C26.14 - Remote Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Remote Viewing Components:  
4.2 The long-term applicability of a remotely operated radiological facility will be greatly affected by the provisions for remote viewing of normal and off-normal operations within the facility. The deployment of remote viewing systems can most efficiently be addressed during the design and construction phases.  
4.2.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide general guidelines for the design and operation of remote viewing equipment to ensure longevity and reliability throughout the period of service.  
4.2.2 It is intended that this guide record the general conditions and practices that experience has shown are necessary to minimize equipment failures and maximize the effectiveness and utility of remote viewing equipment. It is also intended to inform designers and engineers of those features that are highly desirable for the selection of equipment that has proven reliable in high radiation environments.  
4.2.3 This guide is intended as a supplement to other standards, and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of equipment intended for hot cell use.  
4.2.4 This guide is intended to be generic and applies to a wide range of types and configurations of hot cell equipment and remote viewing systems.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:  
1.1.1 This guide establishes the minimum requirements for viewing systems for remotely operated facilities, including hot cells (shielded cells), used for the processing and handling of nuclear and radioactive materials. The intent of this guide is to aid in the design, selection, installation, modification, fabrication, and quality assurance of remote viewing systems to maximize their usefulness and to minimize equipment failures.  
1.1.2 It is intended that this guide record the principles and caveats that experience has shown to be essential to the design, fabrication, installation, maintenance, repair, replacement, and, decontamination and decommissioning of remote viewing equipment capable of meeting the stringent demands of operating, dependably and safely, in a hot cell environment where operator visibility is limited due to the radiation exposure hazards.  
1.1.3 This guide is intended to apply to methods of remote viewing for nuclear applications but may be applicable to any environment where remote operational viewing is desirable.  
1.2 Applicability:  
1.2.1 This guide applies to, but is not limited to, radiation hardened and non-radiation hardened cameras (black-and-white and color), lenses, camera housings and positioners, periscopes, through wall/roof viewing, remotely deployable cameras, crane/robot mounted cameras, endoscope cameras, borescopes, video probes, flexible probes, mirrors, lighting, fiber lighting, and support equipment.  
1.2.2 This guide is intended to be applicable to equipment used under one or more of the following conditions:
1.2.2.1 The remote operation facility that contains a significant radiation hazard to man or the environment.
1.2.2.2 The facility equipment can neither be accessed directly for purposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipment be viewed directly, for example, without shielding viewing windows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system.
1.2.2.3 The facility can be viewed directly but portions of the views are restricted (for example, the back or underside of objects) or where higher magnification or specialized viewing is beneficial.  
1.2.3 The remote viewing equipment may be intended for either long-term application (commonly, in excess of several years) or for short-term usage (for example, troubleshooting). Both types of applications are addressed in sections that follow.  
1.2.4 This guide is not intended to cover the detailed design and application of remote handling connectors for services (for example, electrical, instrumentation, video, etc.).  
1.2.5 The system of units employed in this guide is the metric ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Radiation Shielding Window Components:  
4.1.1 Radiation shielding window components operability and long-term integrity are concerns that originate during the design and fabrication sequences. Such concerns can only be addressed, or are most efficiently addressed, during one or the other of these stages. The operability and integrity can be compromised during handling and installation sequences. For this reason, the subject equipment should be handled and installed under closely controlled and supervised conditions.  
4.1.2 This standard is intended as a supplement to other standards and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of radiation shielding window components.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:  
1.1.1 The intent of this standard is to provide guidance for the design, fabrication, quality assurance, inspection, testing, packaging, shipping, installation, and maintenance of radiation shielding window components. These window components include wall liner embedments, dry lead glass radiation shielding window assemblies, oil-filled lead glass radiation shielding window assemblies, shielding wall plugs, barrier shields, view ports, and the installation/extraction table/device required for the installation and removal of the window components.  
1.2 Applicability:  
1.2.1 This standard is intended for those persons who are tasked with the planning, design, procurement, fabrication, installation, and operation of the radiation shielding window components that may be used in the operation of hot cells, high level caves, mini-cells, canyon facilities, and very high level radiation areas.  
1.2.2 This standard applies to radiation shielding window assemblies used in normal concrete walls, high-density concrete walls, steel walls and lead walls.  
1.2.3 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Common nomenclature for specifying some terms; specifically shielding, uses a combination of metric units and inch-pound units.  
1.2.4 This standard identifies the special information required by the Manufacturer for the design of window components. Table A1.1 shows a sample list of the radiation source spectra and geometry information, typically required for shielding analysis. Table A2.1 shows a detailed sample list of specific data typically required to determine the physical size, glass types, and viewing characteristics of the shielding window, or view port. Annex A3 shows general window configuration sketches. Blank copies of Table A1.2 and Table A2.1 are found in the respective Annexes for the Owner–Operator's use.  
1.2.5 This standard is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of configurations and types of lead glass radiation shielding window components used in hot cells. It does not address glovebox, water, X-ray glass, or zinc bromide windows.  
1.2.6 Supplementary information on viewing systems in hot cells may be found in Guides C1533 and C1661.  
1.3 Caveats:  
1.3.1 Consideration shall be given when preparing the shielding window designs for the safety related issues discussed in the Hazard Sources and Failure Modes, Section 11; such as dielectric discharge, over-pressurization, radiation exposure, contamination, and overturning of the installation/extraction table/device.  
1.3.2 In many cases, the use of the word “shall” has been purposely used in lieu of “should” to stress the importance of the statements that have been made in this standard.  
1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental prac...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Materials handling equipment operability and long-term integrity are concerns that originate during the design and fabrication sequences. Such concerns are most efficiently addressed during one or the other of these stages. Equipment operability and integrity can be compromised during handling and installation sequences. For this reason, the subject equipment should be handled and installed under closely controlled and supervised conditions.  
4.2 This guide is intended as a supplement to other standards (Section 2, Referenced Documents), and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of equipment intended for this use.  
4.3 This guide is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of types and configurations of materials handling equipment.  
4.4 The term materials handling equipment is used herein in a generic sense. It includes manipulators, cranes, carts or bogies, and special equipment for handling tools and material in hot cells.  
4.5 This service imposes stringent requirements on the quality and the integrity of the equipment, as follows:  
4.5.1 Boots and similar protective covers should not restrict movement of the equipment, should be properly sealed to the equipment and should withstand the radiation, cell atmosphere, dust, cell temperatures, chemical exposures, and cleaning and decontamination reagents, and also resist snags and tearing.  
4.5.2 Materials handling equipment should be capable of withstanding rigorous chemical cleaning and decontamination procedures.  
4.5.3 Materials handling equipment should be designed and fabricated to remain dimensionally stable throughout its life cycle.  
4.5.4 Attention to fabrication tolerances is necessary to allow the proper fit-up between components for the proper installation and mounting of materials handling equipment in hot cells, for example, when parts or components are being replaced. Fabrication tolerances should be controlled to provide sufficie...
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:  
1.1.1 This guide covers materials handling equipment used in hot cells (shielded cells) for the processing and handling of nuclear and radioactive materials. The intent of this guide is to aid in the selection and design of materials handling equipment for hot cells in order to minimize equipment failures and maximize the equipment utility.  
1.1.2 It is intended that this guide record the principles and caveats that experience has shown to be essential to the design, fabrication, installation, maintenance, repair, replacement, and decontamination and decommissioning of materials handling equipment capable of meeting the stringent demands of operating, dependably and safely, in a hot cell environment where operator visibility is limited due to the radiation exposure hazards.  
1.1.3 This guide may apply to materials handling equipment in other radioactive remotely operated facilities such as suited entry repair areas and canyons, but does not apply to materials handling equipment used in commercial power reactors.  
1.1.4 This guide covers mechanical master-slave manipulators and electro-mechanical manipulators, but does not cover electro-hydraulic manipulators.  
1.2 Applicability:  
1.2.1 This guide is intended to be applicable to equipment used under one or more of the following conditions:
1.2.1.1 The materials handled or processed constitute a significant radiation hazard to man or to the environment.
1.2.1.2 The equipment will generally be used over a long-term life cycle (for example, in excess of two years), but equipment intended for use over a shorter life cycle is not excluded.
1.2.1.3 The equipment can neither be accessed directly for purposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipment be viewed directly, for example, without shielded viewing windows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system.  
1.3 User Caveats:  
1.3.1 This standard is not a substitute for applied engin...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The purpose of this guide is to establish criteria for the design of gloveboxes as primary confinement systems to ensure the safety of the workers and the protection of the environment when storing, handling, processing, and disposing of both combustible and non-combustible forms of plutonium. The use of this guide will provide the user with guidance to design a successfully performing glovebox system.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines criteria for the design of glovebox systems to be used for the handling of plutonium in any chemical or physical form or isotopic composition or when mixed with other elements or compounds. Not included in the criteria are systems auxiliary to the glovebox systems such as utilities, ventilation, alarm, and waste disposal. Also not addressed are hot cells or open-face hoods.  
1.2 The scope of this guide excludes specific license requirements relating to provisions for criticality prevention, hazards control, safeguards, packaging, and material handling. Observance of this guide does not relieve the user of the obligation to conform to all federal, state, and local regulations for design and construction of glovebox systems.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Mechanical drive systems operability and long-term integrity are concerns that should be addressed primarily during the design phase; however, problems identified during fabrication and testing should be resolved and the changes in the design documented. Equipment operability and integrity can be compromised during handling and installation sequences. For this reason, the subject equipment should be handled and installed under closely controlled and supervised conditions.  
4.2 This standard is intended as a supplement to other standards, and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of equipment intended for this use.  
4.3 This standard is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of types and configurations of mechanical drive systems.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:  
1.1.1 The intent of this standard is to provide general guidelines for the design, selection, quality assurance, installation, operation, and maintenance of mechanical drive systems used in remote hot cell environments. The term mechanical drive systems used herein, encompasses all individual components used for imparting motion to equipment systems, subsystems, assemblies, and other components. It also includes complete positioning systems and individual units that provide motive power and any position indicators necessary to monitor the motion.  
1.2 Applicability:  
1.2.1 This standard is intended to be applicable to equipment used under one or more of the following conditions:  
1.2.1.1 The materials handled or processed constitute a significant radiation hazard to man or to the environment.
1.2.1.2 The equipment will generally be used over a long-term life cycle (for example, in excess of two years), but equipment intended for use over a shorter life cycle is not excluded.
1.2.1.3 The equipment can neither be accessed directly for purposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipment be viewed directly, for example, without radiation shielding windows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system (Guides C1572 and C1661).  
1.2.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 User Caveats:  
1.3.1 This standard is not a substitute for applied engineering skills, proven practices and experience. Its purpose is to provide guidance.
1.3.1.1 The guidance set forth in this standard relating to design of equipment is intended only to alert designers and engineers to those features, conditions, and procedures that have been found necessary or highly desirable to the design, selection, operation and maintenance of mechanical drive systems for the subject service conditions.
1.3.1.2 The guidance set forth results from discoveries of conditions, practices, features, or lack of features that were found to be sources of operational or maintenance problems, or causes of failure.  
1.3.2 This standard does not supersede federal or state regulations, or both, and codes applicable to equipment under any conditions.  
1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Shielding performance testing should be performed to verify analytical predictions of shielding effectiveness, compliance with design requirements, and determine the location(s) of shielding deficiencies that may require either supplemental shielding, design modification, or changes to operating methods and procedures to resolve.  
5.2 Dose rates higher than adjacent shielding may be expected in the vicinity of master-slave manipulator penetrations as a result of cable or tape clearance requirements within the mechanisms where they pass through the shield walls. This is true even with supplemental shielding installed in the manipulator through tube.  
5.3 Similar to manipulator penetrations, when sources are placed directly in front of penetrations and gaps resulting from access doors or panels, radiation levels directly on the other side of the gaps or penetrations may be higher than levels in adjacent shielding or analytical predictions. If these test configurations are representative of how the shielded enclosure will actually be operated (that is, the test configuration is representative of engineered source and normally occupied work locations) than the additional expense of designing or modifying the shielded enclosure should be considered if that location is normally occupied and will result in a significant increase of dose rates to personnel.  
5.4 Frames around shield windows may have a higher potential for shielding deficiencies.  
5.5 Shield walls constructed of concrete may be subject to the formation of void spaces that could result in diminished shielding performance.  
5.6 Background radiation levels in the area where the dose measurement data are being gathered shall be monitored and their contribution to measured dose rates accounted for in the data analysis as part of the test report.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide identifies appropriate test methods for determining the sufficiency of radiological shielding for hot cells and shielded enclosures.  
1.2 After constructing or modifying radiological shielding, it is necessary to verify that shielding performance meets or exceeds the shielding performance requirements. This is typically accomplished using sealed test sources of much less activity than the design basis. This allows for modifications or correction of any discrepancies identified before the commissioning of the hot cell.  
1.3 The guidance and practices recommended by this guide are applicable to both new and existing shielded facilities and enclosures for evaluating shielding suitability and locating the existence of shine paths or other shielding anomalies that result from design, manufacture, or construction.  
1.4 Two types of testing may be performed.  
1.4.1 Shielding performance verification testing provides evidence that the shielding configuration is sufficient for meeting established performance criteria and for identifying deficiencies in the shielding configuration or components that may not have been addressed during design. Test results are expected to demonstrate that shielding performance meets or exceeds design criteria, not match the dose rates predicted analytically.  
1.4.2 Shielding performance verification testing identifies shielding deficiencies (hot spots) in the installed configuration relative to adjacent shielding but does not demonstrate compliance with any quantitative shielding performance requirement.  
1.5 Performance testing should be specified and performed to assess shielding adequacy with sources in all critical locations.  
1.6 Requirements for shielding performance testing should be clearly defined in design basis or procurement documentation.  
1.7 This guide is not applicable to neutron radiation shielding performance evaluations.  
1.8 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, ea...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is relevant to the design of specialized support equipment and tools that are remotely operated, maintained, or viewed through shielding windows, or combinations thereof, or by other remote viewing systems.  
4.2 Hot cells contain substances and processes that may be extremely hazardous to personnel or the external environment, or both. Process safety and reliability are improved with successful design, installation, and operation of specialized mechanical and support equipment.  
4.3 Use of this guide in the design of specialized mechanical and support equipment can reduce costs, improve productivity, reduce failed hardware replacement time, and provide a standardized design approach.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:  
1.1.1 This guide presents practices and guidelines for the design and implementation of equipment and tools to assist assembly, disassembly, alignment, fastening, maintenance, or general handling of equipment in a hot cell. Operating in a remote hot cell environment significantly increases the difficulty and time required to perform a task compared to completing a similar task directly by hand. Successful specialized support equipment and tools minimize the required effort, reduce risks, and increase operating efficiencies.  
1.2 Applicability:  
1.2.1 This guide may apply to the design of specialized support equipment and tools anywhere it is remotely operated, maintained, and viewed through shielding windows or by other remote viewing systems.  
1.2.2 Consideration should be given to the need for specialized support equipment and tools early in the design process.  
1.2.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 Caveats:  
1.3.1 This guide is generic in nature and addresses a wide range of remote working configurations. Other acceptable and proven international configurations exist and provide options for engineer and designer consideration. Specific designs are not a substitute for applied engineering skills, proven practices, or experience gained in any specific situation.  
1.3.2 This guide does not supersede federal or state regulations, or both, or codes applicable to equipment under any conditions.  
1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide general guidelines for the design and operation of hot cell equipment to ensure longevity and reliability throughout the period of service.  
4.2 It is intended that this guide record the general conditions and practices that experience has shown is necessary to minimize equipment failures and maximize the effectiveness and utility of hot cell equipment. It is also intended to alert designers to those features that are highly desirable for the selection of equipment that has proven reliable in high radiation environments.  
4.3 This guide is intended as a supplement to other standards, and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of equipment intended for hot cell use.  
4.4 This guide is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of types and configurations of hot cell equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:  
1.1.1 The intent of this guide is to provide general design and operating considerations for the safe and dependable operation of remotely operated hot cell equipment. Hot cell equipment is hardware used to handle, process, or analyze nuclear or radioactive material in a shielded room. The equipment is placed behind radiation shield walls and cannot be directly accessed by the operators or by maintenance personnel because of the radiation exposure hazards. Therefore, the equipment is operated remotely, either with or without the aid of viewing.  
1.1.2 This guide may apply to equipment in other radioactive remotely operated facilities such as suited entry repair areas, canyons or caves, but does not apply to equipment used in commercial power reactors.  
1.1.3 This guide does not apply to equipment used in gloveboxes.  
1.2 Applicability:  
1.2.1 This guide is intended for persons who are tasked with the planning, design, procurement, fabrication, installation, or testing of equipment used in remote hot cell environments.  
1.2.2 The equipment will generally be used over a long-term life cycle (for example, in excess of two years), but equipment intended for use over a shorter life cycle is not excluded.  
1.2.3 The system of units employed in this standard is the metric unit, also known as SI Units, which are commonly used for International Systems, and defined by IEEE/ASTM SI 10: American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System.  
1.3 Caveats:  
1.3.1 This guide does not address considerations relating to the design, construction, operation, or safety of hot cells, caves, canyons, or other similar remote facilities. This guide deals only with equipment intended for use in hot cells.  
1.3.2 Specific design and operating considerations are found in other ASTM documents.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Remote Viewing Components:  
4.2 The long-term applicability of a remotely operated radiological facility will be greatly affected by the provisions for remote viewing of normal and off-normal operations within the facility. The deployment of remote viewing systems can most efficiently be addressed during the design and construction phases.  
4.2.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide general guidelines for the design and operation of remote viewing equipment to ensure longevity and reliability throughout the period of service.  
4.2.2 It is intended that this guide record the general conditions and practices that experience has shown are necessary to minimize equipment failures and maximize the effectiveness and utility of remote viewing equipment. It is also intended to inform designers and engineers of those features that are highly desirable for the selection of equipment that has proven reliable in high radiation environments.  
4.2.3 This guide is intended as a supplement to other standards, and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of equipment intended for hot cell use.  
4.2.4 This guide is intended to be generic and applies to a wide range of types and configurations of hot cell equipment and remote viewing systems.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:  
1.1.1 This guide establishes the minimum requirements for viewing systems for remotely operated facilities, including hot cells (shielded cells), used for the processing and handling of nuclear and radioactive materials. The intent of this guide is to aid in the design, selection, installation, modification, fabrication, and quality assurance of remote viewing systems to maximize their usefulness and to minimize equipment failures.  
1.1.2 It is intended that this guide record the principles and caveats that experience has shown to be essential to the design, fabrication, installation, maintenance, repair, replacement, and, decontamination and decommissioning of remote viewing equipment capable of meeting the stringent demands of operating, dependably and safely, in a hot cell environment where operator visibility is limited due to the radiation exposure hazards.  
1.1.3 This guide is intended to apply to methods of remote viewing for nuclear applications but may be applicable to any environment where remote operational viewing is desirable.  
1.2 Applicability:  
1.2.1 This guide applies to, but is not limited to, radiation hardened and non-radiation hardened cameras (black-and-white and color), lenses, camera housings and positioners, periscopes, through wall/roof viewing, remotely deployable cameras, crane/robot mounted cameras, endoscope cameras, borescopes, video probes, flexible probes, mirrors, lighting, fiber lighting, and support equipment.  
1.2.2 This guide is intended to be applicable to equipment used under one or more of the following conditions:
1.2.2.1 The remote operation facility that contains a significant radiation hazard to man or the environment.
1.2.2.2 The facility equipment can neither be accessed directly for purposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipment be viewed directly, for example, without shielding viewing windows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system.
1.2.2.3 The facility can be viewed directly but portions of the views are restricted (for example, the back or underside of objects) or where higher magnification or specialized viewing is beneficial.  
1.2.3 The remote viewing equipment may be intended for either long-term application (commonly, in excess of several years) or for short-term usage (for example, troubleshooting). Both types of applications are addressed in sections that follow.  
1.2.4 This guide is not intended to cover the detailed design and application of remote handling connectors for services (for example, electrical, instrumentation, video, etc.).  
1.2.5 The system of units employed in this guide is the metric ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Materials handling equipment operability and long-term integrity are concerns that originate during the design and fabrication sequences. Such concerns are most efficiently addressed during one or the other of these stages. Equipment operability and integrity can be compromised during handling and installation sequences. For this reason, the subject equipment should be handled and installed under closely controlled and supervised conditions.  
4.2 This guide is intended as a supplement to other standards (Section 2, Referenced Documents), and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of equipment intended for this use.  
4.3 This guide is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of types and configurations of materials handling equipment.  
4.4 The term materials handling equipment is used herein in a generic sense. It includes manipulators, cranes, carts or bogies, and special equipment for handling tools and material in hot cells.  
4.5 This service imposes stringent requirements on the quality and the integrity of the equipment, as follows:  
4.5.1 Boots and similar protective covers should not restrict movement of the equipment, should be properly sealed to the equipment and should withstand the radiation, cell atmosphere, dust, cell temperatures, chemical exposures, and cleaning and decontamination reagents, and also resist snags and tearing.  
4.5.2 Materials handling equipment should be capable of withstanding rigorous chemical cleaning and decontamination procedures.  
4.5.3 Materials handling equipment should be designed and fabricated to remain dimensionally stable throughout its life cycle.  
4.5.4 Attention to fabrication tolerances is necessary to allow the proper fit-up between components for the proper installation and mounting of materials handling equipment in hot cells, for example, when parts or components are being replaced. Fabrication tolerances should be controlled to provide sufficie...
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:  
1.1.1 This guide covers materials handling equipment used in hot cells (shielded cells) for the processing and handling of nuclear and radioactive materials. The intent of this guide is to aid in the selection and design of materials handling equipment for hot cells in order to minimize equipment failures and maximize the equipment utility.  
1.1.2 It is intended that this guide record the principles and caveats that experience has shown to be essential to the design, fabrication, installation, maintenance, repair, replacement, and decontamination and decommissioning of materials handling equipment capable of meeting the stringent demands of operating, dependably and safely, in a hot cell environment where operator visibility is limited due to the radiation exposure hazards.  
1.1.3 This guide may apply to materials handling equipment in other radioactive remotely operated facilities such as suited entry repair areas and canyons, but does not apply to materials handling equipment used in commercial power reactors.  
1.1.4 This guide covers mechanical master-slave manipulators and electro-mechanical manipulators, but does not cover electro-hydraulic manipulators.  
1.2 Applicability:  
1.2.1 This guide is intended to be applicable to equipment used under one or more of the following conditions:
1.2.1.1 The materials handled or processed constitute a significant radiation hazard to man or to the environment.
1.2.1.2 The equipment will generally be used over a long-term life cycle (for example, in excess of two years), but equipment intended for use over a shorter life cycle is not excluded.
1.2.1.3 The equipment can neither be accessed directly for purposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipment be viewed directly, for example, without shielded viewing windows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system.  
1.3 User Caveats:  
1.3.1 This standard is not a substitute for applied engin...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Radiation Shielding Window Components:  
4.1.1 Radiation shielding window components operability and long-term integrity are concerns that originate during the design and fabrication sequences. Such concerns can only be addressed, or are most efficiently addressed, during one or the other of these stages. The operability and integrity can be compromised during handling and installation sequences. For this reason, the subject equipment should be handled and installed under closely controlled and supervised conditions.  
4.1.2 This standard is intended as a supplement to other standards and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of radiation shielding window components.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:  
1.1.1 The intent of this standard is to provide guidance for the design, fabrication, quality assurance, inspection, testing, packaging, shipping, installation, and maintenance of radiation shielding window components. These window components include wall liner embedments, dry lead glass radiation shielding window assemblies, oil-filled lead glass radiation shielding window assemblies, shielding wall plugs, barrier shields, view ports, and the installation/extraction table/device required for the installation and removal of the window components.  
1.2 Applicability:  
1.2.1 This standard is intended for those persons who are tasked with the planning, design, procurement, fabrication, installation, and operation of the radiation shielding window components that may be used in the operation of hot cells, high level caves, mini-cells, canyon facilities, and very high level radiation areas.  
1.2.2 This standard applies to radiation shielding window assemblies used in normal concrete walls, high-density concrete walls, steel walls and lead walls.  
1.2.3 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Common nomenclature for specifying some terms; specifically shielding, uses a combination of metric units and inch-pound units.  
1.2.4 This standard identifies the special information required by the Manufacturer for the design of window components. Table A1.1 shows a sample list of the radiation source spectra and geometry information, typically required for shielding analysis. Table A2.1 shows a detailed sample list of specific data typically required to determine the physical size, glass types, and viewing characteristics of the shielding window, or view port. Annex A3 shows general window configuration sketches. Blank copies of Table A1.2 and Table A2.1 are found in the respective Annexes for the Owner–Operator's use.  
1.2.5 This standard is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of configurations and types of lead glass radiation shielding window components used in hot cells. It does not address glovebox, water, X-ray glass, or zinc bromide windows.  
1.2.6 Supplementary information on viewing systems in hot cells may be found in Guides C1533 and C1661.  
1.3 Caveats:  
1.3.1 Consideration shall be given when preparing the shielding window designs for the safety related issues discussed in the Hazard Sources and Failure Modes, Section 11; such as dielectric discharge, over-pressurization, radiation exposure, contamination, and overturning of the installation/extraction table/device.  
1.3.2 In many cases, the use of the word “shall” has been purposely used in lieu of “should” to stress the importance of the statements that have been made in this standard.  
1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental prac...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Shielding performance testing should be performed to verify analytical predictions of shielding effectiveness, compliance with design requirements, and determine the location(s) of shielding deficiencies that may require either supplemental shielding, design modification, or changes to operating methods and procedures to resolve.  
5.2 Dose rates higher than adjacent shielding may be expected in the vicinity of master-slave manipulator penetrations as a result of cable or tape clearance requirements within the mechanisms where they pass through the shield walls. This is true even with supplemental shielding installed in the manipulator through tube.  
5.3 Similar to manipulator penetrations, when sources are placed directly in front of penetrations and gaps resulting from access doors or panels, radiation levels directly on the other side of the gaps or penetrations may be higher than levels in adjacent shielding or analytical predictions. If these test configurations are representative of how the shielded enclosure will actually be operated (that is, the test configuration is representative of engineered source and normally occupied work locations) than the additional expense of designing or modifying the shielded enclosure should be considered if that location is normally occupied and will result in a significant increase of dose rates to personnel.  
5.4 Frames around shield windows may have a higher potential for shielding deficiencies.  
5.5 Shield walls constructed of concrete may be subject to the formation of void spaces that could result in diminished shielding performance.  
5.6 Background radiation levels in the area where the dose measurement data are being gathered shall be monitored and their contribution to measured dose rates accounted for in the data analysis as part of the test report.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide identifies appropriate test methods for determining the sufficiency of radiological shielding for hot cells and shielded enclosures.  
1.2 After constructing or modifying radiological shielding, it is necessary to verify that shielding performance meets or exceeds the shielding performance requirements. This is typically accomplished using sealed test sources of much less activity than the design basis. This allows for modifications or correction of any discrepancies identified before the commissioning of the hot cell.  
1.3 The guidance and practices recommended by this guide are applicable to both new and existing shielded facilities and enclosures for evaluating shielding suitability and locating the existence of shine paths or other shielding anomalies that result from design, manufacture, or construction.  
1.4 Two types of testing may be performed.  
1.4.1 Shielding performance verification testing provides evidence that the shielding configuration is sufficient for meeting established performance criteria and for identifying deficiencies in the shielding configuration or components that may not have been addressed during design. Test results are expected to demonstrate that shielding performance meets or exceeds design criteria, not match the dose rates predicted analytically.  
1.4.2 Shielding performance verification testing identifies shielding deficiencies (hot spots) in the installed configuration relative to adjacent shielding but does not demonstrate compliance with any quantitative shielding performance requirement.  
1.5 Performance testing should be specified and performed to assess shielding adequacy with sources in all critical locations.  
1.6 Requirements for shielding performance testing should be clearly defined in design basis or procurement documentation.  
1.7 This guide is not applicable to neutron radiation shielding performance evaluations.  
1.8 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, ea...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Radiation Shielding Window Components:  
4.1.1 Radiation shielding window components operability and long-term integrity are concerns that originate during the design and fabrication sequences. Such concerns can only be addressed, or are most efficiently addressed, during one or the other of these stages. The operability and integrity can be compromised during handling and installation sequences. For this reason, the subject equipment should be handled and installed under closely controlled and supervised conditions.  
4.1.2 This standard is intended as a supplement to other standards and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of radiation shielding window components.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:  
1.1.1 The intent of this standard is to provide guidance for the design, fabrication, quality assurance, inspection, testing, packaging, shipping, installation, and maintenance of radiation shielding window components. These window components include wall liner embedments, dry lead glass radiation shielding window assemblies, oil-filled lead glass radiation shielding window assemblies, shielding wall plugs, barrier shields, view ports, and the installation/extraction table/device required for the installation and removal of the window components.  
1.2 Applicability:  
1.2.1 This standard is intended for those persons who are tasked with the planning, design, procurement, fabrication, installation, and operation of the radiation shielding window components that may be used in the operation of hot cells, high level caves, mini-cells, canyon facilities, and very high level radiation areas.  
1.2.2 This standard applies to radiation shielding window assemblies used in normal concrete walls, high-density concrete walls, steel walls and lead walls.  
1.2.3 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Common nomenclature for specifying some terms; specifically shielding, uses a combination of metric units and inch-pound units.  
1.2.4 This standard identifies the special information required by the Manufacturer for the design of window components. Table A1.1 shows a sample list of the radiation source spectra and geometry information, typically required for shielding analysis. Table A2.1 shows a detailed sample list of specific data typically required to determine the physical size, glass types, and viewing characteristics of the shielding window, or view port. Annex A3 shows general window configuration sketches. Blank copies of Table A1.2 and Table A2.1 are found in the respective Annexes for the Owner–Operator's use.  
1.2.5 This standard is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of configurations and types of lead glass radiation shielding window components used in hot cells. It does not address glovebox, water, X-ray glass, or zinc bromide windows.  
1.2.6 Supplementary information on viewing systems in hot cells may be found in Guides C1533 and C1661.  
1.3 Caveats:  
1.3.1 Consideration shall be given when preparing the shielding window designs for the safety related issues discussed in the Hazard Sources and Failure Modes, Section 11; such as dielectric discharge, over-pressurization, radiation exposure, contamination, and overturning of the installation/extraction table/device.  
1.3.2 In many cases, the use of the word “shall” has been purposely used in lieu of “should” to stress the importance of the statements that have been made in this standard.  
1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental pract...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Mechanical drive systems operability and long-term integrity are concerns that should be addressed primarily during the design phase; however, problems identified during fabrication and testing should be resolved and the changes in the design documented. Equipment operability and integrity can be compromised during handling and installation sequences. For this reason, the subject equipment should be handled and installed under closely controlled and supervised conditions.  
4.2 This standard is intended as a supplement to other standards, and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of equipment intended for this use.  
4.3 This standard is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of types and configurations of mechanical drive systems.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:  
1.1.1 The intent of this standard is to provide general guidelines for the design, selection, quality assurance, installation, operation, and maintenance of mechanical drive systems used in remote hot cell environments. The term mechanical drive systems used herein, encompasses all individual components used for imparting motion to equipment systems, subsystems, assemblies, and other components. It also includes complete positioning systems and individual units that provide motive power and any position indicators necessary to monitor the motion.  
1.2 Applicability:  
1.2.1 This standard is intended to be applicable to equipment used under one or more of the following conditions:  
1.2.1.1 The materials handled or processed constitute a significant radiation hazard to man or to the environment.
1.2.1.2 The equipment will generally be used over a long-term life cycle (for example, in excess of two years), but equipment intended for use over a shorter life cycle is not excluded.
1.2.1.3 The equipment can neither be accessed directly for purposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipment be viewed directly, for example, without radiation shielding windows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system (Guides C1572 and C1661).  
1.2.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 User Caveats:  
1.3.1 This standard is not a substitute for applied engineering skills, proven practices and experience. Its purpose is to provide guidance.
1.3.1.1 The guidance set forth in this standard relating to design of equipment is intended only to alert designers and engineers to those features, conditions, and procedures that have been found necessary or highly desirable to the design, selection, operation and maintenance of mechanical drive systems for the subject service conditions.
1.3.1.2 The guidance set forth results from discoveries of conditions, practices, features, or lack of features that were found to be sources of operational or maintenance problems, or causes of failure.  
1.3.2 This standard does not supersede federal or state regulations, or both, and codes applicable to equipment under any conditions.  
1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is relevant to the design of specialized support equipment and tools that are remotely operated, maintained, or viewed through shielding windows, or combinations thereof, or by other remote viewing systems.  
4.2 Hot cells contain substances and processes that may be extremely hazardous to personnel or the external environment, or both. Process safety and reliability are improved with successful design, installation, and operation of specialized mechanical and support equipment.  
4.3 Use of this guide in the design of specialized mechanical and support equipment can reduce costs, improve productivity, reduce failed hardware replacement time, and provide a standardized design approach.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:  
1.1.1 This guide presents practices and guidelines for the design and implementation of equipment and tools to assist assembly, disassembly, alignment, fastening, maintenance, or general handling of equipment in a hot cell. Operating in a remote hot cell environment significantly increases the difficulty and time required to perform a task compared to completing a similar task directly by hand. Successful specialized support equipment and tools minimize the required effort, reduce risks, and increase operating efficiencies.  
1.2 Applicability:  
1.2.1 This guide may apply to the design of specialized support equipment and tools anywhere it is remotely operated, maintained, and viewed through shielding windows or by other remote viewing systems.  
1.2.2 Consideration should be given to the need for specialized support equipment and tools early in the design process.  
1.2.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 Caveats:  
1.3.1 This guide is generic in nature and addresses a wide range of remote working configurations. Other acceptable and proven international configurations exist and provide options for engineer and designer consideration. Specific designs are not a substitute for applied engineering skills, proven practices, or experience gained in any specific situation.  
1.3.2 This guide does not supersede federal or state regulations, or both, or codes applicable to equipment under any conditions.  
1.3.3 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The purpose of this guide is to establish criteria for the design of gloveboxes as primary confinement systems to ensure the safety of the workers and the protection of the environment when storing, handling, processing, and disposing of both combustible and non-combustible forms of plutonium. The use of this guide will provide the user with guidance to design a successfully performing glovebox system.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines criteria for the design of glovebox systems to be used for the handling of plutonium in any chemical or physical form or isotopic composition or when mixed with other elements or compounds. Not included in the criteria are systems auxiliary to the glovebox systems such as utilities, ventilation, alarm, and waste disposal. Also not addressed are hot cells or open-face hoods.  
1.2 The scope of this guide excludes specific license requirements relating to provisions for criticality prevention, hazards control, safeguards, packaging, and material handling. Observance of this guide does not relieve the user of the obligation to conform to all federal, state, and local regulations for design and construction of glovebox systems.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establilsh appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The purpose of this guide is to establish criteria for the design of gloveboxes as primary confinement systems to ensure the safety of the workers and the protection of the environment when storing, handling, processing, and disposing of both combustible and non-combustible forms of plutonium. The use of this guide will provide the user with guidance to design a successfully performing glovebox system.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines criteria for the design of glovebox systems to be used for the handling of plutonium in any chemical or physical form or isotopic composition or when mixed with other elements or compounds. Not included in the criteria are systems auxiliary to the glovebox systems such as utilities, ventilation, alarm, and waste disposal. Also not addressed are hot cells or open-face hoods. The scope of this guide excludes specific license requirements relating to provisions for criticality prevention, hazards control, safeguards, packaging, and material handling. Observance of this guide does not relieve the user of the obligation to conform to all federal, state, and local regulations for design and construction of glovebox systems.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establilsh appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide general guidelines for the design and operation of hot cell equipment to ensure longevity and reliability throughout the period of service.  
4.2 It is intended that this guide record the general conditions and practices that experience has shown is necessary to minimize equipment failures and maximize the effectiveness and utility of hot cell equipment. It is also intended to alert designers to those features that are highly desirable for the selection of equipment that has proven reliable in high radiation environments.  
4.3 This guide is intended as a supplement to other standards, and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of equipment intended for hot cell use.  
4.4 This guide is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of types and configurations of hot cell equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:  
1.1.1 The intent of this guide is to provide general design and operating considerations for the safe and dependable operation of remotely operated hot cell equipment. Hot cell equipment is hardware used to handle, process, or analyze nuclear or radioactive material in a shielded room. The equipment is placed behind radiation shield walls and cannot be directly accessed by the operators or by maintenance personnel because of the radiation exposure hazards. Therefore, the equipment is operated remotely, either with or without the aid of viewing.  
1.1.2 This guide may apply to equipment in other radioactive remotely operated facilities such as suited entry repair areas, canyons or caves, but does not apply to equipment used in commercial power reactors.  
1.1.3 This guide does not apply to equipment used in gloveboxes.  
1.2 Applicability:  
1.2.1 This guide is intended for persons who are tasked with the planning, design, procurement, fabrication, installation, or testing of equipment used in remote hot cell environments.  
1.2.2 The equipment will generally be used over a long-term life cycle (for example, in excess of two years), but equipment intended for use over a shorter life cycle is not excluded.  
1.2.3 The system of units employed in this standard is the metric unit, also known as SI Units, which are commonly used for International Systems, and defined by IEEE/ASTM SI 10: American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System.  
1.3 Caveats:  
1.3.1 This guide does not address considerations relating to the design, construction, operation, or safety of hot cells, caves, canyons, or other similar remote facilities. This guide deals only with equipment intended for use in hot cells.  
1.3.2 Specific design and operating considerations are found in other ASTM documents.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Remote Viewing Components:
4.2 The long-term applicability of a remotely operated radiological facility will be greatly affected by the provisions for remote viewing of normal and off-normal operations within the facility. The deployment of remote viewing systems can most efficiently be addressed during the design and construction phases.  
4.2.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide general guidelines for the design and operation of remote viewing equipment to ensure longevity and reliability throughout the period of service.  
4.2.2 It is intended that this guide record the general conditions and practices that experience has shown are necessary to minimize equipment failures and maximize the effectiveness and utility of remote viewing equipment. It is also intended to inform designers and engineers of those features that are highly desirable for the selection of equipment that has proven reliable in high radiation environments.  
4.2.3 This guide is intended as a supplement to other standards, and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of equipment intended for hot cell use.  
4.2.4 This guide is intended to be generic and applies to a wide range of types and configurations of hot cell equipment and remote viewing systems.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:
1.1.1 This guide establishes the minimum requirements for viewing systems for remotely operated facilities, including hot cells (shielded cells), used for the processing and handling of nuclear and radioactive materials. The intent of this guide is to aid in the design, selection, installation, modification, fabrication, and quality assurance of remote viewing systems to maximize their usefulness and to minimize equipment failures.  
1.1.2 It is intended that this guide record the principles and caveats that experience has shown to be essential to the design, fabrication, installation, maintenance, repair, replacement, and, decontamination and decommissioning of remote viewing equipment capable of meeting the stringent demands of operating, dependably and safely, in a hot cell environment where operator visibility is limited due to the radiation exposure hazards.  
1.1.3 This guide is intended to apply to methods of remote viewing for nuclear applications but may be applicable to any environment where remote operational viewing is desirable.  
1.2 Applicability:
1.2.1 This guide applies to, but is not limited to, radiation hardened and non-radiation hardened cameras (black- and-white and color), lenses, camera housings and positioners, periscopes, through wall/roof viewing, remotely deployable cameras, crane/robot mounted cameras, endoscope cameras, borescopes, video probes, flexible probes, mirrors, lighting, fiber lighting, and support equipment.  
1.2.2 This guide is intended to be applicable to equipment used under one or more of the following conditions:
1.2.2.1 The remote operation facility that contains a significant radiation hazard to man or the environment.
1.2.2.2 The facility equipment can neither be accessed directly for purposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipment be viewed directly, for example, without shielding viewing windows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system.
1.2.2.3 The facility can be viewed directly but portions of the views are restricted (for example, the back or underside of objects) or where higher magnification or specialized viewing is beneficial.  
1.2.3 The remote viewing equipment may be intended for either long-term application (commonly, in excess of several years) or for short-term usage (for example, troubleshooting). Both types of applications are addressed in sections that follow.  
1.2.4 This guide is not intended to cover the detailed design and application of remote handling connectors for services (for example, electrical, instrumentation, video, etc.).  
1.2.5 The system of units employed in this guide is the...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Materials handling equipment operability and long-term integrity are concerns that originate during the design and fabrication sequences. Such concerns are most efficiently addressed during one or the other of these stages. Equipment operability and integrity can be compromised during handling and installation sequences. For this reason, the subject equipment should be handled and installed under closely controlled and supervised conditions.
This guide is intended as a supplement to other standards (Section 2, Referenced Documents), and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of equipment intended for this use.
This guide is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of types and configurations of materials handling equipment.
The term materials handling equipment is used herein in a generic sense. It includes manipulators, cranes, carts or bogies, and special equipment for handling tools and material in hot cells.
This service imposes stringent requirements on the quality and the integrity of the equipment, as follows:
Boots and similar protective covers should not restrict movement of the equipment, should be properly sealed to the equipment and should withstand the radiation, cell atmosphere, dust, cell temperatures, chemical exposures, and cleaning and decontamination reagents, and also resist snags and tearing.
Materials handling equipment should be capable of withstanding rigorous chemical cleaning and decontamination procedures.
Materials handling equipment should be designed and fabricated to remain dimensionally stable throughout its life cycle.
Attention to fabrication tolerances is necessary to allow the proper fit-up between components for the proper installation and mounting of materials handling equipment in hot cells, for example, when parts or components are being replaced. Fabrication tolerances should be controlled to provide sufficiently loose fits where possible to aid in remote main...
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:
1.1.1 This guide covers materials handling equipment used in hot cells (shielded cells) for the processing and handling of nuclear and radioactive materials. The intent of this guide is to aid in the selection and design of materials handling equipment for hot cells in order to minimize equipment failures and maximize the equipment utility.
1.1.2 It is intended that this guide record the principles and caveats that experience has shown to be essential to the design, fabrication, installation, maintenance, repair, replacement, and decontamination and decommissioning of materials handling equipment capable of meeting the stringent demands of operating, dependably and safely, in a hot cell environment where operator visibility is limited due to the radiation exposure hazards.
1.1.3 This guide may apply to materials handling equipment in other radioactive remotely operated facilities such as suited entry repair areas and canyons, but does not apply to materials handling equipment used in commercial power reactors.
1.1.4 This guide covers mechanical master-slave manipulators and electro-mechanical manipulators, but does not cover electro-hydraulic manipulators.
1.2 Applicability:
1.2.1 This guide is intended to be applicable to equipment used under one or more of the following conditions:
1.2.1.1 The materials handled or processed constitute a significant radiation hazard to man or to the environment.
1.2.1.2 The equipment will generally be used over a long-term life cycle (for example, in excess of two years), but equipment intended for use over a shorter life cycle is not excluded.
1.2.1.3 The equipment can neither be accessed directly for purposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipment be viewed directly, for example, without shielded viewing windows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system.
1.3 User Caveats:
1.3.1 This standard is not a substitute for applied enginee...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Radiation Shielding Window Components:
Radiation shielding window components operability and long-term integrity are concerns that originate during the design and fabrication sequences. Such concerns can only be addressed, or are most efficiently addressed, during one or the other of these stages. The operability and integrity can be compromised during handling and installation sequences. For this reason, the subject equipment should be handled and installed under closely controlled and supervised conditions.
This standard is intended as a supplement to other standards and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of radiation shielding window components.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:
1.1.1 The intent of this standard is to provide guidance for the design, fabrication, quality assurance, inspection, testing, packaging, shipping, installation, and maintenance of radiation shielding window components. These window components include wall liner embedments, dry lead glass radiation shielding window assemblies, oil-filled lead glass radiation shielding window assemblies, shielding wall plugs, barrier shields, view ports, and the installation/extraction table/device required for the installation and removal of the window components.
1.2 Applicability:
1.2.1 This standard is intended for those persons who are tasked with the planning, design, procurement, fabrication, installation, and operation of the radiation shielding window components that may be used in the operation of hot cells, high level caves, mini-cells, canyon facilities, and very high level radiation areas.
1.2.2 This standard applies to radiation shielding window assemblies used in normal concrete walls, high-density concrete walls, steel walls and lead walls.
1.2.3 The system of units employed in this standard is the metric unit, also known as SI Units, which are commonly used for International Systems, and defined, by  Standard for Use of International System of Units. Common nomenclature for specifying some terms; specifically shielding, uses a combination of metric units and inch-pound units.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is relevant to the design of specialized support equipment and tools that are remotely operated, maintained, or viewed through shielding windows, or combinations thereof, or by other remote viewing systems.
Hot cells contain substances and processes that may be extremely hazardous to personnel or the external environment, or both. Process safety and reliability are improved with successful design, installation, and operation of specialized mechanical and support equipment.
Use of this guide in the design of specialized mechanical and support equipment can reduce costs, improve productivity, reduce failed hardware replacement time, and provide a standardized design approach.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:
1.1.1 This guide presents practices and guidelines for the design and implementation of equipment and tools to assist assembly, disassembly, alignment, fastening, maintenance, or general handling of equipment in a hot cell. Operating in a remote hot cell environment significantly increases the difficulty and time required to perform a task compared to completing a similar task directly by hand. Successful specialized support equipment and tools minimize the required effort, reduce risks, and increase operating efficiencies.
1.2 Applicability:
1.2.1 This guide may apply to the design of specialized support equipment and tools anywhere it is remotely operated, maintained, and viewed through shielding windows or by other remote viewing systems.
1.2.2 Consideration should be given to the need for specialized support equipment and tools early in the design process.  
1.2.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 Caveats:
1.3.1 This guide is generic in nature and addresses a wide range of remote working configurations. Other acceptable and proven international configurations exist and provide options for engineer and designer consideration. Specific designs are not a substitute for applied engineering skills, proven practices, or experience gained in any specific situation.  
1.3.2 This guide does not supersede federal or state regulations, or both, or codes applicable to equipment under any conditions.
1.3.3 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Mechanical drive systems operability and long-term integrity are concerns that should be addressed primarily during the design phase; however, problems identified during fabrication and testing should be resolved and the changes in the design documented. Equipment operability and integrity can be compromised during handling and installation sequences. For this reason, the subject equipment should be handled and installed under closely controlled and supervised conditions.  
This standard is intended as a supplement to other standards, and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of equipment intended for this use.  
This standard is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of types and configurations of mechanical drive systems.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:
1.1.1 The intent of this standard is to provide general guidelines for the design, selection, quality assurance, installation, operation, and maintenance of mechanical drive systems used in remote hot cell environments. The term mechanical drive systems used herein, encompasses all individual components used for imparting motion to equipment systems, subsystems, assemblies, and other components. It also includes complete positioning systems and individual units that provide motive power and any position indicators necessary to monitor the motion.
1.2 Applicability:
1.2.1 This standard is intended to be applicable to equipment used under one or more of the following conditions:  
1.2.1.1 The materials handled or processed constitute a significant radiation hazard to man or to the environment.
1.2.1.2 The equipment will generally be used over a long-term life cycle (for example, in excess of two years), but equipment intended for use over a shorter life cycle is not excluded.
1.2.1.3 The equipment can neither be accessed directly for purposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipment be viewed directly, for example, without radiation shielding windows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system (Guides C1572 and C1661).  
1.2.2 The system of units employed in this standard is the metric unit, also known as SI Units, which are commonly used for International Systems, and defined, by  Standard for Use of International System of Units. Common nomenclature for specifying some terms; specifically horsepower uses a combination of both metric and inch-pound units.
1.3 User Caveats:
1.3.1 This standard is not a substitute for applied engineering skills, proven practices and experience. Its purpose is to provide guidance.
1.3.1.1 The guidance set forth in this standard relating to design of equipment is intended only to alert designers and engineers to those features, conditions, and procedures that have been found necessary or highly desirable to the design, selection, operation and maintenance of mechanical drive systems for the subject service conditions.  
1.3.1.2 The guidance set forth results from discoveries of conditions, practices, features, or lack of features that were found to be sources of operational or maintenance problems, or causes of failure.
1.3.2 This standard does not supersede federal or state regulations, or both, and codes applicable to equipment under any conditions.
1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this guide is to establish criteria for the design of gloveboxes as primary confinement systems to ensure the safety of the workers and the protection of the environment when storing, handling, processing, and disposing of both combustible and non-combustible forms of plutonium. The use of this standard will provide the user with guidance to design a successfully performing glovebox system.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines criteria for the design of glovebox systems to be used for the handling of plutonium in any chemical or physical form or isotopic composition or when mixed with other elements or compounds. Not included in the criteria are systems auxiliary to the glovebox systems such as utilities, ventilation, alarm, and waste disposal. Also not addressed are hot cells or open-face hoods. The scope of this guide excludes specific license requirements relating to provisions for criticality prevention, hazards control, safeguards, packaging, and material handling. Observance of this guide does not relieve the user of the obligation to conform to all federal, state, and local regulations for design and construction of glovebox systems.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establilsh appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this guide is to provide general guidelines for the design and operation of hot cell equipment to ensure longevity and reliability throughout the period of service.
It is intended that this guide record the general conditions and practices that experience has shown is necessary to minimize equipment failures and maximize the effectiveness and utility of hot cell equipment. It is also intended to alert designers to those features that are highly desirable for the selection of equipment that has proven reliable in high radiation environments.
This guide is intended as a supplement to other standards, and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of equipment intended for hot cell use.
This guide is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of types and configurations of hot cell equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:
1.1.1 The intent of this guide is to provide general design and operating considerations for the safe and dependable operation of remotely operated hot cell equipment. Hot cell equipment is hardware used to handle, process, or analyze nuclear or radioactive material in a shielded room. The equipment is placed behind radiation shield walls and cannot be directly accessed by the operators or by maintenance personnel because of the radiation exposure hazards. Therefore, the equipment is operated remotely, either with or without the aid of viewing.
1.1.2 This guide may apply to equipment in other radioactive remotely operated facilities such as suited entry repair areas, canyons or caves, but does not apply to equipment used in commercial power reactors.
1.1.3 This guide does not apply to equipment used in gloveboxes.
1.2 Applicability:
1.2.1 This guide is intended for persons who are tasked with the planning, design, procurement, fabrication, installation, or testing of equipment used in remote hot cell environments.
1.2.2 The equipment will generally be used over a long-term life cycle (for example, in excess of two years), but equipment intended for use over a shorter life cycle is not excluded.
1.2.3 The system of units employed in this standard is the metric unit, also known as SI Units, which are commonly used for International Systems, and defined by IEEE/ASTM SI 10: American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System.
1.3 Caveats:
1.3.1 This guide does not address considerations relating to the design, construction, operation, or safety of hot cells, caves, canyons, or other similar remote facilities. This guide deals only with equipment intended for use in hot cells.
1.3.2 Specific design and operating considerations are found in other ASTM documents.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 Intent:
1.1.1 This guide establishes the minimum requirements for viewing systems for remotely operated facilities, including hot cells (shielded cells), used for the processing and handling of nuclear and radioactive materials. The intent of this guide is to aid in the design, selection, installation, modification, fabrication, and quality assurance of remote viewing systems to maximize their usefulness and to minimize equipment failures.
1.1.2 It is intended that this guide record the principles and caveats that experience has shown to be essential to the design, fabrication, installation, maintenance, repair, replacement, and, decontamination and decommissioning of remote viewing equipment capable of meeting the stringent demands of operating, dependably and safely, in a hot cell environment where operator visibility is limited due to the radiation exposure hazards.
1.1.3 This guide is intended to apply to methods of remote viewing for nuclear applications but may be applicable to any environment where remote operational viewing is desirable.
1.2 Applicability:
1.2.1 This guide applies to, but is not limited to, radiation hardened and non-radiation hardened cameras (black- and-white and color), lenses, camera housings and positioners, periscopes, through wall/roof viewing, remotely deployable cameras, crane/robot mounted cameras, endoscope cameras, borescopes, video probes, flexible probes, mirrors, lighting, fiber lighting, and support equipment.
1.2.2 This guide is intended to be applicable to equipment used under one or more of the following conditions:
1.2.2.1 The remote operation facility that contains a significant radiation hazard to man or the environment.
1.2.2.2 The facility equipment can neither be accessed directly for purposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipment be viewed directly, for example, without shielding viewing windows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system.
1.2.2.3 The facility can be viewed directly but portions of the views are restricted (for example, the back or underside of objects) or where higher magnification or specialized viewing is beneficial.
1.2.3 The remote viewing equipment may be intended for either long-term application (commonly, in excess of several years) or for short-term usage (for example, troubleshooting). Both types of applications are addressed in sections that follow.
1.2.4 This guide is not intended to cover the detailed design and application of remote handling connectors for services (for example, electrical, instrumentation, video, etc.).
1.2.5 The system of units employed in this guide is the metric unit, also known as SI Units, which are commonly used for International Systems, and defined by ASTM/IEEE SI-10, Standard for Use of International System of Units. Some video parameters use traditional units that are not consistent with SI Units but are used widely across the industry. For example, video image format is referred to in "inch" units. (See Table 1.)
1.2.6 Lens and lens element measurements are always in millimeter (mm) units, even where SI Units are not in common usage, as an industry practice. Other SI Units (for example, cm) are rarely used for lenses or lens elements.
1.2.7 Unless otherwise mentioned in this guide radiation exposure refers to gamma energy level in terms of 60Co exposure, and radiation per hour or rad/h refers to instantaneous rate and not cumulative values.
1.3 User Caveats:
1.3.1 This guide does not cover radiation shielding windows used for hot cell viewing. They are covered separately under Guide C 1572.
1.3.2 This guide is not a substitute for applied engineering skills, proven practices and experience. Its purpose is to provide guidance.
1.3.3 The guidance set forth in this guide relating to design of equipment is intended only to inform designers and engineers of these features, conditions, and procedures that have been found necessary or highly desirable to the design, selection...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Mechanical drive systems operability and long-term integrity are concerns that should be addressed primarily during the design phase; however, problems identified during fabrication and testing should be resolved and the changes in the design documented. Equipment operability and integrity can be compromised during handling and installation sequences. For this reason, the subject equipment should be handled and installed under closely controlled and supervised conditions.  
This standard is intended as a supplement to other standards, and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of equipment intended for this use.  
This standard is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of types and configurations of mechanical drive systems.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent
1.1.1 The intent of this standard is to provide general guidelines for the design, selection, quality assurance, installation, operation, and maintenance of mechanical drive systems used in remote hot cell environments. The term mechanical drive systems used herein, encompasses all individual components used for imparting motion to equipment systems, subsystems, assemblies, and other components. It also includes complete positioning systems and individual units that provide motive power and any position indicators necessary to monitor the motion.
1.2 Applicability
1.2.1 This standard is intended to be applicable to equipment used under one or more of the following conditions:
The materials handled or processed constitute a significant radiation hazard to man or to the environment.
The equipment will generally be used over a long-term life cycle (for example, in excess of two years), but equipment intended for use over a shorter life cycle is not excluded.
The equipment can neither be accessed directly for purposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipment be viewed directly, for example, without radiation shielding windows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system.
1.2.2 The system of units employed in this standard is the metric unit, also known as SI Units, which are commonly used for International Systems, and defined, by ASTM/IEEE SI-10 Standard for Use of International System of Units.
1.3 User Caveats
1.3.1 This standard is not a substitute for applied engineering skills, proven practices and experience. Its purpose is to provide guidance.
The guidance set forth in this standard relating to design of equipment is intended only to alert designers and engineers to those features, conditions, and procedures that have been found necessary or highly desirable to the design, selection, operation and maintenance of mechanical drive systems for the subject service conditions.
The guidance set forth results from discoveries of conditions, practices, features, or lack of features that were found to be sources of operational or maintenance problems, or causes of failure.
1.3.2 This standard does not supersede federal or state regulations, or both, and codes applicable to equipment under any conditions.
1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Radiation Shielding Window Components:
4.1.1 Radiation shielding window components operability and long-term integrity are concerns that originate during the design, and fabrication sequences. Such concerns can only be addressed, or are most efficiently addressed during one or the other of these stages. The operability and integrity can be compromised during handling and installation sequences. For this reason, the subject equipment should be handled and installed under closely controlled and supervised conditions.
4.1.2 This standard is intended as a supplement to other standards, and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of radiation shielding window components.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent
1.1.1 This intent of this standard is to provide guidance for the design, fabrication, quality assurance, inspection, testing, packaging, shipping, installation and maintenance of radiation shielding window components. These window components include wall liner embedments, dry lead glass radiation shielding window assemblies, oil-filled lead glass radiation shielding window assemblies, shielding wall plugs, barrier shields, view ports, and the installation/extraction table/device required for the installation and removal of the window components.
1.2 Applicability
1.2.1 This standard is intended for those persons who are tasked with the planning, design, procurement, fabrication, installation, and operation of the radiation shielding window components that may be used in the operation of hot cells, high level caves, mini-cells, canyon facilities, and very high level radiation areas.
1.2.2 This standard applies to radiation shielding window assemblies used in normal concrete walls, high-density concrete walls, steel walls and lead walls.
1.2.3 The system of units employed in this standard is the metric unit, also known as SI Units, which are commonly used for International Systems, and defined, by ASTM/IEEE SI-10 Standard for Use of International System of Units. Common nomenclature for specifying some terms; specifically shielding, uses a combination of metric units and inch-pound units.
1.2.4 This standard identifies the special information required by the Manufacturer for the design of window components. A1.1 shows a sample list of the radiation source spectra and geometry information, typically required for shielding analysis. A2.1 shows a detailed sample list of specific data typically required to determine the physical size, glass types, and viewing characteristics of the shielding window, or view port. A3 shows general window configuration sketches. Blank copies of A1.2 and A2.2 are found in the respective Annexes for the Owner-Operator's use.
1.2.5 This standard is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of configurations and types of lead glass radiation shielding window components used in hot cells. It does not address glovebox, water, x-ray glass or zinc bromide windows.
1.3 Caveats
1.3.1 Consideration shall be given when preparing the shielding window designs for the safety related issues discussed in the Hazards Sources and Failure Modes, Section ; such as dielectric discharge, over-pressurization, radiation exposure, contamination, and overturning of the extraction table/device.
1.3.2 In many cases, the use of the word "shall" has been purposely used in lieu of "should" to stress the importance of the statements that have been made in this standard.
1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 Intent:
1.1.1 This guide covers materials handling equipment used in hot cells (shielded cells) for the processing and handling of nuclear and radioactive materials. The intent of this guide is to aid in the selection and design of materials handling equipment for hot cells in order to minimize equipment failures and maximize the equipment utility.
1.1.2 It is intended that this guide record the principles and caveats that experience has shown to be essential to the design, fabrication, installation, maintenance, repair, replacement, and decontamination and decommissioning of materials handling equipment capable of meeting the stringent demands of operating, dependably and safely, in a hot cell environment where operator visibility is limited due to the radiation exposure hazards.
1.1.3 This guide may apply to materials handling equipment in other radioactive remotely operated facilities such as suited entry repair areas and canyons, but does not apply to materials handling equipment used in commercial power reactors.
1.1.4 This guide covers mechanical master-slave manipulators and electro-mechanical manipulators, but does not cover electro-hydraulic manipulators.
1.2 Applicability:
1.2.1 This guide is intended to be applicable to equipment used under one or more of the following conditions:
1.2.1.1 The materials handled or processed constitute a significant radiation hazard to man or to the environment.
1.2.1.2 The equipment will generally be used over a long-term life cycle (for example, in excess of two years), but equipment intended for use over a shorter life cycle is not excluded.
1.2.1.3 The equipment can neither be accessed directly for purposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipment be viewed directly, e.g., without shielded viewing windows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system.
1.3 User Caveats:
1.3.1 This standard is not a substitute for applied engineering skills, proven practices and experience. Its purpose is to provide guidance.
1.3.1.1 The guidance set forth in this standard relating to design of equipment is intended only to alert designers and engineers to those features, conditions, and procedures that have been found necessary or highly desirable to the design, selection, operation and maintenance of reliable materials handling equipment for the subject service conditions.
1.3.1.2 The guidance set forth results from discoveries of conditions, practices, features, or lack of features that were found to be sources of operational or maintenance problems, or causes of failure.
1.3.2 This standard does not supersede federal and/or state regulations, or codes applicable to equipment under any conditions.
1.3.3 This standard does not cover design features of the hot cell, e.g., windows, drains, and shield plugs. This standard does not cover pneumatic or hydraulic systems. Refer to Guides C 1533, C 1217, and ANS Design Guides for Radioactive Material Handling Facilities Equipment for information and references to design features of the hot cell and other hot cell equipment.
1.3.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this guide is to provide general guidelines for the design and operation of hot cell equipment to ensure longevity and reliability throughout the period of service.
It is intended that this guide record the general conditions and practices that experience has shown is necessary to minimize equipment failures and maximize the effectiveness and utility of hot cell equipment. It is also intended to alert designers to those features that are highly desirable for the selection of equipment that has proven reliable in high radiation environments.
This guide is intended as a supplement to other standards, and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of equipment intended for hot cell use.
This guide is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of types and configurations of hot cell equipment.
SCOPE
Intent:
1.1.1 The intent of this guide is to provide general design and operating considerations for the safe and dependable operation of remotely operated hot cell equipment. Hot cell equipment is hardware used to handle, process, or analyze nuclear or radioactive material in a shielded room. The equipment is placed behind radiation shield walls and cannot be directly accessed by the operators or by maintenance personnel because of the radiation exposure hazards. Therefore, the equipment is operated remotely, either with or without the aid of viewing.
1.1.2 This guide may apply to equipment in other radioactive remotely operated facilities such as suited entry repair areas, canyons or caves, but does not apply to equipment used in commercial power reactors.
1.1.3 This guide does not apply to equipment used in gloveboxes.
1.2 Caveats:
1.2.1 This guide does not address considerations relating to the design, construction, operation, or safety of hot cells, caves, canyons, or other similar remote facilities. This guide deals only with equipment intended for use in hot cells.
1.2.2 Specific design and operating considerations are found in other ASTM documents.
1.2.3 The system of units employed in this guide shall be the inch-pound unit, also known as U.S. Customary Units. These units are commonly used in the United States of America and defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, including certain other units accepted for use with these terms.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.