D18.23 - Field Instrumentation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 An inclinometer is a deformation monitoring system, which uses a grooved pipe or casing with internal longitudinal grooves aligned with the anticipated direction of movement, installed in either a soil/rock mass or a geotechnical structural element. The inclinometer casing can be surveyed with a single traversing probe or with an array of in-place inclinometer (IPI) gauges connected to a data logger. The measurement and calculation of deformation normal to the axis of the inclinometer casing is done by passing a probe along the length of this pipe or placement of a sensor array, guided by the internal grooves. The probe or sensor array measures the inclination of the pipe, usually in two orthogonal directions 90° apart (X- and Y-direction) with respect to the axis of the casing (Z-direction, usually the line of gravity). Measurements are converted to distances using trigonometric functions. Successive surveys compared with an initial survey give differences in position and indicate deformation normal to the axis of the inclinometer casing. In most cases the inclinometer casing is installed in a near-vertical hole, and the measurements indicate subsurface horizontal deformation. In some cases, the inclinometer casing is installed horizontally, and the measurements indicate vertical deformation.  
4.2 Inclinometers are also called slope inclinometers or slope indicators. Typical applications include measuring the rate and direction of landslide movement and locating the zone of shearing, monitoring the magnitude and rate of horizontal movements for embankments and excavations, monitoring the settlement and lateral spread beneath tanks and embankments, and monitoring the deflection of bulkheads, piles or structural walls.
Note 1: The precision of this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the use of inclinometers to monitor the internal movement of ground, or lateral movement of subsurface structures. The standard covers types of instruments, installation procedures, operating procedures, and maintenance requirements. The standard also provides formulae for data reduction.  
1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026 unless superseded by this standard.  
1.2.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 This standard offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this standard may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s man...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Inclinometer monitoring programs often run several years or more. During this time, hundreds of surveys can be collected. Each new survey is processed by comparing it to a baseline survey.  
4.2 Over a period of years, normal wear and tear can gradually degrade the probe’s ability to produce new surveys that are directly comparable to the baseline survey. This may go unnoticed for some time, because the quality of readings may degrade in very small increments.  
4.3 When function tests are incorporated into an inclinometer monitoring program, the degradation of reading quality can be avoided. Probes that pass the tests can be used with confidence. Probes that fail the tests shall be returned to the probe manufacturer for servicing. It shall be noted that manufacturers calibrate inclinometer probes using high-precision, electronically-controlled equipment in temperature-controlled environments. Ordinary users do not have access to such equipment, so the pass/fail criteria suggested for these tests accommodate typical results produced by less precise equipment in a less controlled environment.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes three function tests that together can be used to verify that a vertical traversing inclinometer probe is working properly.  
1.2 This practice does not address calibration routines, electronic diagnostics, or repair of the probe, nor does it address inspection of the probe’s mechanical parts.  
1.3 This practice is not intended to replace manufacturers’ recommendations for servicing and calibration of inclinometer equipment, nor is it intended to replace maintenance and calibration schedules established by users as part of their quality programs.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Vibrating wire piezometers are typically not recoverable after installation. Replacement, which involves drilling a new borehole, is expensive and sometimes impossible. Thus it is important to be certain that the sensor is operational before it is installed.  
4.2 Lacking sophisticated testing facilities, field testers must use equipment that is at hand. But in so doing, field testers should not expect to achieve the same accuracy and precision that manufacturers state on the sensor calibration record. Instead, field testers should look for obvious non-conformances, as explained in the procedures.  
4.3 This standard practice is not meant to restrict the use of other appropriate acceptance tests and procedures.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes two acceptance tests for a vibrating wire piezometer: a zero test and a down-hole test. The two tests can help a user verify that the piezometer is operating properly before it is installed.  
1.2 This practice offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Extensometers are widely used in the field of engineering and include most devices used to measure displacements, separation, settlements, convergence, and the like.  
4.2 For tunnel instrumentation, extensometers are generally used to measure roof and sidewall movements and to locate the tension arch zone surrounding the tunnel opening.  
4.3 Extensometers are also used extensively as safety monitoring devices in tunnels, in underground cavities, on potentially unstable slopes, and in monitoring the performance of rock support systems.  
4.4 An extensometer should be selected on the basis of its intended use, the preciseness of the measurement required, the anticipated range of deformation, and the details accompanying the installation. No single instrument is suitable for all applications.  
4.5 In applications for construction in rock, precise measurements will usually allow the identification of significant, possibly dangerous, trends in rock movement; however, precise measurement is much less important than the overall pattern of movement.  
4.6 Data collection of extensometers can be simple or low tech, such as manual readings at the instrument location, or complex or high tech where there are electronic readings taken at the site and either downloaded at the instrument locations or transmitted to a data collection and analysis center.  
4.7 It is important to realize the pros and cons and costs between each type of extensometers. In the case of manual readings, not as much data may be collected, important data may be missed and the person taking the readings may be put in harm’s way and may not be able to safely continue collecting data just when the data is needed the most or becomes more important. Whereas, with electronic data collection as the system becomes more sophisticated, the data collected can be done more safely, provide important data that might be missed, and may allow for real-time data analyses that are timelier and more accurate.  
...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the description, application, selection, installation, data collecting, and data reduction of the various types of contact type extensometers used in the field of rock mechanics. Laser or other non-contact extensometers are not covered here.  
1.2 Limitations of each type of extensometer system are covered in Section 5.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Add if appropriate, “Reporting of test results in units other than inch-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspec...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Earthen fills are often constructed as engineered structures, for example, dams, or to support engineered structures, for examples, roads or buildings. The weight of the fill may compress or deform the supporting soil or rock foundation resulting in settlement of the soil throughout and beneath the embankment. Temporary embankments or surcharge fills are constructed to increase the strength and/or reduce the compressibility of foundation soils prior to placement of the actual foundation or structure. The designers often monitor the settlement of the earth structure as a function of time to document the magnitude and rate of settlement, to evaluate the potential for future settlement, or to confirm the effectiveness of the surcharge and the schedule for its removal. The monitoring is performed using settlement points installed prior to or during the embankment construction. A settlement point provides an accessible survey point that settles with a selected soil horizon within or below the embankment. Careful design and installation of the settlement point can isolate the survey point from extraneous sources of movement such as frost-induced heave, compression within the embankment, or volume changes caused by moisture gain or loss.  
5.2 Various settlement point designs have been developed by the agencies and practitioners that use them. This standard guide provides designs and procedures that can be referred to in design guidelines, specifications and reports.  
5.3 This standard guide is not meant to restrict the use of other equally appropriate designs and procedures for the fabrication, installation, operation, and reading of settlement points to monitor deformations in earthen deposits during and after construction.  
Note 2: Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias contained in this guide, the precision of this guide is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencie...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides recommended designs and procedures for the fabrication, installation, operation, and reading of settlement point(s) to determine the magnitude and rate of foundation, fill settlements, or both generally under a fill or embankment load. Two types of settlement points are described – those being monitored by elevation surveys from an external bench mark and those that include an internal reference system supported on unyielding soil or rock beneath the compressible layer(s) of interest.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barrie...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 An inclinometer is a deformation monitoring system, which uses a grooved pipe or casing with internal longitudinal grooves aligned with the anticipated direction of movement, installed in either a soil/rock mass or a geotechnical structural element. The inclinometer casing can be surveyed with a single traversing probe or with an array of in-place inclinometer (IPI) gauges connected to a data logger. The measurement and calculation of deformation normal to the axis of the inclinometer casing is done by passing a probe along the length of this pipe or placement of a sensor array, guided by the internal grooves. The probe or sensor array measures the inclination of the pipe, usually in two orthogonal directions 90 degrees apart (X- and Y direction) with respect to the axis of the casing (Z-direction, usually the line of gravity). Measurements are converted to distances using trigonometric functions. Successive surveys compared with an initial survey give differences in position and indicate deformation normal to the axis of the inclinometer casing. In most cases the inclinometer casing is installed in a near-vertical hole, and the measurements indicate subsurface horizontal deformation. In some cases, the inclinometer casing is installed horizontally, and the measurements indicate vertical deformation.  
4.2 Inclinometers are also called slope inclinometers or slope indicators. Typical applications include measuring the rate and direction of landslide movement and locating the zone of shearing, monitoring the magnitude and rate of horizontal movements for embankments and excavations, monitoring the settlement and lateral spread beneath tanks and embankments, and monitoring the deflection of bulkheads, piles or structural walls.
Note 1: The precision of this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered cap...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the use of inclinometers to monitor the internal movement of ground, or lateral movement of subsurface structures. The standard covers types of instruments, installation procedures, operating procedures, and maintenance requirements. The standard also provides formulae for data reduction.  
1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026 unless superseded by this standard.  
1.2.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 This standard offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this standard may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s man...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 An inclinometer is a device for measuring deformation normal to the axis of a pipe by passing a probe along the pipe and measuring the inclination of the probe with respect to the line of gravity. Measurements are converted to distances using trigonometric functions. Distances are summed to find the position of the pipe. Successive measurements give differences in position of the pipe and indicate deformation normal to the axis of the pipe. In most cases the pipe is installed in a near-vertical hole. Measurements indicate subsurface horizontal deformation. In some cases the pipe is installed horizontally and the measurements indicate vertical deformation.  
4.2 Inclinometers are also called slope inclinometers or slope indicators. Typical applications include measuring the rate of landslide movement and locating the zone of shearing, monitoring the magnitude and rate of horizontal movements for embankments and excavations, monitoring the settlement and lateral spread beneath tanks and embankments, and monitoring the deflection of bulkheads, piles or structural walls.Note 1—Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias contained in this test method, the precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of these test methods are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable testing depends on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of inclinometers to monitor the internal movement of ground. The test method covers types of instruments, installation procedures, operating procedures, and maintenance requirements. It also provides formulae for data reduction.  
1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026 unless superseded by this test method.  
1.2.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded or calculated in this test method are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this test method to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate health and safety practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Extensometers are widely used in the field of engineering and include most devices used to measure displacements, separation, settlements, convergence, and the like.  
4.2 For tunnel instrumentation, extensometers are generally used to measure roof and sidewall movements and to locate the tension arch zone surrounding the tunnel opening.  
4.3 Extensometers are also used extensively as safety monitoring devices in tunnels, in underground cavities, on potentially unstable slopes, and in monitoring the performance of rock support systems.  
4.4 An extensometer should be selected on the basis of its intended use, the preciseness of the measurement required, the anticipated range of deformation, and the details accompanying installation. No single instrument is suitable for all applications.Note 1—Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias contained in this test method, the precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of these test methods are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable testing depends on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the description, application, selection, installation, data collecting, and data reduction of the various types of extensometers used in the field of rock mechanics.  
1.2 Limitations of each type of extensometer system are covered in Section 5.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Inclinometer monitoring programs often run several years or more. During this time, hundreds of surveys can be collected. Each new survey is processed by comparing it to a baseline survey.  
4.2 Over a period of years, normal wear and tear can gradually degrade the probe’s ability to produce new surveys that are directly comparable to the baseline survey. This may go unnoticed for some time, because the quality of readings may degrade in very small increments.  
4.3 When function tests are incorporated into an inclinometer monitoring program, the degradation of reading quality can be avoided. Probes that pass the tests can be used with confidence. Probes that fail the tests should be returned to the probe manufacturer for servicing. It should be noted that manufacturers calibrate inclinometer probes using high-precision, electronically-controlled equipment in temperature-controlled environments. Ordinary users do not have access to such equipment, so the pass/fail criteria suggested for these tests accommodate typical results produced by less precise equipment in a less controlled environment.Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes three function tests that together can be used to verify that a vertical inclinometer probe is working properly.  
1.2 This practice does not address calibration routines, electronic diagnostics, or repair of the probe, nor does it address inspection of the probe’s mechanical parts.  
1.3 This practice is not intended to replace manufacturers’ recommendations for servicing and calibration of inclinometer equipment, nor is it intended to replace maintenance and calibration schedules established by users as part of their quality programs.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Vibrating wire piezometers are typically not recoverable after installation. Replacement, which involves drilling a new borehole, is expensive and sometimes impossible. Thus it is important to be certain that the sensor is operational before it is installed.  
4.2 Lacking sophisticated testing facilities, field testers must use equipment that is at hand. But in so doing, field testers should not expect to achieve the same accuracy and precision that manufacturers state on the sensor calibration record. Instead, field testers should look for obvious non-conformances, as explained in the procedures.  
4.3 This standard practice is not meant to restrict the use of other appropriate acceptance tests and procedures.Note 1—Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias contained in this practice, the precision of this practice is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this practice are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not itself ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of these factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes two acceptance tests for a vibrating wire piezometer: a zero test and a down-hole test. The two tests can help a user verify that the piezometer is operating properly before it is installed.  
1.2 This practice offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides recommended designs and procedures for the fabrication, installation, operation, and reading of settlement platform to determine the magnitude and rate of foundation, fill settlements, or both generally under a fill or embankment load. Two types of settlement platforms are described - those be monitored by elevation surveys from an external bench mark and those that include an internal reference system supported on unyielding soil or rock beneath the compressible layer(s) of interest.
This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides recommended designs and procedures for the fabrication, installation, operation, and reading of settlement platform to determine the magnitude and rate of foundation, fill settlements, or both generally under a fill or embankment load. Two types of settlement platforms are described - those be monitored by elevation surveys from an external bench mark and those that include an internal reference system supported on unyielding soil or rock beneath the compressible layer(s) of interest.
This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Inclinometer monitoring programs often run several years or more. During this time, hundreds of surveys can be collected. Each new survey is processed by comparing it to a baseline survey.  
Over a period of years, normal wear and tear can gradually degrade the probe’s ability to produce new surveys that are directly comparable to the baseline survey. This may go unnoticed for some time, because the quality of readings may degrade in very small increments.  
When function tests are incorporated into an inclinometer monitoring program, the degradation of reading quality can be avoided. Probes that pass the tests can be used with confidence. Probes that fail the tests should be returned to the probe manufacturer for servicing. It should be noted that manufacturers calibrate inclinometer probes using high-precision, electronically-controlled equipment in temperature-controlled environments. Ordinary users do not have access to such equipment, so the pass/fail criteria suggested for these tests accommodate typical results produced by less precise equipment in a less controlled environment.
The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes three function tests that together can be used to verify that a vertical inclinometer probe is working properly.
1.2 This practice does not address calibration routines, electronic diagnostics, or repair of the probe, nor does it address inspection of the probes mechanical parts.
1.3 This practice is not intended to replace manufacturers recommendations for servicing and calibration of inclinometer equipment, nor is it intended to replace maintenance and calibration schedules established by users as part of their quality programs.
1.4 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word "standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
An inclinometer is a device for measuring deformation normal to the axis of a pipe by passing a probe along the pipe and measuring the inclination of the probe with respect to the line of gravity. Measurements are converted to distances using trigonometric functions. Distances are summed to find the position of the pipe. Successive measurements give differences in position of the pipe and indicate deformation normal to the axis of the pipe. In most cases the pipe is installed in a near-vertical hole. Measurements indicate subsurface horizontal deformation. In some cases the pipe is installed horizontally and the measurements indicate vertical deformation.
Inclinometers are also called slope inclinometers or slope indicators. Typical applications include measuring the rate of landslide movement and locating the zone of shearing, monitoring the magnitude and rate of horizontal movements for embankments and excavations, monitoring the settlement and lateral spread beneath tanks and embankments, and monitoring the deflection of bulkheads, piles or structural walls.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of inclinometers to monitor the internal movement of ground. The test method covers types of instruments, installation procedures, operating procedures and maintenance requirements. It also provides formulae for data reduction.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate health and safety practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides recommended designs and procedures for the fabrication, installation, operation, and reading of settlement platform to determine the magnitude and rate of foundation, fill settlements, or bothgenerally under a fill or embankment load. Two types of settlement platforms are described - those be monitored by elevation surveys from an external bench mark and those that include an internal reference system supported on unyielding soil or rock beneath the compressible layer(s) of interest.
1.2 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the description, application, selection, installation, data collecting, and data reduction of the various types of extensometers used in the field of rock mechanics.
1.2 Limitations of each type of extensometer system are covered in Section 3.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Extensometers are widely used in the field of engineering and include most devices used to measure displacements, separation, settlements, convergence, and the like.
For tunnel instrumentation, extensometers are generally used to measure roof and sidewall movements and to locate the tension arch zone surrounding the tunnel opening.
Extensometers are also used extensively as safety monitoring devices in tunnels, in underground cavities, on potentially unstable slopes, and in monitoring the performance of rock support systems.
An extensometer should be selected on the basis of its intended use, the preciseness of the measurement required, the anticipated range of deformation, and the details accompanying installation. No single instrument is suitable for all applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the description, application, selection, installation, data collecting, and data reduction of the various types of extensometers used in the field of rock mechanics.
1.2 Limitations of each type of extensometer system are covered in Section .
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of inclinometers to monitor the internal movement of ground. The test method covers types of instruments, installation procedures operating procedures and maintenance requirements. It also provides formulae for data reduction.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the use of inclinometers for rock mass monitoring, lists some available instruments, outlines operating techniques and maintenance requirements, and presents data reduction formulas.  
1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.