D18.11 - Deep Foundations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Field tests provide the most reliable relationship between the axial load applied to a deep foundation and the resulting axial movement. Test results may also provide information used to assess the distribution of side shear resistance along the element and the long-term load-deflection behavior. The foundation engineer may evaluate the test results to determine if, after applying appropriate factors of safety, the element or group of elements has a static capacity, load response and deflection at service load satisfactory to support the foundation. When performed as part of a multiple-element test program, the foundation engineer may also use the results to assess the viability of different sizes and types of foundation elements and the variability of the test site.  
5.2 If feasible and without exceeding the safe structural load on the element or element cap (hereinafter unless otherwise indicated, “element” and “element group” are interchangeable as appropriate), the maximum load applied should reach a failure load from which the foundation engineer may determine the axial static tensile load capacity of the element. Tests that achieve a failure load may help the foundation engineer improve the efficiency of the foundation design by reducing the foundation element length, quantity, and/or size.  
5.3 If deemed impractical to apply axial test loads to an inclined element, the foundation engineer may elect to use axial test results from a nearby vertical element to evaluate the axial capacity of the inclined element. The foundation engineer may also elect to use a bi-directional axial test on an inclined element (D8169/D8169M).  
5.4 Different loading test procedures may result in different load-displacement curves. The Quick Test (10.1.2) and Constant Rate of Uplift Test (10.1.4) typically can be completed in a few hours. Both are simple in concept, loading the element relatively quickly as load is increased. The Maintained Test (10.1.3) loads the element i...
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1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the axial deflection of an individual vertical or inclined deep foundation element or group of elements when loaded in static axial tension. These methods apply to all types of deep foundations, or deep foundation systems, as they are practical to test. The individual components of which are referred to herein as elements that function as, or in a manner similar to, drilled shafts; cast-in-place piles (augered cast-in-place piles, barrettes, and slurry walls); driven piles, such as pre-cast concrete piles, timber piles or steel sections (steel pipes or wide flange beams); or any number of other element types, regardless of their method of installation. Although the test methods may be used for testing single elements or element groups, the test results may not represent the long-term performance of the entire deep foundation system. A summary of the test methods is contained in Section 4.  
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for testing deep foundation elements under static axial tensile load. Project plans, specifications, provisions, or any combination thereof may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the foundation engineer, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard. (Exception: the test load applies to the testing apparatus shall not exceed the rated capacity established by the engineer who designed the testing apparatus.)  
1.3 Apparatus and procedures herein designated “optional” may produce different test results and may be used only when approved by the foundation engineer. The word “shall” indicates a mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions.  
1.4 The...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Field tests provide the most reliable relationship between the static lateral load applied to a deep foundation and the resulting lateral movement. Test results may also provide information used to assess the distribution of lateral resistance along the element and the long-term load-deflection behavior. The foundation engineer may evaluate the test results to determine if, after applying the appropriate factors, the element or group of elements has an ultimate lateral capacity and a deflection at service load satisfactory to satisfy specific foundation requirements. When performed as part of a multiple-element test program, the foundation engineer may also use the results to assess the viability of different sizes and types of foundation elements and the variability of the test site.  
5.2 The analysis of lateral test results obtained using proper instrumentation helps the foundation engineer characterize the variation of element-soil interaction properties, such as the coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, to estimate bending stresses and lateral deflection over the length of the element for use in the structural design of the element.  
5.3 If feasible, without exceeding the safe structural load on the element or element cap (hereinafter unless otherwise indicated, “element” and “element group” are interchangeable as appropriate), the maximum load applied should reach a failure load from which the foundation engineer may determine the lateral load capacity of the element. Tests that achieve a failure load may help the designer improve the efficiency of the foundation by reducing the foundation element-length, quantity, or size.  
5.4 If deemed impractical to apply lateral test loads to an inclined element, the foundation engineer may elect to use lateral test results from a nearby vertical element to evaluate the lateral capacity of the inclined element.  
5.5 The scope of this standard does not include analysis for foundation lateral capacity, but...
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1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the lateral deflection of an individual vertical or inclined deep foundation element or group of elements when subjected to static lateral loading. These methods apply to all deep foundations, or deep foundation systems as they are practical to test. The individual components of which are referred to herein as elements that function as, or in a manner similar to, drilled shafts, micropiles, cast-in-place piles (augered-cast-in-place piles, barrettes, and slurry walls), driven piles, such as pre-cast concrete piles, timber piles or steel sections (steel pipes or H-beams) or any number of other element types, regardless of their method of installation. Although the test methods may be used for testing single elements or element groups, the test results may not represent the long-term performance of the entire deep foundation system.  
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for testing deep foundation elements under static lateral load. Project plans, specifications, provisions, or any combination thereof may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the foundation engineer, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard. (exception: the test load applied to the testing apparatus shall not exceed the rated capacity established by the engineer who designed the testing apparatus).  
1.3 Apparatus and procedures herein designated “optional” may produce different test results and may be used only when approved by the foundation engineer. The word “shall” indicates a mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions.  
1.4 The foundation engineer should interpret the test results obtained f...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 It is often necessary to determine the depth of deep foundation elements supporting existing structures, such as buildings and bridges, for which neither drawings nor as-built records are available. Such situations occur when the foundation loads have to be increased or when it is intended to excavate near, or even under, the structure. When the top of the foundation is inaccessible, as is the case with underwater bridge piers, the Parallel Seismic method can be used to determine the deep foundations’ depth. The method is also applicable in cases where the foundation top can be reached, but the foundation element is not testable by the Low Strain Impact Integrity Testing Method (ASTM D5882) due to the foundation type (such as diaphragm and secant-pile walls, H-piles and sheet piles) or excessive foundation slenderness.  
5.2 Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing and inspection. However, users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results since the proper conduct and evaluation of parallel seismic tests requires training, special knowledge and experience. A suitably qualified engineer shall plan and supervise the acquisition of field data and the interpretation of the test results.
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1.1 The test Methods described in this standard are used to measure the depth of vertical deep foundation elements including micropiles, driven piles (prefabricated or cast in-situ), bored piles, secant or tangent pile walls, caissons, barrettes, diaphragm walls and sheet pile walls. It is applicable where the top of the said foundation element (in the following also named “pile”) cannot be exposed for testing and other testing methods such as ASTM D5882 or D6760 cannot be used.  
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for measuring the depth of deep foundations. Plans, specifications, and/or provisions may provide additional requirements and methods as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program.  
1.3 This standard provides the following test methods:  
1.3.1 Method “A” using a vertical access tube adjacent to the deep foundation.  
1.3.2 Method “B” using a seismic cone inserted into the ground adjacent to the deep foundation.  
1.4 Apparati and Methods herein designated “optional” may produce different a different kind of test results or additional information and may be used only when approved by the engineer responsible for the test.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.7 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.8 The methods used to specify how data are collected, recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The methods used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special-purpose studies or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis.  
1.9 This standard offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Field tests provide the most reliable relationship between the axial load applied to a deep foundation and the resulting axial movement. Test results may also provide information used to assess the distribution of side shear resistance along the element, the amount of end bearing developed at the element toe, and the long-term load-deflection behavior. The engineer may evaluate the test results to determine if, after applying appropriate factors, the element or group of elements has a static capacity, load response and a deflection at service load satisfactory to support the foundation. When performed as part of a multiple-element test program, the engineer may also use the results to assess the viability of different sizes and types of foundation elements and the variability of the test site.  
5.2 If feasible, and without exceeding the safe structural load on the element or element cap (hereinafter unless otherwise indicated, “element” and “element group” are interchangeable as appropriate), the maximum load applied should reach a failure load from which the engineer may determine the axial static compressive load capacity of the element. Tests that achieve a failure load may help the engineer improve the efficiency of the foundation design by reducing the foundation element length, quantity, or size.  
5.3 If deemed impractical to apply axial test loads to an inclined element, the engineer may elect to use axial test results from a nearby vertical element to evaluate the axial capacity of the inclined element. Or, the engineer may elect to use a bi-directional axial test on an inclined element (Test Methods D8169).
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/ inspection/and the like. Users of ...
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1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the axial deflection of an individual vertical or inclined deep foundation element or group of elements when loaded in static axial compression. These methods apply to all types of deep foundations, or deep foundation systems as they are practical to test. The individual components of which are referred to herein as elements that function as, or in a manner similar to, drilled shafts, cast-in-place piles (augered cast-in-place piles, barrettes, and slurry walls), driven piles, such as pre-cast concrete piles, timber piles or steel sections (steel pipes or wide flange beams) or any number of other element types, regardless of their method of installation. Although the test methods may be used for testing single elements or element groups, the test results may not represent the long-term performance of the entire deep foundation system.  
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for testing deep foundation elements under static axial compressive load. Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in charge of the foundation design referred to herein as the engineer, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard. (Exception: the test load applied to the testing apparatus shall not exceed the rated capacity established by the engineer who designed the testing apparatus).  
1.3 Apparatus and procedures herein designated “optional” may produce different test results and may be used only when approved by the engineer. The word “shall” indicates a mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions.  
1.4 A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the test results obtai...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Based on the measurements of force and displacement at the pile top, possibly combined with those from accelerometers or strain transducers located further down the pile, these test methods measure the pile top deflection in response to an axial compressive force pulse. The relatively long duration of the force pulse compared to the natural period of the test pile causes the pile to compress and translate approximately as a unit during a portion of the pulse, simultaneously mobilizing compressive axial static resistance and dynamic resistance at all points along the length of the pile for that portion of the test.  
4.2 The compressive axial static resistance is derived from the test data and is therefore an indirect result. Test Method D1143/D1143M provides a direct and therefore more reliable measurement of static resistance.  
4.3 The Engineer should ensure that the test as specified will generate the required peak force to meet the purpose of the test. In case that purpose is to establish geotechnical failure, the Engineer should also ensure that peak force results in significant permanent axial movement during the axial force pulse event.  
4.4 The Engineer may analyze the acquired data using engineering principles and judgment to evaluate the performance of the force pulse apparatus, and the characteristics of the pile's response to the force pulse loading. This analysis typically includes a reduction factor to account for the loading rate effect, that is, additional load resistance that occurs as a result of a faster rate of loading than used during a static test. Test results from piles installed in cohesive soils generally require a greater reduction. The Engineer should determine how the type, size, and shape of the pile, and the properties of the soil or rock beneath and adjacent to the pile, affect the rate-of-loading reduction factors and the amount of movement required to mobilize and accurately assess the static resistance by eliminating the dy...
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1.1 These test methods, commonly referred to as Rapid Load Testing, cover procedures for testing an individual vertical or inclined deep foundation element to determine the displacement response to an axial compressive force pulse applied at its top. These non-static foundation test methods apply to all deep foundation units, referred to herein as “piles,” that function in a manner similar to driven or cast-in-place piles, regardless of their method of installation.  
1.2 Two alternative procedures are provided:  
1.2.1 Procedure A uses a combustion gas pressure apparatus to produce the required axial compressive force pulse.  
1.2.2 Procedure B uses a cushioned drop mass apparatus to produce the required axial compressive force pulse.  
1.3 This standard provides minimum requirements for testing deep foundations under an axial compressive force pulse. Plans, specifications, provisions (or combinations thereof) prepared by a qualified engineer, may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular deep foundation test program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the “Engineer,” shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard.  
1.4 The proper conduct and evaluation of the test requires special knowledge and experience. A qualified engineer should directly supervise the acquisition of field data and the interpretation of the test results so as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of deep foundations used in the constructed foundation. A qualified engineer shall approve the apparatus used for applying the force pulse, rigging and hoisting equipment, support frames, templates, and test procedures.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The bi-directional axial compressive load test provides separate, direct measurements of the pile side shear mobilized above an embedded jack assembly and the pile end bearing plus any side shear mobilized below the jack assembly. The maximum mobilized pile resistance equals two times the maximum load applied by the jack assembly. Test results may also provide information used to assess the distribution of side shear resistance along the pile, the amount of end bearing mobilized at the pile bottom, and the long-term load-displacement behavior.  
4.2 The specified maximum test load should be consistent with the engineer’s desired test outcome. For permanent (working) piles, the engineer may require that the magnitude of applied test load be limited in order to measure the pile movement at a predetermined proof load as part of a quality control or quality assurance program. Tests that attempt to fully mobilize the axial compressive resistance of the test pile may allow the engineer to improve the efficiency of the pile design by reducing the piling length, quantity, or size.  
4.3 The engineer and other interested parties may analyze the results of a bi-directional axial compressive load test to estimate the load versus movement behavior and the pile capacity that would be measured during axial static compressive or tensile loading applied at the pile top (see Notes 1-3). Factors that may affect the pile response to axial static loading during a static test include, but are not limited to the:  
(1) pile installation equipment and procedures,
(2) elapsed time since initial installation,
(3) pile material properties and dimensions,
(4) type, density, strength, stratification, and groundwater conditions both adjacent to and beneath the pile,
(5) test procedure,
(6) prior load cycles.
Note 1: To estimate the load displacement curve for the pile as if it were loaded in compression at the top (as in Test Methods D1143/D1143M), the engineer may use strain...
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1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the axial displacement of a single, deep foundation element when loaded in bi-directional static axial compression using an embedded bi-directional jack assembly. These methods apply to all deep foundations, referred to herein as “piles,” which function in a manner similar to driven piles, cast in place piles, or barrettes, regardless of their method of installation. The test results may not represent the long-term performance of a deep foundation.  
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for testing deep foundations under bi-directional static axial compressive load. Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the engineer, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard.  
1.3 This standard provides the following test procedures:    
Procedure A  
Quick Test  
9.2.1  
Procedure B  
Extended Test (optional)  
9.2.2  
1.4 Apparatus and procedures herein designated “optional” may produce different test results and may be used only when approved by the engineer. The word “shall” indicates a mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions.  
1.5 The engineer may use the results obtained from the test procedures in this standard to predict the actual performance and adequacy of piles used in the constructed foundation. See Appendix X1 for comments regarding some of the factors influencing the interpretation of test results.  
1.6 A qualified engineer (specialty engineer, not to be confused with the foundation engineer as defined above) shall design and approve the load test configuration and test proc...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method obtains the force and velocity induced in a pile during an axial impact event (see Figs. 1 and 2). Force and velocity are typically derived from measured strain and acceleration. The Engineer may analyze the acquired data using engineering principles and judgment to evaluate the integrity of the pile, the performance of the impact system, and the maximum compressive and tensile stresses occurring in the pile.
FIG. 2 Typical Arrangement for High-Strain Dynamic Testing of a Deep Foundation  
4.2 If sufficient axial movement occurs during the impact event, and after assessing the resulting dynamic soil response along the side and bottom of the pile, the Engineer may analyze the results of a high-strain dynamic test to estimate the ultimate axial static compression capacity (see Note 1). Factors that may affect the axial static capacity estimated from dynamic tests include, but are not limited to the:  
(1) pile installation equipment and procedures,
(2) elapsed time since initial installation,
(3) pile material properties and dimensions,
(4) type, density, strength, stratification, and saturation of the soil, or rock, or both adjacent to and beneath the pile,
(5) quality or type of dynamic test data,
(6) foundation settlement,
(7) analysis method, and
(8) engineering judgment and experience.  
If the Engineer does not have adequate previous experience with these factors, and with the analysis of dynamic test data, then a static load test carried out according to Test Method D1143/D1143M should be used to verify estimates of static capacity and its distribution along the pile length. Test Method D1143/D1143M provides a direct and more reliable measurement of static capacity.
Note 1: The analysis of a dynamic test will under predict the ultimate axial static compression capacity if the pile movement during the impact event is too small. The Engineer should determine how the size and shape of the pile, and the properties of the s...
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1.1 This dynamic test method covers the procedure for applying an axial impact force with a pile driving hammer or a large drop weight that will cause a relatively high strain at the top of an individual vertical or inclined deep foundation unit, and for measuring the subsequent force and velocity response of that deep foundation unit. While in this standard force and velocity are referenced as “measured,” they are typically derived from measured strain and acceleration values. High-strain dynamic testing applies to any deep foundation unit, also referred to herein as a “pile,” which functions in a manner similar to a driven pile or a cast-in-place pile regardless of the method of installation, and which conforms with the requirements of this test method.  
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for dynamic testing of deep foundations. Plans, specifications, or provisions (or combinations thereof) prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the “Engineer”, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard.  
1.3 The proper conduct and evaluation of high-strain dynamic tests requires special knowledge and experience. A qualified engineer should directly supervise the acquisition of field data and the interpretation of the test results so as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of deep foundations used in the constructed foundation. A qualified engineer shall approve the apparatus used for applying the impact force, driving appurtenances, test rigging, hoist equipment, support frames, templates, and test procedures.  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figure...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method uses data from ultrasonic probes lowered into parallel access ducts, or in a single access duct, in the deep foundation element to assess the homogeneity and integrity of concrete between the probes. The data are used to confirm adequate concrete quality or identify zones of poor quality. If defects are detected, then further investigations should be made by excavation or coring the concrete as appropriate, or by other testing such as Test Method D1143, D4945 or D5882, and measures taken to remediate the structure if a defect is confirmed.  
5.2 Limitations:  
5.2.1 For crosshole tests, the access ducts should preferably be made of steel to prevent debonding of the access duct from the concrete resulting in an anomaly. This test can assess to the integrity of the concrete mainly in the area bounded by the access ducts, which means typically inside the reinforcement cage.  
5.2.2 For single hole tests the access tubes must be plastic tubes. Testing should therefore be performed as soon as practical in order to avoid debonding issues. Since the generated waves travel through the concrete around the access duct, unless a flaw is massive enough and very near to the access duct it may not be detected by this method.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing and inspection. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
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1.1 This test method covers procedures for checking the homogeneity and integrity of concrete in deep foundation such as bored piles, drilled shafts, concrete piles or augercast piles. This method can also be extended to diaphragm walls, barrettes, dams etc. In this test method, all the above will be designated “deep foundation elements.” The test measures the propagation time and relative energy of an ultrasonic pulse between parallel access ducts (crosshole) or in a single tube (single hole) installed in the deep foundation element. This method is most applicable when performed in tubes that are installed during construction.  
1.2 Similar techniques with different excitation sources exist, but these techniques are outside the scope of this test method.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this test method is not directly related to the accuracy to which data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.  
1.5 This standard provides minimum requirements for crosshole (or single hole) testing of concrete deep foundation elements. Plans, specifications, provisions, or combinations thereof prepared by a qualified engineer, and approved by the agency requiring the test(s), may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program.  
1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 Limitations—Proper installation of the access ducts is essential for effective testing and interpretation. The method does not give the exact type of flaw (for example, inclusion, honeycombing, lack of cement particles, etc....

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Low strain impact integrity testing provides acceleration or velocity and force (optional) data on slender structural elements (that is, structural columns, driven concrete piles, cast in place concrete piles, concrete filled steel pipe piles, timber piles, etc.). The method works best on solid concrete sections, and has limited application to unfilled steel pipe piles, H piles, or steel sheet piles. These data assist evaluation of the pile cross-sectional area and length, the pile integrity and continuity, as well as consistency of the pile material, although evaluation is approximate. This test method will not provide information regarding the pile bearing capacity. It is generally helpful to consider the soil profile, construction method and site records when evaluating data obtained by this method. Other useful information to consider and compare with results of this test includes low strain integrity test results of similar piles at the same site, concrete cylinder or core strength test results, automated monitoring data on equipment placing the concrete when augered piles are used, or information obtained from crosshole sonic logging (Test Method D6760) or thermal integrity profiling (Test Methods D7949) if available.  
4.1.1 Methods of Testing:  
4.1.1.1 Pulse Echo Method (PEM)—The pile head motion is measured as a function of time. The time domain record is then evaluated for pile integrity.
4.1.1.2 Transient Response Method (TRM)—The pile head motion and force (measured with an instrumented hammer) are measured as a function of time. The data are evaluated usually in the frequency domain.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the integrity of individual vertical or inclined piles by measuring and analyzing the velocity (required) and force (optional) response of the pile induced by an (hand held hammer or other similar type) impact device usually applied axially and perpendicularly to the pile head surface. This test method is applicable to long structural elements that function in a manner similar to any deep foundation units (such as driven piles, augeured piles, or drilled shafts), regardless of their method of installation provided that they are receptive to low strain impact testing.  
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for low strain impact testing of piles. Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer, and approved by the agency requiring the test(s), may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.6 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.  
1.7 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: he quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method uses data from ultrasonic probes lowered into parallel access ducts, or in a single access duct, in the deep foundation element to assess the homogeneity and integrity of concrete between the probes. The data are used to confirm adequate concrete quality or identify zones of poor quality. If defects are detected, then further investigations should be made by excavation or coring the concrete as appropriate, or by other testing such as Test Method D1143, D4945 or D5882, and measures taken to remediate the structure if a defect is confirmed.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing and inspection. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for checking the homogeneity and integrity of concrete in deep foundation such as bored piles, drilled shafts, concrete piles or augercast piles. This method can also be extended to diaphragm walls, barrettes, dams etc. In this test method, all the above will be designated “deep foundation elements.” The test measures the propagation time and relative energy of an ultrasonic pulse between parallel access ducts (crosshole) or in a single tube (single hole) installed in the deep foundation element. This method is most applicable when performed in tubes that are installed during construction.  
1.2 Similar techniques with different excitation sources exist, but these techniques are outside the scope of this test method.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.  
1.4 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this test method is not directly related to the accuracy to which data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.  
1.5 This standard provides minimum requirements for crosshole (or single hole) testing of concrete deep foundation elements. Plans, specifications, provisions, or combinations thereof prepared by a qualified engineer, and approved by the agency requiring the test(s), may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program.  
1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 Limitations—Proper installation of the access ducts is essential for effective testing and interpretation. The method does not give the exact type of defect (for example, inclusion, honeycombing, lack of cement particles, etc.) but rather only that a defect exists. The method is limited primarily to testing the concrete between the access ducts and thus gives little information about the concrete outside the reinforcement cage to which the access ducts are attached when the tubes are attached to the inside of the reinforcement cage.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associa...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Low strain impact integrity testing provides acceleration or velocity and force (optional) data on slender structural elements (that is, structural columns, driven concrete piles, cast in place concrete piles, concrete filled steel pipe piles, timber piles, etc.). The method works best on solid concrete sections, and has limited application to unfilled steel pipe piles, H piles, or steel sheet piles. These data assist evaluation of pile integrity and pile physical dimensions (that is, cross-sectional area, length), continuity, and consistency of the pile material, although evaluation is approximate and not exact. This test method will not give information regarding the pile bearing capacity.  
4.1.1 Methods of Testing:
4.1.1.1 Pulse Echo Method (PEM)—The pile head motion is measured as a function of time. The time domain record is then evaluated for pile integrity.
4.1.1.2 Transient Response Method (TRM)—The pile head motion and force (measured with an instrumented hammer) are measured as a function of time. The data are evaluated usually in the frequency domain.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the integrity of individual vertical or inclined piles by measuring and analyzing the velocity (required) and force (optional) response of the pile induced by an (hand held hammer or other similar type) impact device usually applied axially and perpendicularly to the pile head surface. This test method is applicable to long structural elements that function in a manner similar to any deep foundation units (such as driven piles, augeured piles, or drilled shafts), regardless of their method of installation provided that they are receptive to low strain impact testing.  
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for low strain impact testing of piles. Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer, and approved by the agency requiring the test(s), may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.6 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.  
1.7 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1—he quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/ inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Field tests provide the most reliable relationship between the lateral load applied to a deep foundation and the resulting lateral movement. Test results may also provide information used to assess the distribution of lateral resistance along the pile shaft and the long-term load-deflection behavior. A foundation designer may evaluate the test results to determine if, after applying an appropriate factor of safety, the pile or pile group has an ultimate lateral capacity and a deflection at service load satisfactory to satisfy specific foundation requirements. When performed as part of a multiple-pile test program, the designer may also use the results to assess the viability of different piling types and the variability of the test site.  
4.2 The analysis of lateral test results obtained using proper instrumentation helps the foundation designer characterize the variation of pile-soil interaction properties, such as the coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, to estimate bending stresses and lateral deflection over the length of the pile for use in the structural design of the pile.  
4.3 If feasible, without exceeding the safe structural load on the pile(s) or pile cap, the maximum load applied should reach a failure load from which the engineer may determine the ultimate lateral load capacity of the pile(s). Tests that achieve a failure load may help the designer improve the efficiency of the foundation by reducing the piling length, quantity, or size.  
4.4 If deemed impractical to apply lateral test loads to an inclined pile, the engineer may elect to use lateral test results from a nearby vertical pile to evaluate the lateral capacity of the inclined pile. Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective test...
SCOPE
1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the lateral deflection of a vertical or inclined deep foundation when subjected to lateral loading. These methods apply to all deep foundations, referred to herein as “pile(s),” that function in a manner similar to driven piles or cast in place piles, regardless of their method of installation, and may be used for testing single piles or pile groups. The test results may not represent the long-term performance of a deep foundation.  
1.2 These test methods provide minimum requirements for testing deep foundations under lateral load. Plans, specifications, provisions, or combinations thereof prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the engineer, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of these test methods.  
1.3 These test methods allow the following test procedures:    
Procedure  
Test  
Section  
A  
Standard Loading  
8.1.2  
B  
Excess Loading (Optional)  
8.1.3  
C  
Cyclic Loading (Optional)  
8.1.4  
D  
Surge Loading (Optional)  
8.1.5  
E  
Reverse Loading (Optional)  
8.1.6  
F  
Reciprocal Loading (Optional)  
8.1.7  
G  
Specified Lateral Movement (Optional)  
8.1.8  
H  
Combined Loading (Optional)  
8.1.9
1.4 Apparatus and procedures herein designated “optional” may produce different test results and may be used only when approved by the engineer. The word “shall” indicates a mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions.  
1.5 A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the test results obtained from the procedures of these test methods so as to predict the actual performance and adeq...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Field tests provide the most reliable relationship between the axial load applied to a deep foundation and the resulting axial movement. Test results may also provide information used to assess the distribution of side shear resistance along the pile shaft, the amount of end bearing developed at the pile toe, and the long-term load-deflection behavior. A foundation designer may evaluate the test results to determine if, after applying an appropriate factor of safety, the pile or pile group has an ultimate static capacity and a deflection at service load satisfactory to support a specific foundation. When performed as part of a multiple-pile test program, the designer may also use the results to assess the viability of different piling types and the variability of the test site.  
4.2 If feasible, without exceeding the safe structural load on the pile(s) or pile cap, the maximum load applied should reach a failure load from which the Engineer may determine the ultimate axial static compressive load capacity of the pile(s). Tests that achieve a failure load may help the designer improve the efficiency of the foundation by reducing the piling length, quantity, or size.  
4.3 If deemed impractical to apply axial test loads to an inclined pile, the Engineer may elect to use axial test results from a nearby vertical pile to evaluate the axial capacity of the inclined pile.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/ inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the axial deflection of a vertical or inclined deep foundation when loaded in static axial compression. These methods apply to all deep foundations, referred to herein as piles, that function in a manner similar to driven piles or cast-in-place piles, regardless of their method of installation, and may be used for testing single piles or pile groups. The test results may not represent the long-term performance of a deep foundation.  
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for testing deep foundations under static axial compressive load. Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the Engineer, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard.  
1.3 This standard allows the following test procedures:    
Procedure A  
Quick Test  
8.1.2  
Procedure B  
Maintained Test (Optional)  
8.1.3  
Procedure C  
Loading in Excess of Maintained Test (Optional)  
8.1.4  
Procedure D  
Constant Time Interval Test (Optional)  
8.1.5  
Procedure E  
Constant Rate of Penetration Test (Optional)  
8.1.6  
Procedure F  
Constant Movement Increment Test (Optional)  
8.1.7  
Procedure G  
Cyclic Loading Test (Optional)  
8.1.8  
1.4 Apparatus and procedures herein designated “optional” may produce different test results and may be used only when approved by the Engineer. The word “shall” indicates a mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions.  
1.5 A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the test results obtained from the procedures of this standard so as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of piles used...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Field tests provide the most reliable relationship between the axial load applied to a deep foundation and the resulting axial movement. Test results may also provide information used to assess the distribution of side shear resistance along the pile shaft and the long-term load-deflection behavior. A foundation designer may evaluate the test results to determine if, after applying an appropriate factor of safety, the pile or pile group has an ultimate static capacity and a deflection at service load satisfactory to support a specific foundation. When performed as part of a multiple-pile test program, the designer may also use the results to assess the viability of different piling types and the variability of the test site.  
4.2 If feasible, without exceeding the safe structural load on the pile(s) or pile cap, the maximum load applied should reach a failure load from which the engineer may determine the ultimate axial static tensile load capacity of the pile(s). Tests that achieve a failure load may help the designer improve the efficiency of the foundation by reducing the piling length, quantity, or size.  
4.3 If deemed impractical to apply axial test loads to an inclined pile, the engineer may elect to use axial test results from a nearby vertical pile to evaluate the axial capacity of the inclined pile. Note 1—The quality of the result produced by these test methods is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of these test methods are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the axial deflection of a vertical or inclined deep foundation when loaded in static axial tension. These methods apply to all deep foundations, referred to herein as “piles,” that function in a manner similar to driven piles or cast in place piles, regardless of their method of installation, and may be used for testing single piles or pile groups. The test results may not represent the long-term performance of a deep foundation.  
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for testing deep foundations under static axial tensile load. Plans, specifications, provisions, or any combination thereof prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the engineer, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard.  
1.3 This standard allows the following test procedures:    
Procedure  
Test  
Section  
A  
Quick Test  
8.1.2  
B  
Maintained Test (optional)  
8.1.3  
C  
Loading in Excess of Maintained Test (optional)  
8.1.4  
D  
Constant Time Interval Test (optional)  
8.1.5  
E  
Constant Rate of Uplift Test (optional)  
8.1.6  
F  
Cyclic Loading Test (optional)  
8.1.7
1.4 Apparatus and procedures herein designated “optional” may produce different test results and may be used only when approved by the engineer. The word “shall” indicates a mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions.  
1.5 A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the test results obtained from the procedures of this standard so as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of piles used in the constructed foundation. See Appendix X1 for comments regarding some of the factors influencing the interpretation of test results.  
1.6 A ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Field tests provide the most reliable relationship between the axial load applied to a deep foundation and the resulting axial movement. Test results may also provide information used to assess the distribution of side shear resistance along the pile shaft, the amount of end bearing developed at the pile toe, and the long-term load-deflection behavior. A foundation designer may evaluate the test results to determine if, after applying an appropriate factor of safety, the pile or pile group has an ultimate static capacity and a deflection at service load satisfactory to support a specific foundation. When performed as part of a multiple-pile test program, the designer may also use the results to assess the viability of different piling types and the variability of the test site.  
4.2 If feasible, without exceeding the safe structural load on the pile(s) or pile cap, the maximum load applied should reach a failure load from which the Engineer may determine the ultimate axial static compressive load capacity of the pile(s). Tests that achieve a failure load may help the designer improve the efficiency of the foundation by reducing the piling length, quantity, or size.  
4.3 If deemed impractical to apply axial test loads to an inclined pile, the Engineer may elect to use axial test results from a nearby vertical pile to evaluate the axial capacity of the inclined pile.Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/ inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the axial deflection of a vertical or inclined deep foundation when loaded in static axial compression. These methods apply to all deep foundations, referred to herein as piles, that function in a manner similar to driven piles or cast-in-place piles, regardless of their method of installation, and may be used for testing single piles or pile groups. The test results may not represent the long-term performance of a deep foundation.  
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for testing deep foundations under static axial compressive load. Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the Engineer, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard.  
1.3 This standard allows the following test procedures:    
Procedure A  
Quick Test  
8.1.2  
Procedure B  
Maintained Test (Optional)  
8.1.3  
Procedure C  
Loading in Excess of Maintained Test (Optional)  
8.1.4  
Procedure D  
Constant Time Interval Test (Optional)  
8.1.5  
Procedure E  
Constant Rate of Penetration Test (Optional)  
8.1.6  
Procedure F  
Constant Movement Increment Test (Optional)  
8.1.7  
Procedure G  
Cyclic Loading Test (Optional)  
8.1.8
1.4 Apparatus and procedures herein designated “optional” may produce different test results and may be used only when approved by the Engineer. The word “shall” indicates a mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions.  
1.5 A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the test results obtained from the procedures of this standard so as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of piles use...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Based on the measurements from strain or force, and acceleration, velocity, or displacement transducers, this test method obtains the force and velocity induced in a pile during an axial impact event (see Figs. 1 and 2). The Engineer may analyze the acquired data using engineering principles and judgment to evaluate the integrity of the pile, the performance of the impact system, and the maximum compressive and tensile stresses occurring in the pile.
If sufficient axial movement occurs during the impact event, and after assessing the resulting dynamic soil response along the side and bottom of the pile, the Engineer may analyze the results of a high-strain dynamic test to estimate the ultimate axial static compression capacity (see Note 1). Factors that may affect the axial static capacity estimated from dynamic tests include, but are not limited to the: (1) pile installation equipment and procedures, (2) elapsed time since initial installation, (3) pile material properties and dimensions, (4) type, density, strength, stratification, and saturation of the soil, or rock, or both adjacent to and beneath the pile, (5) quality or type of dynamic test data, (6) foundation settlement, (7) analysis method, and (8) engineering judgment and experience. If the Engineer does not have adequate previous experience with these factors, and with the analysis of dynamic test data, then a static load test carried out according to Test Method D1143/D1143M should be used to verify estimates of static capacity and its distribution along the pile length. Test Method D1143/D1143M provides a direct and more reliable measurement of static capacity.
Note 1—The analysis of a dynamic test will under predict the ultimate axial static compression capacity if the pile movement during the impact event is too small. The Engineer should determine how the size and shape of the pile, and the properties of the soil or rock beneath and adjacent to the pile, affect the amount of movement required to...
SCOPE
1.1 This dynamic test method covers the procedure for applying an axial impact force with a pile driving hammer or a large drop weight that will cause a relatively high strain at the top of an individual vertical or inclined deep foundation unit, and for measuring the subsequent force and velocity response of that deep foundation unit. High-strain dynamic testing applies to any deep foundation unit, also referred to herein as a “pile,” which functions in a manner similar to a driven pile or a cast-in-place pile regardless of the method of installation, and which conforms with the requirements of this test method.
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for dynamic testing of deep foundations. Plans, specifications, or provisions (or combinations thereof) prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the “Engineer”, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard.
1.3 The proper conduct and evaluation of high-strain dynamic tests requires special knowledge and experience. A qualified engineer should directly supervise the acquisition of field data and the interpretation of the test results so as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of deep foundations used in the constructed foundation. A qualified engineer shall approve the apparatus used for applying the impact force, driving appurtenances, test rigging, hoist equipment, support frames, templates, and test procedures.
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. The word “shall” indicates a mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a reco...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Based on the measurements of force and displacement at the pile top, possibly combined with those from acceleration or strain transducers located further down the pile, these test methods measure the pile top deflection in response to an axial compressive force pulse. The relatively long duration of the force pulse compared to the natural period of the test pile causes the pile to compress and translate approximately as a unit during a portion of the pulse, simultaneously mobilizing compressive axial static capacity and dynamic resistance at all points along the length of the pile for that portion of the test. The Engineer may analyze the acquired data using engineering principles and judgment to evaluate the performance of the force pulse apparatus, and the characteristics of the pile's response to the force pulse loading.
If significant permanent axial movement occurs during the axial force pulse event, the Engineer may analyze the results of the test to estimate, after assessing inertial effects and the dynamic soil and rock response along the side and bottom of the pile, the ultimate axial static compression capacity (see Note 2). The scope of this standard does not include analysis for either ultimate or design foundation capacity. Factors that may affect the axial static capacity estimated from force pulse tests include, but are not limited to, the: (1) pile installation equipment and procedures, (2) elapsed time since initial installation, (3) pile material properties and dimensions, (4) type, density, strength, stratification, and saturation of the soil, or rock, or both adjacent to and beneath the pile, (5) quality of force pulse test data, (6) foundation settlement, (7) analysis method, and (8) engineering judgment and experience. If the Engineer does not have adequate previous experience with these factors, and with the analysis of force pulse test data, then a static load test carried out according to Test Method D1143 should be used to verify estimate...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for testing an individual vertical or inclined deep foundation to determine the displacement response to an axial compressive force pulse applied at its top. These test methods apply to all deep foundation units, referred to herein as “piles,” that function in a manner similar to driven or cast-in-place piles, regardless of their method of installation.
1.2 Two alternative procedures are provided:
1.2.1 Procedure A uses a combustion gas pressure apparatus to produce the required axial compressive force pulse.
1.2.2 Procedure B uses a cushioned drop mass apparatus to produce the required axial compressive force pulse.  
1.3 This standard provides minimum requirements for testing deep foundations under an axial compressive force pulse. Plans, specifications, provisions (or combinations thereof) prepared by a qualified engineer, may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular deep foundation test program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the “Engineer,” shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard.  
1.4 The proper conduct and evaluation of force pulse testing requires special knowledge and experience. A qualified engineer should directly supervise the acquisition of field data and the interpretation of the test results so as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of deep foundations used in the constructed foundation. A qualified engineer shall approve the apparatus used for applying the force pulse, rigging and hoisting equipment, support frames, templates, and test procedures.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. The word “shall” indica...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Based on the measurements of force and displacement at the pile top, possibly combined with those from acceleration or strain transducers located further down the pile, these test methods measure the pile top deflection in response to an axial compressive force pulse. The relatively long duration of the force pulse compared to the natural period of the test pile causes the pile to compress and translate approximately as a unit during a portion of the pulse, simultaneously mobilizing compressive axial static capacity and dynamic resistance at all points along the length of the pile for that portion of the test. The Engineer may analyze the acquired data using engineering principles and judgment to evaluate the performance of the force pulse apparatus, and the characteristics of the pile's response to the force pulse loading.
If significant permanent axial movement occurs during the axial force pulse event, the Engineer may analyze the results of the test to estimate, after assessing inertial effects and the dynamic soil and rock response along the side and bottom of the pile, the ultimate axial static compression capacity (see Note 2). The scope of this standard does not include analysis for either ultimate or design foundation capacity. Factors that may affect the axial static capacity estimated from force pulse tests include, but are not limited to, the: (1) pile installation equipment and procedures, (2) elapsed time since initial installation, (3) pile material properties and dimensions, (4) type, density, strength, stratification, and saturation of the soil, or rock, or both adjacent to and beneath the pile, (5) quality of force pulse test data, (6) foundation settlement, (7) analysis method, and (8) engineering judgment and experience. If the Engineer does not have adequate previous experience with these factors, and with the analysis of force pulse test data, then a static load test carried out according to Test Method D 1143 should be used to verify estimat...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for testing an individual vertical or inclined deep foundation to determine the displacement response to an axial compressive force pulse applied at its top. These test methods apply to all deep foundation units, referred to herein as “piles,” that function in a manner similar to driven or cast-in-place piles, regardless of their method of installation.
1.2 Two alternative procedures are provided:
1.2.1 Procedure A uses a combustion gas pressure apparatus to produce the required axial compressive force pulse.
1.2.2 Procedure B uses a cushioned drop mass apparatus to produce the required axial compressive force pulse.  
1.3 This standard provides minimum requirements for testing deep foundations under an axial compressive force pulse. Plans, specifications, provisions (or combinations thereof) prepared by a qualified engineer, may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular deep foundation test program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the “Engineer”, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard.  
1.4 The proper conduct and evaluation of force pulse testing requires special knowledge and experience. A qualified engineer should directly supervise the acquisition of field data and the interpretation of the test results so as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of deep foundations used in the constructed foundation. A qualified engineer shall approve the apparatus used for applying the force pulse, rigging and hoisting equipment, support frames, templates, and test procedures.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. The word “shall” indica...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Based on the measurements from strain or force, and acceleration, velocity, or displacement transducers, this test method obtains the force and velocity induced in a pile during an axial impact event (see Figs. 1 and 2). The Engineer may analyze the acquired data using engineering principles and judgment to evaluate the integrity of the pile, the performance of the impact system, and the maximum compressive and tensile stresses occurring in the pile.
If sufficient axial movement occurs during the impact event, and after assessing the resulting dynamic soil response along the side and bottom of the pile, the Engineer may analyze the results of a high-strain dynamic test to estimate the ultimate axial static compression capacity (see Note 1). Factors that may affect the axial static capacity estimated from dynamic tests include, but are not limited to the: (1) pile installation equipment and procedures, (2) elapsed time since initial installation, (3) pile material properties and dimensions, (4) type, density, strength, stratification, and saturation of the soil, or rock, or both adjacent to and beneath the pile, (5) quality or type of dynamic test data, (6) foundation settlement, (7) analysis method, and (8) engineering judgment and experience. If the Engineer does not have adequate previous experience with these factors, and with the analysis of dynamic test data, then a static load test carried out according to Test Method D 1143 should be used to verify estimates of static capacity and its distribution along the pile length. Test Method D 1143 provides a direct and more reliable measurement of static capacity.
Note 1—The analysis of a dynamic test will under predict the ultimate axial static compression capacity if the pile movement during the impact event is too small. The Engineer should determine how the size and shape of the pile, and the properties of the soil or rock beneath and adjacent to the pile, affect the amount of movement required to fully mobil...
SCOPE
1.1 This dynamic test method covers the procedure for applying an axial impact force with a pile driving hammer or a large drop weight that will cause a relatively high strain at the top of an individual vertical or inclined deep foundation unit, and for measuring the subsequent force and velocity response of that deep foundation unit. High-strain dynamic testing applies to any deep foundation unit, also referred to herein as a “pile,” which functions in a manner similar to a driven pile or a cast-in-place pile regardless of the method of installation, and which conforms with the requirements of this test method.
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for dynamic testing of deep foundations. Plans, specifications, or provisions (or combinations thereof) prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the “Engineer”, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard.
1.3 The proper conduct and evaluation of high-strain dynamic tests requires special knowledge and experience. A qualified engineer should directly supervise the acquisition of field data and the interpretation of the test results so as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of deep foundations used in the constructed foundation. A qualified engineer shall approve the apparatus used for applying the impact force, driving appurtenances, test rigging, hoist equipment, support frames, templates, and test procedures.
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. The word “shall” indicates a mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a reco...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This method uses data from ultrasonic probes lowered into parallel access ducts, or in a single access duct, in the deep foundation element to assess the homogeneity and integrity of concrete between the probes. The data are used to confirm adequate concrete quality or identify zones of poor quality. If defects are detected, then further investigations should be made by excavation or coring the concrete as appropriate, or by other testing such as Test Method D 1143, D 4945 or D 5882, and measures taken to remediate the structure if a defect is confirmed.
Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing and inspection. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for checking the homogeneity and integrity of concrete in deep foundation such as bored piles, drilled shafts, concrete piles or augercast piles. This method can also be extended to diaphragm walls, barrettes, dams etc. In this test method, all the above will be designated “deep foundation elements.” The test measures the propagation time and relative energy of an ultrasonic pulse between parallel access ducts (crosshole) or in a single tube (single hole) installed in the deep foundation element. This method is most applicable when performed in tubes that are installed during construction.
1.2 Similar techniques with different excitation sources exist, but these techniques are outside the scope of this test method.
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.
1.3.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.
1.4 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this test method is not directly related to the accuracy to which data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.
1.5 This standard provides minimum requirements for crosshole (or single hole) testing of concrete deep foundation elements. Plans, specifications, provisions, or combinations thereof prepared by a qualified engineer, and approved by the agency requiring the test(s), may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program.  
1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 Limitations—Proper installation of the access ducts is essential for effective testing and interpretation. The method does not give the exact type of defect (for example, inclusion, honeycombing, lack of cement particles, etc.) but rather only that a defect exists. The method is limited primarily to testing the concrete between the access ducts and thus gives little information about the concrete outside the reinforcement cage to which the access ducts are attached when the tubes are attached to the inside of the reinforcement cage.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated w...

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1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the lateral deflection of a vertical or inclined deep foundation when subjected to lateral loading. These methods apply to all deep foundations, referred to herein as "pile(s)," that function in a manner similar to driven piles or cast in place piles, regardless of their method of installation, and may be used for testing single piles or pile groups. The test results may not represent the long-term performance of a deep foundation.
1.2 These test methods provide minimum requirements for testing deep foundations under lateral load. Plans, specifications, provisions, or combinations thereof prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the engineer, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of these test methods.
1.3 These test methods allow the following test procedures:
1.4 Apparatus and procedures herein designated "optional" may produce different test results and may be used only when approved by the engineer. The word "shall" indicates a mandatory provision, and the word "should" indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions.
1.5 A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the test results obtained from the procedures of these test methods so as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of piles used in the constructed foundation. See for comments regarding some of the factors influencing the interpretation of test results.
1.6 A qualified engineer shall design and approve all loading apparatus, loaded members, support frames, and test procedures. The text of these test methods references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the test methods. These test methods also include illustrations and appendices intended only for explanatory or advisory use.
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.8 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations are involved.
1.9 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.
1.10 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in these test methods is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.
1.11 ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Field tests provide the most reliable relationship between the axial load applied to a deep foundation and the resulting axial movement. Test results may also provide information used to assess the distribution of side shear resistance along the pile shaft and the long-term load-deflection behavior. A foundation designer may evaluate the test results to determine if, after applying an appropriate factor of safety, the pile or pile group has an ultimate static capacity and a deflection at service load satisfactory to support a specific foundation. When performed as part of a multiple-pile test program, the designer may also use the results to assess the viability of different piling types and the variability of the test site.
If feasible, without exceeding the safe structural load on the pile(s) or pile cap, the maximum load applied should reach a failure load from which the engineer may determine the ultimate axial static tensile load capacity of the pile(s). Tests that achieve a failure load may help the designer improve the efficiency of the foundation by reducing the piling length, quantity, or size.
If deemed impractical to apply axial test loads to an inclined pile, the engineer may elect to use axial test results from a nearby vertical pile to evaluate the axial capacity of the inclined pile.
Note 1—The quality of the result produced by these test methods is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of these test methods are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the axial deflection of a vertical or inclined deep foundation when loaded in static axial tension. These methods apply to all deep foundations, referred to herein as "piles," that function in a manner similar to driven piles or cast in place piles, regardless of their method of installation, and may be used for testing single piles or pile groups. The test results may not represent the long-term performance of a deep foundation.
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for testing deep foundations under static axial tensile load. Plans, specifications, provisions, or any combination thereof prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the engineer, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard.
1.3 This standard allows the following test procedures:
1.4 Apparatus and procedures herein designated "optional" may produce different test results and may be used only when approved by the engineer. The word "shall" indicates a mandatory provision, and the word "should" indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions.
1.5 A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the test results obtained from the procedures of this standard so as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of piles used in the constructed foundation. See for comments regarding some of the factors influencing the interpretation of test results.
1.6 A qualified engineer shall design and approve all loading apparatus, loaded members, support frames, and test procedures. The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered requirements of the standard. This standard also includes illustration...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Low strain impact integrity testing provides acceleration or velocity and force (optional) data on slender structural elements (that is, structural columns, driven concrete piles, cast in place concrete piles, concrete filled steel pipe piles, timber piles, etc.). The method works best on solid concrete sections, and has limited application to unfilled steel pipe piles, H piles, or steel sheet piles. These data assist evaluation of pile integrity and pile physical dimensions (that is, cross-sectional area, length), continuity, and consistency of the pile material, although evaluation is approximate and not exact. This test method will not give information regarding the pile bearing capacity.
4.1.1 Methods of Testing  
4.1.1.1 Pulse Echo Method (PEM)—The pile head motion is measured as a function of time. The time domain record is then evaluated for pile integrity.
4.1.1.2 Transient Response Method (TRM)—The pile head motion and force (measured with an instrumented hammer) are measured as a function of time. The data are evaluated usually in the frequency domain.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the integrity of individual vertical or inclined piles by measuring and analyzing the velocity (required) and force (optional) response of the pile induced by an (hand held hammer or other similar type) impact device usually applied axially and perpendicularly to the pile head surface. This test method is applicable to long structural elements that function in a manner similar to any deep foundation units (such as driven piles, augeured piles, or drilled shafts), regardless of their method of installation provided that they are receptive to low strain impact testing.
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for low strain impact testing of piles. Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer, and approved by the agency requiring the test(s), may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program.
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.
1.6 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.
This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1
he quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Field tests provide the most reliable relationship between the axial load applied to a deep foundation and the resulting axial movement. Test results may also provide information used to assess the distribution of side shear resistance along the pile shaft, the amount of end bearing developed at the pile toe, and the long-term load-deflection behavior. A foundation designer may evaluate the test results to determine if, after applying an appropriate factor of safety, the pile or pile group has an ultimate static capacity and a deflection at service load satisfactory to support a specific foundation. When performed as part of a multiple-pile test program, the designer may also use the results to assess the viability of different piling types and the variability of the test site.
If feasible, without exceeding the safe structural load on the pile(s) or pile cap, the maximum load applied should reach a failure load from which the Engineer may determine the ultimate axial static compressive load capacity of the pile(s). Tests that achieve a failure load may help the designer improve the efficiency of the foundation by reducing the piling length, quantity, or size.
If deemed impractical to apply axial test loads to an inclined pile, the Engineer may elect to use axial test results from a nearby vertical pile to evaluate the axial capacity of the inclined pile.
Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/ inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the axial deflection of a vertical or inclined deep foundation when loaded in static axial compression. These methods apply to all deep foundations, referred to herein as piles, that function in a manner similar to driven piles or castinplace piles, regardless of their method of installation, and may be used for testing single piles or pile groups. The test results may not represent the long-term performance of a deep foundation.
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for testing deep foundations under static axial compressive load. Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the Engineer, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard.  
1.3 This standard allows the following test procedures:  Procedure AQuick Test  Procedure BMaintained Test (optional) Procedure CLoading in Excess of Maintained Test (optional) Procedure DConstant Time Interval Test (optional)  Procedure EConstant Rate of Penetration Test (optional) Procedure FConstant Movement Increment Test (optional)  Procedure GCyclic Loading Test (optional)  
1.4 Apparatus and procedures herein designated “optional” may produce different test results and may be used only when approved by the Engineer. The word “shall” indicates a mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions.  
1.5 A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the test results obtained from the procedures of this standard so as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of piles used in the constructed foundation. See Appendix X1 for comments regarding some of the factors influencing the interpretation of test result...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Field tests provide the most reliable relationship between the axial load applied to a deep foundation and the resulting axial movement. Test results may also provide information used to assess the distribution of side shear resistance along the pile shaft, the amount of end bearing developed at the pile toe, and the long-term load-deflection behavior. A foundation designer may evaluate the test results to determine if, after applying an appropriate factor of safety, the pile or pile group has an ultimate static capacity and a deflection at service load satisfactory to support a specific foundation. When performed as part of a multiple-pile test program, the designer may also use the results to assess the viability of different piling types and the variability of the test site.
If feasible, without exceeding the safe structural load on the pile(s) or pile cap, the maximum load applied should reach a failure load from which the Engineer may determine the ultimate axial static compressive load capacity of the pile(s). Tests that achieve a failure load may help the designer improve the efficiency of the foundation by reducing the piling length, quantity, or size.
If deemed impractical to apply axial test loads to an inclined pile, the Engineer may elect to use axial test results from a nearby vertical pile to evaluate the axial capacity of the inclined pile.
Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/ inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the axial deflection of a vertical or inclined deep foundation when loaded in static axial compression. These methods apply to all deep foundations, referred to herein as piles, that function in a manner similar to driven piles or castinplace piles, regardless of their method of installation, and may be used for testing single piles or pile groups. The test results may not represent the long-term performance of a deep foundation.
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for testing deep foundations under static axial compressive load. Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the Engineer, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard.  
1.3 This standard allows the following test procedures:  Procedure AQuick Test  Procedure BMaintained Test (optional) Procedure CLoading in Excess of Maintained Test (optional) Procedure DConstant Time Interval Test (optional)  Procedure EConstant Rate of Penetration Test (optional) Procedure FConstant Movement Increment Test (optional)  Procedure GCyclic Loading Test (optional)  
1.4 Apparatus and procedures herein designated “optional” may produce different test results and may be used only when approved by the Engineer. The word “shall” indicates a mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions.  
1.5 A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the test results obtained from the procedures of this standard so as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of piles used in the constructed foundation. See Appendix X1 for comments regarding some of the factors influencing the interpretation of test result...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This method uses data from ultrasonic probes lowered into parallel access ducts in the pile or structure to assess the homogeneity and integrity of concrete between the probes. The data are used to confirm adequate concrete quality or identify zones of poor quality. If defects are detected, then further investigations should be made by excavation or coring the concrete as appropriate, or by other testing such as Test Method D 1143, D 4945 or D 5882, and measures taken to remediate the structure if a defect is confirmed.
Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing and inspection. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for checking the homogeneity and integrity of concrete in a deep foundation such as bored piles, drilled shafts, concrete piles or augercast piles. This method can also be extended to diaphragm walls, barrettes, dams etc. The test measures the propagation time and relative energy of an ultrasonic pulse between parallel access ducts installed in the pile or structure. This method is most applicable when performed between tubes that are installed during pile construction.
1.2 Similar techniques with different excitation sources or single access ducts, or both, exist, but these techniques are outside the scope of this test method.
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.
1.3.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.
1.4 LimitationsProper installation of the access ducts is essential for effective testing and interpretation. The method does not give the exact type of defect (for example, inclusion, honeycombing, lack of cement particles, etc.) but rather only that a defect exists. The method is limited primarily to testing the concrete between the access ducts and thus gives little information about the concrete outside the reinforcement cage to which the access ducts are attached when the tubes are attached to the inside of the reinforcement cage.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the integrity of individual vertical or inclined piles by measuring and analyzing the velocity (required) and force (optional) response of the pile induced by an (hand held hammer or other similar type) impact device applied axially to the pile normally at the pile head. This test method is applicable to long structural elements that function in a manner similar to foundation piles, regardless of their method of installation provided that they are receptive to low strain impact testing.  
1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Fig. 1

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used to provide data on strain or force and acceleration, velocity or displacement of a pile under impact force. The data are used to estimate the bearing capacity and the integrity of the pile, as well as hammer performance, pile stresses, and soil dynamics characteristics, such as soil damping coefficients and quake values. This test method is not intended to replace Test Method D 1143.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for testing vertical or batter piles individually to determine the force and velocity response of the pile to an impact force applied axially by a pile driving hammer to the top of the pile. This test method is applicable to deep foundation units that function in a manner similar to foundation piles, regardless of their method of installation provided that they are receptive to high strain impact testing.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see Note 5.  
Note 1--High-strain dynamic testing requires a strain at impact which is representative of a force in the pile having the same order of magnitude, or greater, than the ultimate capacity of the pile.
Note 2--This standard method may be applied for high-strain dynamic testing of piles with the use of only force or strain transducers and/or acceleration, velocity or displacement transducers as long as the test results clearly state how the testing deviates from the standard.
Note 3--A suitable follower may be required for testing cast-in-place concrete piles. This follower should have an impedance within 80 and 150% of that of the pile. However, additional caution and analysis may be required if the impedance is not within 10%. For mandrel driven piles, the mandrel may be instrumented in a similar way to a driven pile provided that the mandrel is constructed of a single member with no joints.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Temperature measurements taken from a thermal probe lowered into access ducts in the deep foundation element, or from embedded thermal sensors distributed along the length, can be used to assess the homogeneity and integrity of concrete both inside and outside the reinforcing cage, as well as placement of the cage relative to the center of the curing concrete.3, 4
Note 4: If flaws are detected, then further evaluation and potential remediation may be warranted to determine if the flaw is a defect. Any interpretation is qualitative and possibly relative to the particular deep foundation element material, construction characteristics of the tested structure, and the apparatus used. Interpretation therefore should contain proper engineering judgment and experience.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods provide procedures for measuring the temperature profile within a deep foundation element constructed using cast-in-place concrete, such as bored piles, drilled shafts, augered piles, diaphragm walls, barrettes, and dams, and alike. The thermal profile induced by the curing concrete can be used to evaluate the homogeneity and integrity of the concrete mass within the deep foundation element.  
1.2 Two alternative procedures are provided:  
1.2.1 Method A uses a thermal probe lowered into access ducts installed in the deep foundation element during construction.  
1.2.2 Method B uses multiple embedded thermal sensors attached to the reinforcing cage installed in the deep foundation element during construction.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.  
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 This standard provides minimum requirements for thermal profiling of concrete deep foundation elements. Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer, and approved by the agency requiring the test, may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes, which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.  
1.7 Limitations—Proper installation of the access ducts or thermal sensors is advised for effective testing and interpretation. If a flaw is detected, then the method does not give the exact type of flaw (for example, inclusion, bulge, honeycombing, lack of cement particles, and alike.) but rather only that a flaw exists. The method is limited primarily to testing the concrete during the early curing process.  
1.8 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of...

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing vertical or batter piles individually or groups of vertical piles to determine response of the pile or pile group to a static compressive load applied axially to the pile or piles within the group. This test method is applicable to all deep foundation units that function in a manner similar to piles regardless of their method of installation. This test method is divided into the following sections:  Section Referenced Documents 2 Apparatus for Applying Loads 3 Apparatus for Measuring Movements 4 Loading Procedures 5 Procedures for Measuring Pile Movements 6 Safety Requirements 7 Report 8 Precision and Bias 9
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  Note 1-Apparatus and procedures designated "optional" are to be required only when included in the project specifications or if not specified, may be used only with the approval of the engineer responsible for the foundation design. The word "shall" indicates a mandatory provision and "should" indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions. Notes, illustrations, and appendixes included herein are explanatory or advisory. Note 2-This test method does not include the interpretation of test results or the application of test results to foundation design. See Appendix XI for comments regarding some of the factors influencing the interpretation of test results. A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the test results for predicting pile performance and capacity. The term "failure" as used in this method indicates rapid progressive settlement of the pile or pile group under a constant load.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers procedures for testing vertical or batter piles individually or groups of vertical piles to determine response of the pile or pile group to a static compressive load applied axially to the pile or piles within the group.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D18 on Soil and Rock, this practice was withdrawn in May 2005 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing vertical and batter piles either individually or in groups to determine the load-defection relationship when subjected to lateral loading. It is applicable to all deep foundation units regardless of their size or method of installation. This test method is divided into the following sections:  Section Referenced Documents 2 Significance and Use 3 Apparatus for Applying Loads 4 Apparatus for Measuring Movements 5 Loading Procedures 6 Procedures for Measuring Movements 7 Safety Requirements 8 Report 9 Precision and Bias 10
1.2 This test method only describes procedures for testing single piles or pile groups. It does not cover the interpretation or analysis of the test results or the application of the test results to foundation design or the use of empirical or analytic procedures for determining the magnitude and variation of the coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, bending stresses, and bending movements over the length of the pile. The term "failure" as used in this test method indicates a rapid progressive lateral movement of the pile or pile group under a constant or decreasing load.  
1.3 Apparatus and procedures designated "optional" are to be required only when included in the project specifications and, if not specified, may be used only with the approval of the engineer responsible for the foundation design. The word "shall" indicates a mandatory provision and "should" indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions. Notes and illustrations included herein are explanatory or advisory.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety precautions, see Section 8.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers procedures for testing vertical and batter piles either individually or in groups to determine the load-defection relationship when subjected to lateral loading.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D18 on Soil and Rock, this test method was discontinued in December 2003.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing vertical or batter piles, individually or in groups, to determine response of the pile or pile group to a static tensile load applied axially to the pile or pile group. This test method is applicable to all deep foundation units that function in a manner similar to piles, regardless of their method of installation. This test method is divided into the following sections:  Section Referenced Documents 2 Significance and Use 3 Apparatus for Applying Loads 4 Apparatus for Measuring Movements 5 Safety Precautions 6 Loading Procedures 7 Procedures for Measuring Movements 8 Report 9 Precision and Bias 10
1.2 This test method only describes procedures for testing single piles or pile groups. It does not cover the interpretation or analysis of the test results or the application of the test results to foundation design. See Appendix X1 for comments regarding some of the factors influencing the interpretation of test results. A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the test results for predicting pile performance and capacity. The term "failure", as used in this test method, indicates a rapid progressive movement of the pile or pile group in the direction of loading under a constant or decreasing load.  
1.3 Apparatus and procedures designated "optional" are to be required only when included in the project specifications and, if not specified, may be used only with the approval of the engineer responsible for the foundation design. The word "shall" indicates a mandatory provision and "should" indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions. Notes and illustrations included herein are explanatory or advisory.  
1.4 Wherever in this test method the term pile is used with reference to the test pile, it shall include test pile groups.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers procedures for testing vertical or batter piles, individually or in groups, to determine response of the pile or pile group to a static tensile load applied axially to the pile or pile group.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D18 on Soil and Rock, this test method was discontinued in December 2003.