D02.A0.02 - Oxygenated Fuels and Components

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a fuel blend, nominally 51 to 83 volume % ethanol for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Ethanol fuel blends, also referred to as “Ethanol Flex Fuel” shall conform to the performance requirements prescribed. Ethanol fuel blends shall be visually free of sediment and suspended matter. The vapour pressure, acidity, pHe requirements, gum content, inorganic chloride, water requirements, copper requirements, and sulphur requirements shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 % to 83 % by volume ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified.  
1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements.  
1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known commercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” has been changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish this product from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806. To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established.  
1.4 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification.  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended for blending with unleaded or leaded gasolines for use as a spark-ignition automotive engine fuel. Denatured fuel ethanol shall conform to the specified performance requirements for the following: ethanol content, methanol, solvent-washed gum, water content, denaturant content, inorganic chloride content, copper content, acidity, pHe, sulfur content, sulfate content, appearance, and specific gravity. The only denaturants used for fuel ethanol shall be natural gasoline, gasoline components, or unleaded gasoline at the minimum concentration prescribed. Prohibited denaturants include methanol which does not meet the specified requirement, pyrroles, turpentine, ketones, and tars (high-molecular weight pyrolysis products of fossil or nonfossil vegetable matter). Sampling, containers, and sample handling techniques, and the test methods for determining conformance to the specified requirements are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded or leaded gasolines at 1 % to 15 % by volume for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814 as well as other fuel applications or specifications involving ethanol. The significance of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.  
1.2 Jurisdictions may vary in their regulatory requirements for the allowable or prohibited types of denaturants, chemical composition of the denaturant or concentration of denaturant needed to denature the ethanol. The user is advised to check with the national and regional regulatory agencies where the ethanol is denatured and used.  
1.2.1 Specific regulatory requirements for denatured fuel ethanol and acceptable denaturants from various jurisdictions are given in Appendixes for information.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Values given in parentheses are provided for information only. Non-SI units are shown in the Appendix if they are in a direct quotation from government regulations. In most cases, U.S. federal regulations specify non-SI units.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the method modification in 8.7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the methanol fuel blend, M70-M85, for use in ground vehicles that run on automotive spark-ignition engines. Fuels are grouped into three vapor pressure classes (Classes 1, 2, and 3) on the basis of seasonal and geographical volatility. The fuel blends shall undergo chemical analysis for methanol, higher alcohols, hydrocarbon/aliphatic ether, acidity as acetic acid, solvent washed and unwashed gum content, total chlorine as chloride, lead, phosphorus, water, sulfur, and inorganic chloride. The product's appearance shall be clear and bright, visibly free of suspended or precipitated contaminants.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of methanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with methanol-capable flexible-fuel, and dedicated methanol spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 % to 85 % by volume methanol. This fuel is sometimes referred to at retail as “M85.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified. Appendix X2 presents the current status in the development of a luminosity test procedure (flame visibility) for methanol fuel blends (M51–M85).  
1.2 The vapor pressure of methanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate vehicle operability and safety. Methanol content and selection of gasoline blendstocks are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements.  
1.3 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs can be more or less restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See Annex A1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing methanol.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—Non-SI units are provided for information only. In most cases, U.S. federal regulations specify non-SI units.  
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions–Appendix X2 of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for fuel grade ethyl tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE) utilized as a blend component at the 1 % to 22 % by volume for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specifications D4814 and D8076 as well as other automotive fuel applications involving ETBE.  
1.1.1 Other ETBE grades may be available for blending that are not covered by this specification. Specification D7618 is also available from ASTM International.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: For purposes of determining conformance with these specifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29. All digits expressed in the specification limits are to be considered significant digits.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers requirements for fuel grade methyl tertiary-butyl ether utilized in commerce, terminal blending, or downstream blending with fuels for spark-ignition engines. The following test methods shall be conducted to meet the specified requirements: appearance; sulfur; solvent-washed gum content; MTBE mass percentage; methanol mass percentage; API gravity; density; copper strip corrosion; water content; vapor pressure; and color.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for fuel grade methyl tertiary-butyl ether utilized in blending with gasolines at 1 % to 15 % by volume (equivalent to 2.7 % by weight oxygen) for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814 as well as other automotive fuel applications involving MTBE. Other MTBE grades may be available for blending that are not covered by this specification.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice applies to the blending of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels with ethanol concentrations greater than those suitable for conventional-fuel vehicles and less than the minimum ethanol content specification limits of Specification D5798. These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and are sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex Fuel.”  
1.2 These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are only suitable for use in ground flexible-fuel vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. Flexible-fuel vehicles are designed to operate on gasoline or gasoline-ethanol blends that meet the requirements of Specification D4814, ethanol fuel blends that meet the requirements of Specification D5798, or any combination of these. In the United States, these vehicles are certified by the U.S. EPA as emissions compliant with these types of fuels.  
1.3 The mid-level ethanol fuel blend shall be blended from either:  
1.3.1 Denatured fuel ethanol conforming to the requirements of Specification D4806 with a reduced limit on inorganic chloride content that will ensure no more than 1 mg/kg inorganic chloride in the finished fuel and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming to Specification D4814 (often at a distribution terminal or bulk plant), or  
1.3.2 Ethanol fuel blends conforming to Specification D5798 and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming to Specification D4814 (often at a retail site).  
1.4 This practice describes the required procedures for blending various mid-level ethanol fuel blends for flexible-fuel vehicles at the bulk distribution point or retail/commercial delivery site. These requirements may be applied at other points in the production and distribution system when provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The hydrogen ion activity, as measured by pHe, is a good predictor of the corrosion potential of ethanol fuels. It is preferable to total acidity because total acidity does not measure activity of the hydrogen ions; overestimates the contribution of weak acids, such as carbonic acid; and can underestimate the corrosion potential of low concentrations of strong acids, such as sulfuric acid.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine a measure of the hydrogen ion activity of high ethanol content fuels. These include denatured fuel ethanol and ethanol fuel blends. The test method is applicable to denatured fuel ethanol and ethanol fuel blends containing ethanol at 51 % by volume, or more.  
1.2 Hydrogen ion activity as measured in this test method is defined as pHe. A pHe value for alcohol solutions is not comparable to pH values of water solutions.  
1.2.1 The value of pHe measured will depend somewhat on the fuel blend, the stirring rate, and the time the electrode is in the fuel.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Hydrogen ion activity in water is expressed as pH and hydrogen ion activity in ethanol is expressed as pHe.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended for blending with unleaded or leaded gasolines for use as a spark-ignition automotive engine fuel. Denatured fuel ethanol shall conform to the specified performance requirements for the following: ethanol content, methanol, solvent-washed gum, water content, denaturant content, inorganic chloride content, copper content, acidity, pHe, sulfur content, sulfate content, appearance, and specific gravity. The only denaturants used for fuel ethanol shall be natural gasoline, gasoline components, or unleaded gasoline at the minimum concentration prescribed. Prohibited denaturants include methanol which does not meet the specified requirement, pyrroles, turpentine, ketones, and tars (high-molecular weight pyrolysis products of fossil or nonfossil vegetable matter). Sampling, containers, and sample handling techniques, and the test methods for determining conformance to the specified requirements are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded or leaded gasolines at 1 % to 15 % by volume for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814 as well as other fuel applications or specifications involving ethanol. The significance of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.  
1.2 Jurisdictions may vary in their regulatory requirements for the allowable or prohibited types of denaturants, chemical composition of the denaturant or concentration of denaturant needed to denature the ethanol. The user is advised to check with the national and regional regulatory agencies where the ethanol is denatured and used.  
1.2.1 Specific regulatory requirements for denatured fuel ethanol and acceptable denaturants from various jurisdictions are given in Appendixes for information.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Values given in parentheses are provided for information only. Non-SI units are shown in the Appendix if they are in a direct quotation from government regulations. In most cases, U.S. federal regulations specify non-SI units.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the method modification in 8.7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice applies to the blending of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels with ethanol concentrations greater than those suitable for conventional-fuel vehicles and less than the minimum ethanol content specification limits of Specification D5798. These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and are sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex Fuel.”  
1.2 These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are only suitable for use in ground flexible-fuel vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. Flexible-fuel vehicles are designed to operate on gasoline or gasoline-ethanol blends that meet the requirements of Specification D4814, ethanol fuel blends that meet the requirements of Specification D5798, or any combination of these. In the United States, these vehicles are certified by the U.S. EPA as emissions compliant with these types of fuels.  
1.3 The mid-level ethanol fuel blend shall be blended from either:  
1.3.1 Denatured fuel ethanol conforming to the requirements of Specification D4806 with a reduced limit on inorganic chloride content that will ensure no more than 1 mg/kg inorganic chloride in the finished fuel and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming to Specification D4814 (often at a distribution terminal or bulk plant), or  
1.3.2 Ethanol fuel blends conforming to Specification D5798 and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming to Specification D4814 (often at a retail site).  
1.4 This practice describes the required procedures for blending various mid-level ethanol fuel blends for flexible-fuel vehicles at the bulk distribution point or retail/commercial delivery site. These requirements may be applied at other points in the production and distribution system when provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended for blending with unleaded or leaded gasolines for use as a spark-ignition automotive engine fuel. Denatured fuel ethanol shall conform to the specified performance requirements for the following: ethanol content, methanol, solvent-washed gum, water content, denaturant content, inorganic chloride content, copper content, acidity, pHe, sulfur content, sulfate content, appearance, and specific gravity. The only denaturants used for fuel ethanol shall be natural gasoline, gasoline components, or unleaded gasoline at the minimum concentration prescribed. Prohibited denaturants include methanol which does not meet the specified requirement, pyrroles, turpentine, ketones, and tars (high-molecular weight pyrolysis products of fossil or nonfossil vegetable matter). Sampling, containers, and sample handling techniques, and the test methods for determining conformance to the specified requirements are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded or leaded gasolines at 1 % to 15 % by volume for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814 as well as other fuel applications or specifications involving ethanol. The significance of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.  
1.2 Jurisdictions may vary in their regulatory requirements for the allowable or prohibited types of denaturants, chemical composition of the denaturant or concentration of denaturant needed to denature the ethanol. The user is advised to check with the national and regional regulatory agencies where the ethanol is denatured and used.  
1.2.1 Specific regulatory requirements for denatured fuel ethanol and acceptable denaturants from various jurisdictions are given in Appendixes for information.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Values given in parentheses are provided for information only. Non-SI units are shown in the Appendix if they are in a direct quotation from government regulations. In most cases, U.S. federal regulations specify non-SI units.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the method modification in 8.7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The hydrogen ion activity, as measured by pHe, is a good predictor of the corrosion potential of ethanol fuels. It is preferable to total acidity because total acidity does not measure activity of the hydrogen ions; overestimates the contribution of weak acids, such as carbonic acid; and can underestimate the corrosion potential of low concentrations of strong acids, such as sulfuric acid.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine a measure of the hydrogen ion activity of high ethanol content fuels. These include denatured fuel ethanol and ethanol fuel blends. The test method is applicable to denatured fuel ethanol and ethanol fuel blends containing ethanol at 51 % by volume, or more.  
1.2 Hydrogen ion activity as measured in this test method is defined as pHe. A pHe value for alcohol solutions is not comparable to pH values of water solutions.  
1.2.1 The value of pHe measured will depend somewhat on the fuel blend, the stirring rate, and the time the electrode is in the fuel.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Hydrogen ion activity in water is expressed as pH and hydrogen ion activity in ethanol is expressed as pHe.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a fuel blend, nominally 51 to 83 volume % ethanol for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Ethanol fuel blends, also referred to as “Ethanol Flex Fuel” shall conform to the performance requirements prescribed. Ethanol fuel blends shall be visually free of sediment and suspended matter. The vapour pressure, acidity, pHe requirements, gum content, inorganic chloride, water requirements, copper requirements, and sulphur requirements shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 % to 83 % by volume ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified.  
1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements.  
1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known commercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” has been changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish this product from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806. To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established.  
1.4 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification.  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended for blending with unleaded or leaded gasolines for use as a spark-ignition automotive engine fuel. Denatured fuel ethanol shall conform to the specified performance requirements for the following: ethanol content, methanol, solvent-washed gum, water content, denaturant content, inorganic chloride content, copper content, acidity, pHe, sulfur content, sulfate content, appearance, and specific gravity. The only denaturants used for fuel ethanol shall be natural gasoline, gasoline components, or unleaded gasoline at the minimum concentration prescribed. Prohibited denaturants include methanol which does not meet the specified requirement, pyrroles, turpentine, ketones, and tars (high-molecular weight pyrolysis products of fossil or nonfossil vegetable matter). Sampling, containers, and sample handling techniques, and the test methods for determining conformance to the specified requirements are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded or leaded gasolines at 1 % to 15 % by volume for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814 as well as other fuel applications or specifications involving ethanol. The significance of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.  
1.2 Jurisdictions may vary in their regulatory requirements for the allowable or prohibited types of denaturants, chemical composition of the denaturant or concentration of denaturant needed to denature the ethanol. The user is advised to check with the national and regional regulatory agencies where the ethanol is denatured and used.  
1.2.1 Specific regulatory requirements for denatured fuel ethanol and acceptable denaturants from various jurisdictions are given in Appendixes for information.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Values given in parentheses are provided for information only. Non-SI units are shown in the Appendix if they are in a direct quotation from government regulations. In most cases, U.S. federal regulations specify non-SI units.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the method modification in 8.7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for fuel grade ethyl tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE) utilized as a blend component at the 1 % to 22 % by volume for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specifications D4814 and D8076 as well as other automotive fuel applications involving ETBE.  
1.1.1 Other ETBE grades may be available for blending that are not covered by this specification. Specification D7618 is also available from ASTM International.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: For purposes of determining conformance with these specifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29. All digits expressed in the specification limits are to be considered significant digits.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The acid strength, as measured by pHe, is a good predictor of the corrosion potential of ethanol fuels. It is preferable to total acidity because total acidity does not measure acid strength; overestimates the contribution of weak acids, such as carbonic acid; and can underestimate the corrosion potential of low concentrations of strong acids, such as sulfuric acid.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine a measure of the acid strength of high ethanol content fuels. These include denatured fuel ethanol and ethanol fuel blends. The test method is applicable to denatured fuel ethanol and ethanol fuel blends containing ethanol at 51 % by volume, or more.  
1.2 Acid strength as measured in this test method is defined as pHe. A pHe value for alcohol solutions is not comparable to pH values of water solutions.  
1.2.1 The value of pHe measured will depend somewhat on the fuel blend, the stirring rate, and the time the electrode is in the fuel.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Hydrogen ion activity in water is expressed as pH and hydrogen ion activity in ethanol is expressed as pHe.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a fuel blend, nominally 51 to 83 volume % ethanol for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Ethanol fuel blends, also referred to as “Ethanol Flex Fuel” shall conform to the performance requirements prescribed. Ethanol fuel blends shall be visually free of sediment and suspended matter. The vapour pressure, acidity, pHe requirements, gum content, inorganic chloride, water requirements, copper requirements, and sulphur requirements shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 % to 83 % by volume ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified.  
1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements.  
1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known commercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” has been changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish this product from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806. To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established.  
1.4 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification.  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a fuel blend, nominally 51 to 83 volume % ethanol for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Ethanol fuel blends, also referred to as “Ethanol Flex Fuel” shall conform to the performance requirements prescribed. Ethanol fuel blends shall be visually free of sediment and suspended matter. The vapour pressure, acidity, pHe requirements, gum content, inorganic chloride, water requirements, copper requirements, and sulphur requirements shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 % to 83 % by volume ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified.  
1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements.  
1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known commercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” has been changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish this product from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806. To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established.  
1.4 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification.  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended for blending with unleaded or leaded gasolines for use as a spark-ignition automotive engine fuel. Denatured fuel ethanol shall conform to the specified performance requirements for the following: ethanol content, methanol, solvent-washed gum, water content, denaturant content, inorganic chloride content, copper content, acidity, pHe, sulfur content, sulfate content, appearance, and specific gravity. The only denaturants used for fuel ethanol shall be natural gasoline, gasoline components, or unleaded gasoline at the minimum concentration prescribed. Prohibited denaturants include methanol which does not meet the specified requirement, pyrroles, turpentine, ketones, and tars (high-molecular weight pyrolysis products of fossil or nonfossil vegetable matter). Sampling, containers, and sample handling techniques, and the test methods for determining conformance to the specified requirements are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded or leaded gasolines at 1 % to 15 % by volume for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814 as well as other fuel applications or specifications involving ethanol. The significance of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.  
1.2 Jurisdictions may vary in their regulatory requirements for the allowable or prohibited types of denaturants, chemical composition of the denaturant or concentration of denaturant needed to denature the ethanol. The user is advised to check with the national and regional regulatory agencies where the ethanol is denatured and used.  
1.2.1 Specific regulatory requirements for denatured fuel ethanol and acceptable denaturants from various jurisdictions are given in Appendixes for information.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Values given in parentheses are provided for information only. Non-SI units are shown in the Appendix if they are in a direct quotation from government regulations. In most cases, U.S. federal regulations specify non-SI units.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the method modification in 8.7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a fuel blend, nominally 75 to 85 volume % denatured fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) and 25 to 15 additional volume % hydrocarbons for use in ground vehicles with automotive spark-ignition engines. Fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) shall conform to the performance requirements prescribed. Fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) shall be visually free of sediment and suspended matter. The hydrocarbon/aliphatic ether blend content, vapour pressure, acidity, pH requirements, gum content, inorganic chloride, water requirements, copper requirements, and sulphur requirements shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 % to 83 % by volume ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified.  
1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements.  
1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known commercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” has been changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish this product from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806. To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established.  
1.4 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification.  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers requirements for fuel grade methyl tertiary-butyl ether utilized in commerce, terminal blending, or downstream blending with fuels for spark-ignition engines. The following test methods shall be conducted to meet the specified requirements: appearance; sulfur; solvent-washed gum content; MTBE mass percentage; methanol mass percentage; API gravity; density; copper strip corrosion; water content; vapor pressure; and color.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for fuel grade methyl tertiary-butyl ether utilized in blending with gasolines at 1 % to 15 % by volume (equivalent to 2.7 % by weight oxygen) for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814 as well as other automotive fuel applications involving MTBE. Other MTBE grades may be available for blending that are not covered by this specification.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice applies to the blending of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels with ethanol concentrations greater than those suitable for conventional-fuel vehicles and less than the minimum ethanol content specification limits of Specification D5798. These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and are sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex Fuel.”  
1.2 These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are only suitable for use in ground flexible-fuel vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. Flexible-fuel vehicles are designed to operate on gasoline or gasoline-ethanol blends that meet the requirements of Specification D4814, ethanol fuel blends that meet the requirements of Specification D5798, or any combination of these. In the United States, these vehicles are certified by the U.S. EPA as emissions compliant with these types of fuels.  
1.3 The mid-level ethanol fuel blend shall be blended from either:  
1.3.1 Denatured fuel ethanol conforming to the requirements of Specification D4806 with a reduced limit on inorganic chloride content that will ensure no more than 1 mg/kg inorganic chloride in the finished fuel and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming to Specification D4814 (often at a distribution terminal or bulk plant), or  
1.3.2 Ethanol fuel blends conforming to Specification D5798 and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming to Specification D4814 (often at a retail site).  
1.4 This practice describes the required procedures for blending various mid-level ethanol fuel blends for flexible-fuel vehicles at the bulk distribution point or retail/commercial delivery site. These requirements may be applied at other points in the production and distribution system when provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a fuel blend, nominally 75 to 85 volume % denatured fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) and 25 to 15 additional volume % hydrocarbons for use in ground vehicles with automotive spark-ignition engines. Fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) shall conform to the performance requirements prescribed. Fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) shall be visually free of sediment and suspended matter. The hydrocarbon/aliphatic ether blend content, vapour pressure, acidity, pH requirements, gum content, inorganic chloride, water requirements, copper requirements, and sulphur requirements shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 % to 83 % by volume ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified.  
1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements.  
1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known commercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” has been changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish this product from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806. To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established.  
1.4 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The acid strength, as measured by pHe, is a good predictor of the corrosion potential of ethanol fuels. It is preferable to total acidity because total acidity does not measure acid strength; overestimates the contribution of weak acids, such as carbonic acid; and can underestimate the corrosion potential of low concentrations of strong acids, such as sulfuric acid.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine a measure of the acid strength of high ethanol content fuels. These include denatured fuel ethanol and ethanol fuel blends. The test method is applicable to denatured fuel ethanol and ethanol fuel blends containing ethanol at 51 % by volume, or more.  
1.2 Acid strength as measured in this test method is defined as pHe. A pHe value for alcohol solutions is not comparable to pH values of water solutions.  
1.2.1 The value of pHe measured will depend somewhat on the fuel blend, the stirring rate, and the time the electrode is in the fuel.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Hydrogen ion activity in water is expressed as pH and hydrogen ion activity in ethanol is expressed as pHe.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for fuel grade ethyl tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE) utilized as a blend component at the 1 % to 22 % by volume for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specifications D4814 and D8076 as well as other automotive fuel applications involving ETBE.  
1.1.1 Other ETBE grades may be available for blending that are not covered by this specification. Specification D7618 is also available from ASTM International.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: For purposes of determining conformance with these specifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29. All digits expressed in the specification limits are to be considered significant digits.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the methanol fuel blend, M70-M85, for use in ground vehicles that run on automotive spark-ignition engines. Fuels are grouped into three vapor pressure classes (Classes 1, 2, and 3) on the basis of seasonal and geographical volatility. The fuel blends shall undergo chemical analysis for methanol, higher alcohols, hydrocarbon/aliphatic ether, acidity as acetic acid, solvent washed and unwashed gum content, total chlorine as chloride, lead, phosphorus, water, sulfur, and inorganic chloride. The product's appearance shall be clear and bright, visibly free of suspended or precipitated contaminants.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of methanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with methanol-capable flexible-fuel, and dedicated methanol spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 % to 85 % by volume methanol. This fuel is sometimes referred to at retail as “M85.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified. Appendix X2 presents the current status in the development of a luminosity test procedure (flame visibility) for methanol fuel blends (M51–M85).  
1.2 The vapor pressure of methanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate vehicle operability and safety. Methanol content and selection of gasoline blendstocks are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements.  
1.3 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs can be more or less restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See Annex A1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing methanol.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—Non-SI units are provided for information only. In most cases, U.S. federal regulations specify non-SI units.  
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions–Appendix X2 of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended for blending with unleaded or leaded gasolines for use as a spark-ignition automotive engine fuel. Denatured fuel ethanol shall conform to the specified performance requirements for the following: ethanol content, methanol, solvent-washed gum, water content, denaturant content, inorganic chloride content, copper content, acidity, pHe, sulfur content, sulfate content, appearance, and specific gravity. The only denaturants used for fuel ethanol shall be natural gasoline, gasoline components, or unleaded gasoline at the minimum concentration prescribed. Prohibited denaturants include methanol which does not meet the specified requirement, pyrroles, turpentine, ketones, and tars (high-molecular weight pyrolysis products of fossil or nonfossil vegetable matter). Sampling, containers, and sample handling techniques, and the test methods for determining conformance to the specified requirements are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded or leaded gasolines at 1 % to 15 % by volume for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814 as well as other fuel applications or specifications involving ethanol. The significance of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.  
1.2 Jurisdictions may vary in their regulatory requirements for the allowable or prohibited types of denaturants, chemical composition of the denaturant or concentration of denaturant needed to denature the ethanol. The user is advised to check with the national and regional regulatory agencies where the ethanol is denatured and used.  
1.2.1 Specific regulatory requirements for denatured fuel ethanol and acceptable denaturants from various jurisdictions are given in Appendixes for information.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Values given in parentheses are provided for information only. Non-SI units are shown in the Appendix if they are in a direct quotation from government regulations. In most cases, U.S. federal regulations specify non-SI units.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the method modification in 8.7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a fuel blend, nominally 75 to 85 volume % denatured fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) and 25 to 15 additional volume % hydrocarbons for use in ground vehicles with automotive spark-ignition engines. Fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) shall conform to the performance requirements prescribed. Fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) shall be visually free of sediment and suspended matter. The hydrocarbon/aliphatic ether blend content, vapour pressure, acidity, pH requirements, gum content, inorganic chloride, water requirements, copper requirements, and sulphur requirements shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 % to 83 % by volume ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified.  
1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements.  
1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known commercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” has been changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish this product from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806. To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established.  
1.4 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice applies to the blending of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels with ethanol concentrations greater than those suitable for conventional-fuel vehicles and less than the minimum ethanol content specification limits of Specification D5798. These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and are sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex Fuel.”  
1.2 These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are only suitable for use in ground flexible-fuel vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. Flexible-fuel vehicles are designed to operate on gasoline or gasoline-ethanol blends that meet the requirements of Specification D4814, ethanol fuel blends that meet the requirements of Specification D5798, or any combination of these. In the United States, these vehicles are certified by the U.S. EPA as emissions compliant with these types of fuels.  
1.3 The mid-level ethanol fuel blend shall be blended from either:  
1.3.1 Denatured fuel ethanol conforming to the requirements of Specification D4806 with a reduced limit on inorganic chloride content that will ensure no more than 1 mg/kg inorganic chloride in the finished fuel and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming to Specification D4814 (often at a distribution terminal or bulk plant), or  
1.3.2 Ethanol fuel blends conforming to Specification D5798 and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming to Specification D4814 (often at a retail site).  
1.4 This practice describes the required procedures for blending various mid-level ethanol fuel blends for flexible-fuel vehicles at the bulk distribution point or retail/commercial delivery site. These requirements may be applied at other points in the production and distribution system when provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended for blending with unleaded or leaded gasolines for use as a spark-ignition automotive engine fuel. Denatured fuel ethanol shall conform to the specified performance requirements for the following: ethanol content, methanol, solvent-washed gum, water content, denaturant content, inorganic chloride content, copper content, acidity, pHe, sulfur content, sulfate content, appearance, and specific gravity. The only denaturants used for fuel ethanol shall be natural gasoline, gasoline components, or unleaded gasoline at the minimum concentration prescribed. Prohibited denaturants include methanol which does not meet the specified requirement, pyrroles, turpentine, ketones, and tars (high-molecular weight pyrolysis products of fossil or nonfossil vegetable matter). Sampling, containers, and sample handling techniques, and the test methods for determining conformance to the specified requirements are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded or leaded gasolines at 1 % to 15 % by volume for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814 as well as other fuel applications or specifications involving ethanol. The significance of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.  
1.2 Jurisdictions may vary in their regulatory requirements for the allowable or prohibited types of denaturants, chemical composition of the denaturant or concentration of denaturant needed to denature the ethanol. The user is advised to check with the national and regional regulatory agencies where the ethanol is denatured and used.  
1.2.1 Specific regulatory requirements for denatured fuel ethanol and acceptable denaturants from various jurisdictions are given in Appendixes for information.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Values given in parentheses are provided for information only. Non-SI units are shown in the Appendix if they are in a direct quotation from government regulations. In most cases, U.S. federal regulations specify non-SI units.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the method modification in 8.7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the methanol fuel blend, M70-M85, for use in ground vehicles that run on automotive spark-ignition engines. Fuels are grouped into three vapor pressure classes (Classes 1, 2, and 3) on the basis of seasonal and geographical volatility. The fuel blends shall undergo chemical analysis for methanol, higher alcohols, hydrocarbon/aliphatic ether, acidity as acetic acid, solvent washed and unwashed gum content, total chlorine as chloride, lead, phosphorus, water, sulfur, and inorganic chloride. The product's appearance shall be clear and bright, visibly free of suspended or precipitated contaminants.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of methanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with methanol-capable flexible-fuel, and dedicated methanol spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 % to 85 % by volume methanol. This fuel is sometimes referred to at retail as “M85.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified. Appendix X2 presents the current status in the development of a luminosity test procedure (flame visibility) for methanol fuel blends (M51–M85).  
1.2 The vapor pressure of methanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate vehicle operability and safety. Methanol content and selection of gasoline blendstocks are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements.  
1.3 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs can be more or less restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See Annex A1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing methanol.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—Non-SI units are provided for information only. In most cases, U.S. federal regulations specify non-SI units.  
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions–Appendix X2 of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers requirements for fuel grade methyl tertiary-butyl ether utilized in commerce, terminal blending, or downstream blending with fuels for spark-ignition engines. The following test methods shall be conducted to meet the specified requirements: appearance; sulfur; solvent-washed gum content; MTBE mass percentage; methanol mass percentage; API gravity; density; copper strip corrosion; water content; vapor pressure; and color.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for fuel grade methyl tertiary-butyl ether utilized in commerce, terminal blending, or downstream blending with fuels for spark-ignition engines. Other MTBE grades may be available for blending that are not covered by this specification.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a fuel blend, nominally 75 to 85 volume % denatured fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) and 25 to 15 additional volume % hydrocarbons for use in ground vehicles with automotive spark-ignition engines. Fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) shall conform to the performance requirements prescribed. Fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) shall be visually free of sediment and suspended matter. The hydrocarbon/aliphatic ether blend content, vapour pressure, acidity, pH requirements, gum content, inorganic chloride, water requirements, copper requirements, and sulphur requirements shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 % to 83 % by volume ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified.  
1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements.  
1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known commercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” has been changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish this product from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806. To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established.  
1.4 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended for blending with unleaded or leaded gasolines for use as a spark-ignition automotive engine fuel. Denatured fuel ethanol shall conform to the specified performance requirements for the following: ethanol content, methanol, solvent-washed gum, water content, denaturant content, inorganic chloride content, copper content, acidity, pHe, sulfur content, sulfate content, appearance, and specific gravity. The only denaturants used for fuel ethanol shall be natural gasoline, gasoline components, or unleaded gasoline at the minimum concentration prescribed. Prohibited denaturants include methanol which does not meet the specified requirement, pyrroles, turpentine, ketones, and tars (high-molecular weight pyrolysis products of fossil or nonfossil vegetable matter). Sampling, containers, and sample handling techniques, and the test methods for determining conformance to the specified requirements are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded or leaded gasolines at 1 % to 15 % by volume for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814 as well as other fuel applications or specifications involving ethanol. The significance of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.  
1.2 Jurisdictions may vary in their regulatory requirements for the allowable or prohibited types of denaturants, chemical composition of the denaturant or concentration of denaturant needed to denature the ethanol. The user is advised to check with the national and regional regulatory agencies where the ethanol is denatured and used.  
1.2.1 Specific regulatory requirements for denatured fuel ethanol and acceptable denaturants from various jurisdictions are given in Appendixes for information.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Values given in parentheses are provided for information only. Non-SI units are shown in the Appendix if they are in a direct quotation from government regulations. In most cases, U.S. federal regulations specify non-SI units.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the method modification in 8.7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the methanol fuel blend, M70-M85, for use in ground vehicles that run on automotive spark-ignition engines. Fuels are grouped into three vapor pressure classes (Classes 1, 2, and 3) on the basis of seasonal and geographical volatility. The fuel blends shall undergo chemical analysis for methanol, higher alcohols, hydrocarbon/aliphatic ether, acidity as acetic acid, solvent washed and unwashed gum content, total chlorine as chloride, lead, phosphorus, water, sulfur, and inorganic chloride. The product's appearance shall be clear and bright, visibly free of suspended or precipitated contaminants.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of methanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with methanol-capable flexible-fuel, and dedicated methanol spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 % to 85 % by volume methanol. This fuel is sometimes referred to at retail as “M85.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified. Appendix X2 presents the current status in the development of a luminosity test procedure (flame visibility) for methanol fuel blends (M51–M85).  
1.2 The vapor pressure of methanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate vehicle operability and safety. Methanol content and selection of gasoline blendstocks are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements.  
1.3 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs can be more or less restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See Annex A1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing methanol.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—Non-SI units are provided for information only. In most cases, U.S. federal regulations specify non-SI units.  
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions–Appendix X2 of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended for blending with unleaded or leaded gasolines for use as a spark-ignition automotive engine fuel. Denatured fuel ethanol shall conform to the specified performance requirements for the following: ethanol content, methanol, solvent-washed gum, water content, denaturant content, inorganic chloride content, copper content, acidity, pHe, sulfur content, sulfate content, appearance, and specific gravity. The only denaturants used for fuel ethanol shall be natural gasoline, gasoline components, or unleaded gasoline at the minimum concentration prescribed. Prohibited denaturants include methanol which does not meet the specified requirement, pyrroles, turpentine, ketones, and tars (high-molecular weight pyrolysis products of fossil or nonfossil vegetable matter). Sampling, containers, and sample handling techniques, and the test methods for determining conformance to the specified requirements are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded or leaded gasolines at 1 % to 15 % by volume for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814 as well as other fuel applications involving ethanol. The significance of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.  
1.2 The user is advised to check with the national regulatory agencies where the ethanol is denatured and used. The sulfur limit and denaturing formulas in this specification are acceptable for the U.S. market. Other countries or jurisdictions may allow or require other denaturing formulas and sulfur limits.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the method modification in 8.7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended for blending with unleaded or leaded gasolines for use as a spark-ignition automotive engine fuel. Denatured fuel ethanol shall conform to the specified performance requirements for the following: ethanol content, methanol, solvent-washed gum, water content, denaturant content, inorganic chloride content, copper content, acidity, pHe, sulfur content, sulfate content, appearance, and specific gravity. The only denaturants used for fuel ethanol shall be natural gasoline, gasoline components, or unleaded gasoline at the minimum concentration prescribed. Prohibited denaturants include methanol which does not meet the specified requirement, pyrroles, turpentine, ketones, and tars (high-molecular weight pyrolysis products of fossil or nonfossil vegetable matter). Sampling, containers, and sample handling techniques, and the test methods for determining conformance to the specified requirements are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded or leaded gasolines at 1 to 10 volume % for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814. The significance of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.  
1.2 The user is advised to check with the national regulatory agencies where the ethanol is denatured and used. The sulfur limit and denaturing formulas in this specification are acceptable for the U.S. market. Other countries or jurisdictions may allow or require other denaturing formulas and sulfur limits.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the method modification in 8.7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a fuel blend, nominally 75 to 85 volume % denatured fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) and 25 to 15 additional volume % hydrocarbons for use in ground vehicles with automotive spark-ignition engines. Fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) shall conform to the performance requirements prescribed. Fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) shall be visually free of sediment and suspended matter. The hydrocarbon/aliphatic ether blend content, vapour pressure, acidity, pH requirements, gum content, inorganic chloride, water requirements, copper requirements, and sulphur requirements shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 to 83 volume % ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified.  
1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements.  
1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known commercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” has been changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish this product from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806. To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established.  
1.4 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers requirements for fuel grade methyl tertiary-butyl ether utilized in commerce, terminal blending, or downstream blending with fuels for spark-ignition engines. The following test methods shall be conducted to meet the specified requirements: appearance; sulfur; solvent-washed gum content; MTBE mass percentage; methanol mass percentage; API gravity; density; copper strip corrosion; water content; vapor pressure; and color.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for fuel grade methyl tertiary-butyl ether utilized in commerce, terminal blending, or downstream blending with fuels for spark-ignition engines. Other MTBE grades may be available for blending that are not covered by this specification.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the methanol fuel blend, M70-M85, for use in ground vehicles that run on automotive spark-ignition engines. Fuels are grouped into three vapor pressure classes (Classes 1, 2, and 3) on the basis of seasonal and geographical volatility. The fuel blends shall undergo chemical analysis for methanol, higher alcohols, hydrocarbon/aliphatic ether, acidity as acetic acid, solvent washed and unwashed gum content, total chlorine as chloride, lead, phosphorus, water, sulfur, and inorganic chloride. The product's appearance shall be clear and bright, visibly free of suspended or precipitated contaminants.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a fuel blend, nominally 70 to 85 volume % methanol and 30 to 14 volume % hydrocarbons for use in ground vehicles with automotive spark-ignition engines. Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified. Appendix X2 presents the current status in the development of a luminosity test procedure for M70-M85.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions–Annex A1, Annex A2, Annex A3, and Appendix X2 of this specification.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended for blending with unleaded or leaded gasolines for use as a spark-ignition automotive engine fuel. Denatured fuel ethanol shall conform to the specified performance requirements for the following: ethanol content, methanol, solvent-washed gum, water content, denaturant content, inorganic chloride content, copper content, acidity, pHe, sulfur content, sulfate content, appearance, and specific gravity. The only denaturants used for fuel ethanol shall be natural gasoline, gasoline components, or unleaded gasoline at the minimum concentration prescribed. Prohibited denaturants include methanol which does not meet the specified requirement, pyrroles, turpentine, ketones, and tars (high-molecular weight pyrolysis products of fossil or nonfossil vegetable matter). Sampling, containers, and sample handling techniques, and the test methods for determining conformance to the specified requirements are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded or leaded gasolines at 1 to 10 volume % for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814. The significance of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.  
1.2 The user is advised to check with the national regulatory agencies where the ethanol is denatured and used. The sulfur limit and denaturing formulas in this specification are acceptable for the U.S. market. Other countries or jurisdictions may allow or require other denaturing formulas and sulfur limits.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the method modification in 8.7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The acid strength, as measured by pHe, is a good predictor of the corrosion potential of ethanol fuels. It is preferable to total acidity because total acidity does not measure acid strength; overestimates the contribution of weak acids, such as carbonic acid; and can underestimate the corrosion potential of low concentrations of strong acids, such as sulfuric acid.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine a measure of the acid strength of high ethanol content fuels. These include denatured fuel ethanol and ethanol fuel blends. The test method is applicable to denatured fuel ethanol and ethanol fuel blends containing ethanol at 51 % by volume, or more.  
1.2 Acid strength as measured in this test method is defined as pHe. A pHe value for alcohol solutions is not comparable to pH values of water solutions.  
1.2.1 The value of pHe measured will depend somewhat on the fuel blend, the stirring rate, and the time the electrode is in the fuel.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Hydrogen ion activity in water is expressed as pH and hydrogen ion activity in ethanol is expressed as pHe.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice applies to the blending of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels with ethanol concentrations greater than those suitable for conventional-fuel vehicles and less than the minimum ethanol content specification limits of Specification D5798. These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and are sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex Fuel.”  
1.2 These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are only suitable for use in ground flexible-fuel vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. Flexible-fuel vehicles are designed to operate on gasoline or gasoline-ethanol blends that meet the requirements of Specification D4814, ethanol fuel blends that meet the requirements of Specification D5798, or any combination of these. In the United States, these vehicles are certified by the U.S. EPA as emissions compliant with these types of fuels.  
1.3 The mid-level ethanol fuel blend shall be blended from either:  
1.3.1 Denatured fuel ethanol conforming to the requirements of Specification D4806 with a reduced limit on inorganic chloride content that will ensure no more than 1 mg/kg inorganic chloride in the finished fuel and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming to Specification D4814 (often at a distribution terminal or bulk plant), or  
1.3.2 Ethanol fuel blends conforming to Specification D5798 and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming to Specification D4814 (often at a retail site).  
1.4 This practice describes the required procedures for blending various mid-level ethanol fuel blends for flexible-fuel vehicles at the bulk distribution point or retail/commercial delivery site. These requirements may be applied at other points in the production and distribution system when provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a fuel blend, nominally 75 to 85 volume % denatured fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) and 25 to 15 additional volume % hydrocarbons for use in ground vehicles with automotive spark-ignition engines. Fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) shall conform to the performance requirements prescribed. Fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) shall be visually free of sediment and suspended matter. The hydrocarbon/aliphatic ether blend content, vapour pressure, acidity, pH requirements, gum content, inorganic chloride, water requirements, copper requirements, and sulphur requirements shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 to 83 volume % ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified.  
1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements.  
1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known commercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” has been changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish this product from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806. To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established.  
1.4 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended for blending with unleaded or leaded gasolines for use as a spark-ignition automotive engine fuel. Denatured fuel ethanol shall conform to the specified performance requirements for the following: ethanol content, methanol, solvent-washed gum, water content, denaturant content, inorganic chloride content, copper content, acidity, pHe, sulfur content, sulfate content, appearance, and specific gravity. The only denaturants used for fuel ethanol shall be natural gasoline, gasoline components, or unleaded gasoline at the minimum concentration prescribed. Prohibited denaturants include methanol which does not meet the specified requirement, pyrroles, turpentine, ketones, and tars (high-molecular weight pyrolysis products of fossil or nonfossil vegetable matter). Sampling, containers, and sample handling techniques, and the test methods for determining conformance to the specified requirements are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded or leaded gasolines at 1 to 10 volume % for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814. The significance of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.  
1.2 The user is advised to check with the national regulatory agencies where the ethanol is denatured and used. The sulfur limit and denaturing formulas in this specification are acceptable for the U.S. market. Other countries or jurisdictions may allow or require other denaturing formulas and sulfur limits.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the method modification in 8.7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a fuel blend, nominally 52 to 85 volume % denatured fuel ethanol and 48 to 15 additional volume % hydrocarbons for use in ground vehicles with automotive spark-ignition engines. Ethanol Fuel Blends shall conform to the performance requirements prescribed. Ethanol Fuel Blends shall be visually free of sediment and suspended matter. The hydrocarbon content, vapor pressure, acidity, pHe requirements, gum content, inorganic chloride, water requirements, copper requirements, and sulphur requirements shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 to 83 volume % ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified.  
1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements.  
1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known commercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” has been changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish this product from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806. To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established.  
1.4 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended for blending with unleaded or leaded gasolines for use as a spark-ignition automotive engine fuel. Denatured fuel ethanol shall conform to the specified performance requirements for the following: ethanol content, methanol, solvent-washed gum, water content, denaturant content, inorganic chloride content, copper content, acidity, pHe, sulfur content, sulfate content, and appearance. The only denaturants used for fuel ethanol shall be natural gasoline, gasoline components, or unleaded gasoline at the minimum concentration prescribed. Prohibited denaturants include methanol which does not meet the specified requirement, pyrroles, turpentine, ketones, and tars (high-molecular weight pyrolysis products of fossil or nonfossil vegetable matter). Sampling, containers, and sample handling techniques, and the test methods for determining conformance to the specified requirements are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded or leaded gasolines at 1 to 10 volume % for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814. The significance of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.  
1.2 The user is advised to check with the national regulatory agencies where the ethanol is denatured and used. The sulfur limit and denaturing formulas in this specification are acceptable for the U.S. market. Other countries or jurisdictions may allow or require other denaturing formulas and sulfur limits.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the method modification in 8.7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers requirements for fuel grade methyl tertiary-butyl ether utilized in commerce, terminal blending, or downstream blending with fuels for spark-ignition engines. The following test methods shall be conducted to meet the specified requirements: appearance; sulfur; solvent-washed gum content; MTBE mass percentage; methanol mass percentage; API gravity; density; copper strip corrosion; water content; vapor pressure; and color.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for fuel grade methyl tertiary-butyl ether utilized in commerce, terminal blending, or downstream blending with fuels for spark-ignition engines. Other MTBE grades may be available for blending that are not covered by this specification.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the methanol fuel blend, M70-M85, for use in ground vehicles that run on automotive spark-ignition engines. Fuels are grouped into three vapor pressure classes (Classes 1, 2, and 3) on the basis of seasonal and geographical volatility. The fuel blends shall undergo chemical analysis for methanol, higher alcohols, hydrocarbon/aliphatic ether, acidity as acetic acid, solvent washed and unwashed gum content, total chlorine as chloride, lead, phosphorus, water, sulfur, and inorganic chloride. The product's appearance shall be clear and bright, visibly free of suspended or precipitated contaminants.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a fuel blend, nominally 70 to 85 volume % methanol and 30 to 14 volume % hydrocarbons for use in ground vehicles with automotive spark-ignition engines. Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified. Appendix X2 presents the current status in the development of a luminosity test procedure for M70-M85.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions–Annex A1, Annex A2, Annex A3, and Appendix X2 of this specification.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a fuel blend, nominally 75 to 85 volume % denatured fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) and 25 to 15 additional volume % hydrocarbons for use in ground vehicles with automotive spark-ignition engines. Fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) shall conform to the performance requirements prescribed. Fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) shall be visually free of sediment and suspended matter. The hydrocarbon/aliphatic ether blend content, vapour pressure, acidity, pH requirements, gum content, inorganic chloride, water requirements, copper requirements, and sulphur requirements shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 to 83 volume % ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified.  
1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements.  
1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known commercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” has been changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish this product from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806. To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established.  
1.4 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended for blending with unleaded or leaded gasolines for use as a spark-ignition automotive engine fuel. Denatured fuel ethanol shall conform to the specified performance requirements for the following: ethanol content, methanol, solvent-washed gum, water content, denaturant content, inorganic chloride content, copper content, acidity, pHe, sulfur content, sulfate content, appearance, and specific gravity. The only denaturants used for fuel ethanol shall be natural gasoline, gasoline components, or unleaded gasoline at the minimum concentration prescribed. Prohibited denaturants include methanol which does not meet the specified requirement, pyrroles, turpentine, ketones, and tars (high-molecular weight pyrolysis products of fossil or nonfossil vegetable matter). Sampling, containers, and sample handling techniques, and the test methods for determining conformance to the specified requirements are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded or leaded gasolines at 1 to 10 volume % for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814. The significance of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.  
1.2 The user is advised to check with the national regulatory agencies where the ethanol is denatured and used. The sulfur limit and denaturing formulas in this specification are acceptable for the U.S. market. Other countries or jurisdictions may allow or require other denaturing formulas and sulfur limits.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the method modification in 8.7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.