources.
The results obtained may vary when operation conditions are varied within the limits of a given method. The results may also vary when exposures are performed on instruments made by different manufacturers. Comparisons between materials must only be made when they are tested at the same time in the same instrument. Be sure to accurately report the operating conditions.
The type and UV transmittance characteristics of the transparent adherend used can have a significant effect on the rate and type of degradation of the adhesives being tested. Comparisons between adhesives must only be made when tested on transparent adherends of the same type (preferably the same lot) with the same UV transmission.
This practice is not for determining the effects of atmospheric pollutants, biological organisms, salt, or freeze/thaw cycles.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating procedures for ultraviolet (UV) light aging (with or without water) of adhesive bonded joints having at least one glass or transparent adherend, using fluorescent UV (see Method A) or xenon-arc light sources (see Method B).
1.2 This practice is limited to the apparatus for obtaining, measuring, and controlling the aging conditions, and to the procedures for exposure. Sample preparation, strength, test conditions, and evaluation of the results are described in other ASTM test methods or specifications.
1.3 &si-value; No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Bonding of many polymeric substrates presents a problem due to the low wettability of their surfaces and their chemical inertness. Adhesive bond formation begins with the establishment of interfacial molecular contact by wetting. Wettability of a substrate surface depends on its surface energy. The surface activation with electrical discharges improves wettability of polymers and subsequent adhesive bonding. The surface activation with electrical discharges results in addition of polar functional groups on the polymer surface. The higher the concentration of polar functional groups on the surface the more actively the surface reacts with the different polar interfaces.
To achieve a proper adhesive bond the polyolefin substrate’polar component should be raised from near zero to 15 to 20 mJ/m2.
The pre-treated surfaces are ready for application of the adhesive immediately after the treatment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers various electrical discharge treatments to be used to enhance the ability of polymeric substrates to be adhesively bonded. This practice does not include additional information on the preparation of test specimens or testing conditions as they are covered in the various ASTM test methods or specifications for specific materials.
1.2 The types of discharge phenomena that are used for surface modification of polymers fit into the general category of nonequilibrium or non-thermal discharges in which electron temperature (mean energy) greatly exceeds the gas temperature.
1.3 The technologies included in this practice are:
Note 1—The term "corona treatment" has been applied sometimes in the literature to the different electrical discharge treatment technologies described in Section . This practice defines each electrical discharge treatment technology at atmospheric pressure presented in Section and draws the necessary distinctions between them and corona discharge. See Test Method D 1868 for "corona discharge."
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements appear in Section 6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a means of measuring the cleavage forces and energies required to fail adhesively bonded reinforced flat bonded specimens. It also offers a semi-quantitative observation of failure mode.
This test method has found application in screening structural adhesives for bonding reinforced plastics where simple lap shear testing has proven to be inadequate in distinguishing differences between adhesives.
It is important to note that the test method measures performance properties of the total bonded system (for example, reinforced plastic and adhesive) but will not yield fundamental properties of the adhesive alone.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of fracture strength in cleavage of adhesive bonds when tested on standard reinforced plastic specimens and under specified conditions of preparation and testing (Note 1).
Note 1—While this test method is intended for use in reinforced plastic applications, it may be used for measuring fracture properties of adhesives using other plastic adherends, provided consideration is given to the thickness and should be of equal rigidity to the plastic adherends.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method determines strength properties of adhesives in cleavage peel by tension loading. It allows the comparative testing of cleavage/peel strengths of bonded engineering thermoplastic adherends.
Cleavage/peel forces are common in bonded assemblies. This test method gives information as to the performance of substrate/adhesive combinations under cleavage/peel forces.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative cleavage/peel strengths of adhesives for bonding engineering plastics when tested on a standard specimen and under specific conditions of preparation and testing.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Due to the increased use of adhesively bonded plastics as a result of the inherent advantages afforded by bonded rather than mechanically fastened joints, particularly the alleviation of stress risers and stress cracking, there is a need for standard tests by which joints of various substrates and adhesives can be compared. This test method is intended to meet such a need.
This test method is limited to test temperatures below the softening point of the subject adherends, and is not intended for use on anisotropic adherends such as reinforced plastic laminates.
The misuse of strength values obtained from this test method as design stress allowable values for structural joints could lead to product failure, property damage, and human injury.
The apparent shear strength of an adhesive obtained from a given small single-lap specimen may differ from that obtained from a joint made with different adherends or by a different bonding process. The normal variation of temperature and moisture in the service environment causes the adherends and the adhesive to swell and shrink. The adherends and adhesive are likely to have different thermal and moisture coefficients of expansion.
Even in small specimens, short-term environmental changes can induce internal stresses or chemical changes in the adhesive that permanently affect the apparent strength and other mechanical properties of the adhesive. The problem of predicting joint behavior in a changing environment is even more difficult if a different type of adherend is used in a larger structural joint than was used in the small specimen.
The apparent shear strength measured with a single-lap specimen is not suitable for determining allowable design stresses for designing structural joints that differ in any manner from the joints tested without thorough analysis and understanding of the joint and adhesive behaviors.
Single-lap tests may be used for comparing and selecting adhesives or bonding processes for susceptib...
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1.1 This test method is intended to complement Test Method D 1002 and Test Method D 3163 and extend its application to single-lap-shear adhesive joints employing plastic adherends. The test method is useful for generating comparative shear strength data for joints made from a number of plastics. It can also provide a means by which several plastics surface treatments can be compared.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1—A complete metric companion to Test Method D 3164 has been developed - D 3164M.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is designed for obtaining a qualitative estimate of the compatibility of plastics and adhesives. Due to the many process variables associated with the fabrication of plastic parts, it is not possible to use this test as a substitute for compatibility tests on actual parts.
The detection of cracks or crazes may be determined with or without optical aid. Make comparisons only among tests employing crack detection methods of equivalent sensitivity.
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1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the compatibility of adhesives with plastics based on whether the adhesive causes cracking of stressed samples.
1.2 Specimen configurations and test fixture designs are given.
1.3 This test method is suitable for products in the form of sheet or strip. It can also be used on injection molded tensile specimens or flexural bars.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This practice describes surface preparations for plastic adherends, to be used prior to adhesive bonding of test specimens. It should be noted, however, that this practice specifies only the pretreating conditions of the plastic and does not cover the preparation of test specimens, testing conditions, or evaluation of tests. These are covered in the various ASTM test methods or specifications for specific materials.
1.2 Physical Treatments (for example, sanding and solvent wiping) are used in order to remove the glossy finish and all traces of dirt, grease, mold release, or other contaminants from the bonding surfaces.
1.3 Chemical Treatments (for example, sulfuric aciddichromate solution and sodium naphthalene complex) are used in some cases to alter chemically the surface layers of the polymer itself to improve its adhesion characteristics.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 6.1.

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1.1 This practice defines the procedure for the direct exposure of adhesive bonded joints and structures to natural atmospheric environments.
1.2 The procedure for sheltered atmospheric exposure, such as a Stevenson screen (1), of adhesive-bonded joints and specimens is the same except for the requirements of facing south and measurement of solar radiation.
1.3 This practice is limited to the procedure by which samples are exposed and does not cover the tests that may be used to evaluate the effects of atmospheric exposure on these adhesive-bonded joints and structures. These samples could be any one of several varieties.
1.3.1 A complete structure for test,
1.3.2 A section of a structure for test,
1.3.3 A complete structure or section with strength observations on specimens cut therefrom,
1.3.4 Test specimens themselves, or
1.3.5 Any of the above, mounted under stress.
1.4 Suitable test methods for evaluation of the effects of exposure include nondestructive qualitative or quantitative observations on the same sample at prescribed intervals, or destructive tests on separate sets of specimens in accordance with such tests as Test Method D 1002.
Note 1—See Test Methods D 896 and D 897.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This test method covers a simple qualitative procedure for quickly screening whether an adhesive will, under recommended application conditions, bond to a given substrate without actually making bonded assemblies.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This practice defines the procedure for the direct exposure of adhesive bonded joints and structures to natural atmospheric environments.
1.2 The procedure for sheltered atmospheric exposure, such as a Stevenson screen (1), of adhesive-bonded joints and specimens is the same except for the requirements of facing south and measurement of solar radiation.
1.3 This practice is limited to the procedure by which samples are exposed and does not cover the tests that may be used to evaluate the effects of atmospheric exposure on these adhesive-bonded joints and structures. These samples could be any one of several varieties.
1.3.1 A complete structure for test,
1.3.2 A section of a structure for test,
1.3.3 A complete structure or section with strength observations on specimens cut therefrom,
1.3.4 Test specimens themselves, or
1.3.5 Any of the above, mounted under stress.
1.4 Suitable test methods for evaluation of the effects of exposure include nondestructive qualitative or quantitative observations on the same sample at prescribed intervals, or destructive tests on separate sets of specimens in accordance with such tests as Test Method D 1002.
Note 1—See Test Methods D 896 and D 897.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice defines the procedure for the direct exposure of adhesive bonded joints and structures to natural atmospheric environments.
1.2 The procedure for sheltered atmospheric exposure, such as a Stevenson screen (1), of adhesive-bonded joints and specimens is the same except for the requirements of facing south and measurement of solar radiation.
1.3 This practice is limited to the procedure by which samples are exposed and does not cover the tests that may be used to evaluate the effects of atmospheric exposure on these adhesive-bonded joints and structures. These samples could be any one of several varieties.
1.3.1 A complete structure for test,
1.3.2 A section of a structure for test,
1.3.3 A complete structure or section with strength observations on specimens cut therefrom,
1.3.4 Test specimens themselves, or
1.3.5 Any of the above, mounted under stress.
1.4 Suitable test methods for evaluation of the effects of exposure include nondestructive qualitative or quantitative observations on the same sample at prescribed intervals, or destructive tests on separate sets of specimens in accordance with such tests as Test Method D 1002.
Note 1—See Test Methods D 896 and D 897.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a simple qualitative procedure for quickly screening whether an adhesive will, under recommended application conditions, bond to a given substrate without actually making bonded assemblies.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides an estimate of the shear strength of an adhesive on various machinable and nonmachinable substrate materials. It is particularly applicable for testing bonds between ceramic, glass, magnet moldings, and plastic parts with one flat face where machining would be difficult or impractical.
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1.1 This test method describes a procedure and fixture used to determine shear strengths of adhesives used to bond materials with moduli higher than the modulus of the adhesive. The size and shape of the specimens are variable within the physical restraints of the fixture.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.2  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This test method describes a procedure and fixture used to determine shear strengths of adhesives used to bond materials with moduli higher than the modulus of the adhesive. The size and shape of the specimens are variable within the physical restraints of the fixture.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.2  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This test method is intended to complement Test Method D1002 and extend its application to single-lap shear adhesive joints of rigid plastic adherends. The test method is useful for generating comparative shear strength data for joints made from a number of plastics. It can also provide a means by which several plastic surface treatments can be compared.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Due to the increased use of adhesively-bonded FRP as a result of the inherent advantages afforded by bonded rather than mechanically-fastened joints (particularly the alleviation of stress risers and stress cracking), there is a need for tests by which joints of various FRP substrates and adhesives may be compared. This test method is intended to meet such a need.
Additional information on significance and use may be found in Guide D 4896.
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1.1 This test method describes a lap shear test for use in measuring the bonding characteristics of adhesives for joining fiber reinforced plastics to themselves and to metals. The method is applicable to random and fiber oriented FRP.  
1.2 This test method is intended to complement Test Method D1002 and extend the application to single-lap shear adhesive joints of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) adherends. This test method is useful for generating comparative apparent shear strength data for joints made from a number of FRP materials, providing a means by which FRP surface treatments may be compared.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.