E12.06 - Display, Imaging and Imaging Colorimetry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of visual display units (VDUs) is by the use of spectroradiometric data. (See CIE No. 18 and 63.) These data are used by summation together with numerical values representing the 1931 CIE Standard Observer and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function.  
5.2 The special requirements for characterizing VDUs possessing narrow or discontinuous spectra are presented and discussed. Modifications to the requirements of Practice E308 are given to correct for the unusual nature of narrow or discontinuous sources.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method prescribes the instrumental measurements required for characterizing the color and brightness of VDUs.  
1.2 This test method is specific in scope rather than general as to type of instrument and object.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The color displayed on a VDU is an important aspect of the reproduction of colored images. The VDU is often used as the design, edit, and approval medium. Images are placed into the computer by some sort of capture device, such as a camera or scanner, modified by the computer operator, and sent on to a printer or color separation generator, or even to a paint dispenser or textile dyer. The color of the final product is to have some well-defined relationship to the original. The most common medium for establishing the relationship between input, edit, and output color (device-independent color space) is the CIE tristimulus space. This guide identifies the procedures for deriving a model that relates the digital computer settings of a VDU to the CIE tristimulus values of the colored light emitted by the primaries.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in establishing the operating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define the relationship between the digital information supplied by a computer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectral radiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The mathematical description of this relationship can be used to provide a nearby device-independent model for the accurate display of color and colored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus values referred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice may be applied when tristimulus colorimeters are used to measure the colors produced on self-luminous video display devices such as CRTs and flat-panel displays, including electroluminescent (EL) panels, light emitting diodes (LEDs) field emission displays (FEDs), and back-lit liquid crystal displays (LCDs). This practice is not meant to be a complete description of a procedure to measure the color coordinates of a display. Rather, it provides a method for obtaining more accurate results when certain conditions are met. It may be used by any person engaged in the measurement of color on display devices who has access to the requisite equipment.  
5.2 This practice defines a class of tristimulus colorimeters that may be said to be compatible with this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended as an aid for improving the accuracy of colorimetric measurements made with tristimulus colorimeters on visual display units, such as cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and self-luminous flat-panel displays. It explains a useful step in the analysis of colorimetric data that takes advantage of the fact that light from such displays consists of an additive mixture of three primary colored lights. However, it is not a complete specification of how such measurements should be made.  
1.2 This practice is limited to display devices and colorimetric instruments that meet linearity criteria as defined in the practice. It is not concerned with effects that might cause measurement bias such as temporal or geometric differences between the instrument being optimized and the instrument used for reference.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of radiant sources is by the use of spectroradiometric measurements. These measurements are used by summation together with numerical values representing the CIE 1931 Standard Observer (CIE Publication 015:2004) and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function, with a value of 683 lm/W.  
5.2 This practice provides a procedure for selecting the operating parameters of spectroradiometers used for providing the desired precision spectroradiometric data, for their calibration, and for the physical standards required for calibration.  
5.3 Special requirements for characterizing sources of light possessing narrow or discontinuous spectra are presented and discussed. Modifications to the procedures of Practice E308 are given to correct for the unusual nature of narrow or discontinuous sources.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice prescribes the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and physical standards needed for precise spectroradiometric data for characterizing the color and luminance of radiant sources.  
1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when spectroradiometric measurements are required in specific methods, practices, or specifications.  
1.3 This practice describes the unique calculation procedures required to determine basic colorimetric data of luminous sources.  
1.4 This practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument, object, or material.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The color displayed on a VDU is an important aspect of the reproduction of colored images. The VDU is often used as the design, edit, and approval medium. Images are placed into the computer by some sort of capture device, such as a camera or scanner, modified by the computer operator, and sent on to a printer or color separation generator, or even to a paint dispenser or textile dyer. The color of the final product is to have some well-defined relationship to the original. The most common medium for establishing the relationship between input, edit, and output color (device-independent color space) is the CIE tristimulus space. This guide identifies the procedures for deriving a model that relates the digital computer settings of a VDU to the CIE tristimulus values of the colored light emitted by the primaries.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in establishing the operating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define the relationship between the digital information supplied by a computer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectral radiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The mathematical description of this relationship can be used to provide a nearby device-independent model for the accurate display of color and colored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus values referred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice may be applied when tristimulus colorimeters are used to measure the colors produced on self-luminous video display devices such as CRTs and flat-panel displays, including electroluminescent (EL) panels, light emitting diodes (LEDs) field emission displays (FEDs), and back-lit liquid crystal displays (LCDs). This practice is not meant to be a complete description of a procedure to measure the color coordinates of a display. Rather, it provides a method for obtaining more accurate results when certain conditions are met. It may be used by any person engaged in the measurement of color on display devices who has access to the requisite equipment.  
5.2 This practice defines a class of tristimulus colorimeters that may be said to be compatible with this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended as an aid for improving the accuracy of colorimetric measurements made with tristimulus colorimeters on visual display units, such as cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and self-luminous flat-panel displays. It explains a useful step in the analysis of colorimetric data that takes advantage of the fact that light from such displays consists of an additive mixture of three primary colored lights. However, it is not a complete specification of how such measurements should be made.  
1.2 This practice is limited to display devices and colorimetric instruments that meet linearity criteria as defined in the practice. It is not concerned with effects that might cause measurement bias such as temporal or geometric differences between the instrument being optimized and the instrument used for reference.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of visual display units (VDUs) is by the use of spectroradiometric data. (See CIE No. 18 and 63.) These data are used by summation together with numerical values representing the 1931 CIE Standard Observer and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function.  
5.2 The special requirements for characterizing VDUs possessing narrow or discontinuous spectra are presented and discussed. Modifications to the requirements of Practice E308 are given to correct for the unusual nature of narrow or discontinuous sources.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method prescribes the instrumental measurements required for characterizing the color and brightness of VDUs.  
1.2 This test method is specific in scope rather than general as to type of instrument and object.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of radiant sources is by the use of spectroradiometric measurements. These measurements are used by summation together with numerical values representing the CIE 1931 Standard Observer (CIE Publication 015:2004) and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function, with a value of 683 lm/W.  
5.2 This practice provides a procedure for selecting the operating parameters of spectroradiometers used for providing the desired precision spectroradiometric data, for their calibration, and for the physical standards required for calibration.  
5.3 Special requirements for characterizing sources of light possessing narrow or discontinuous spectra are presented and discussed. Modifications to the procedures of Practice E308 are given to correct for the unusual nature of narrow or discontinuous sources.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice prescribes the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and physical standards needed for precise spectroradiometric data for characterizing the color and luminance of radiant sources.  
1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when spectroradiometric measurements are required in specific methods, practices, or specifications.  
1.3 This practice describes the unique calculation procedures required to determine basic colorimetric data of luminous sources.  
1.4 This practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument, object, or material.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice may be applied when tristimulus colorimeters are used to measure the colors produced on self-luminous video display devices such as CRTs and flat-panel displays, including electroluminescent (EL) panels, light emitting diodes (LEDs) field emission displays (FEDs), and back-lit liquid crystal displays (LCDs). This practice is not meant to be a complete description of a procedure to measure the color coordinates of a display. Rather, it provides a method for obtaining more accurate results when certain conditions are met. It may be used by any person engaged in the measurement of color on display devices who has access to the requisite equipment.  
5.2 This practice defines a class of tristimulus colorimeters that may be said to be compatible with this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended as an aid for improving the accuracy of colorimetric measurements made with tristimulus colorimeters on visual display units, such as cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and self-luminous flat-panel displays. It explains a useful step in the analysis of colorimetric data that takes advantage of the fact that light from such displays consists of an additive mixture of three primary colored lights. However, it is not a complete specification of how such measurements should be made.  
1.2 This practice is limited to display devices and colorimetric instruments that meet linearity criteria as defined in the practice. It is not concerned with effects that might cause measurement bias such as temporal or geometric differences between the instrument being optimized and the instrument used for reference.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The color displayed on a VDU is an important aspect of the reproduction of colored images. The VDU is often used as the design, edit, and approval medium. Images are placed into the computer by some sort of capture device, such as a camera or scanner, modified by the computer operator, and sent on to a printer or color separation generator, or even to a paint dispenser or textile dyer. The color of the final product is to have some well-defined relationship to the original. The most common medium for establishing the relationship between input, edit, and output color (device-independent color space) is the CIE tristimulus space. This guide identifies the procedures for deriving a model that relates the digital computer settings of a VDU to the CIE tristimulus values of the colored light emitted by the primaries.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in establishing the operating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define the relationship between the digital information supplied by a computer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectral radiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The mathematical description of this relationship can be used to provide a nearby device-independent model for the accurate display of color and colored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus values referred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The most fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of visual display units (VDUs) is by the use of spectroradiometric data. (See CIE No. 18 and 63.) These data are used by summation together with numerical values representing the 1931 CIE Standard Observer and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function.
The special requirements for characterizing VDUs possessing narrow or discontinuous spectra are presented and discussed. Modifications to the requirements of Practice E308 are given to correct for the unusual nature of narrow or discontinuous sources.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method prescribes the instrumental measurements required for characterizing the color and brightness of VDUs.
1.2 This test method is specific in scope rather than general as to type of instrument and object.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of radiant sources is by the use of spectroradiometric measurements. These measurements are used by summation together with numerical values representing the CIE 1931 Standard Observer (CIE Publication 015:2004) and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function, with a value of 683 lm/W.
This practice provides a procedure for selecting the operating parameters of spectroradiometers used for providing the desired precision spectroradiometric data, for their calibration, and for the physical standards required for calibration.
Special requirements for characterizing sources of light possessing narrow or discontinuous spectra are presented and discussed. Modifications to the procedures of Practice E308 are given to correct for the unusual nature of narrow or discontinuous sources.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice prescribes the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and physical standards needed for precise spectroradiometric data for characterizing the color and luminance of radiant sources.
1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when spectroradiometric measurements are required in specific methods, practices, or specifications.
1.3 This practice describes the unique calculation procedures required to determine basic colorimetric data of luminous sources.  
1.4 This practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument, object, or material.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The light reflected from the facial anterior teeth can be used to calculate color coordinates. Monitored over time, changes in color can be observed. These data reveal information about the efficacy of a product, treatment study, or epidemiology of tooth color. For example, clinical studies of consumer tooth whitening systems evaluate the efficacy of manufacturers’ products.
The change in color of the facial surfaces of anterior teeth can be used to optimize the efficacy of tooth whitening systems. For example, the data can provide the answer the question: “What is the optimum percentage of whitening agent in a consumer tooth whitening system?”
This procedure is suitable for use in research and development, marketing studies, comparative product analyses, and clinical trials.
Prior research shows that a popular visual assessment method of determining tooth color, changes in tooth color, and whiteness among clinicians yields less than desirable results (1-4). These assessment tools are designated “shade guides.” They consist of tooth-shaped, synthetic objects in the form of teeth all of slightly different colors or different shades from one another. A “shade” is generally regarded as a color slightly different from a reference color (on a comparative basis). The colors of the synthetic teeth in these “shade guides” do not progress linearly as observed visually or logically in a CIE colorimetric coordinate system, and they are metameric to real teeth.
Translucency—Human teeth are translucent and the degree of translucency varies widely between subjects. However, translucency does not vary over the short term and is not therefore a consideration in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure, instrumental requirements, standardization procedures, material standards, measurement procedures, and parameters necessary to make precise measurements of in-vivo tooth color and tooth whiteness. In particular it is meant to measure the color of teeth in selected human subjects.
1.2 Digital images are used to evaluate tooth color of both posterior and anterior dentition (teeth). All other non-relevant parts, such as gums, spaces, etc., must be separated from the measurement and the analysis. All localized discoloration; such as stains, inclusions, etc., may be separated from the measurement and the analysis.
1.3 The broadband reflectance factors of teeth are measured. The colorimetric measurement is performed with a digital still camera while using an illuminator(s) that provides controlled illumination on the teeth. The measured data from a digital image are captured using a DSC. This test method is particularly useful for the gamut of tooth color which is:  
1.3.1 CIE L* from 55 to 95,
1.3.2 CIE a* from 3 to 12,
1.3.3 CIE b* from 8 to 25 units.
1.4 The wavelengths for this test method include that portion of the visible spectrum from 400 to 700 nm.
1.5 Data acquired using this test method is for comparative purposes used during clinical trials or other types of research.
1.6 This test method is designed to encompass natural teeth, artificial teeth, restorations, and shade guides.
Note 1—This procedure may not be applicable for all types of dental work.
1.7 The apparatus, measurement procedure, data analysis technique are generic, so that a specific apparatus, measurement procedure, or data analysis technique may not be excluded.
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice may be applied when tristimulus colorimeters are used to measure the colors produced on self-luminous video display devices such as CRTs and flat-panel displays, including electroluminescent (EL) panels, field emission displays (FEDs), and back-lit liquid crystal displays (LCDs). This practice is not meant to be a complete description of a procedure to measure the color coordinates of a display. Rather, it provides a method for obtaining more accurate results when certain conditions are met. It may be used by any person engaged in the measurement of color on display devices who has access to the requisite equipment.
This practice defines a class of tristimulus colorimeters that may be said to be compatible with this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended as an aid for improving the accuracy of colorimetric measurements made with tristimulus colorimeters on visual display units, such as cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and self-luminous flat-panel displays. It explains a useful step in the analysis of colorimetric data that takes advantage of the fact that light from such displays consists of an additive mixture of three primary colored lights. However, it is not a complete specification of how such measurements should be made.
1.2 This practice is limited to display devices and colorimetric instruments that meet linearity criteria as defined in the practice. It is not concerned with effects that might cause measurement bias such as temporal or geometric differences between the instrument being optimized and the instrument used for reference.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The light reflected from the teeth and emitted from the plaque on the teeth is captured by a DSC. Digital data extracted from the images can be used to discriminate and classify pixels. Monitored over time, changes in plaque coverage can be observed. An example is a clinical study of the efficacy of tooth brushes to remove dental plaque.
Assessing the quantity and coverage of dental plaque on teeth can be used to optimize the design of products and procedures intended to reduce dental plaque coverage.
Clinical assessment, for example, the modified Turesky Plaque Index, , is a subjective, non- linear, integer based scale that may require extensive examiner training and recertification. The method described here provides increased precision, repeatability, and reproducibility in comparison to other methods.
This procedure is suitable for use in research and development, marketing claims and advertising, comparative product analysis, and clinical trials.
SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the procedure, instrumental requirements, standardization procedures, material standards, measurement procedures, and parameters necessary to make precise measurements of dental plaque on the teeth revealed by fluorescence. In particular it is meant to measure the amount of plaque and plaque coverage on human teeth.
1.2 Digital images are used to measure the coverage of dental plaque on the teeth using discrimination analysis. All localized discoloration, such as stains, inclusions, pigmentations, etc., may be separated from the measurement and the analysis. All other non-relevant parts, such as teeth, tongue, spaces, dental restorations or prostheses, etc., must be separated from the measurement and the analysis.
Note 1—This procedure may not be applicable for all types of dental work.
1.3 The broadband reflectance factors of the teeth and surrounding tissue are measured. The colorimetric measurement is performed using an illuminator system that provides controlled illumination on the teeth and surrounding tissue. A Digital Still Camera (DSC) is used to capture the digital image.
1.4 Data acquired using this method may be used to assess personal plaque coverage for the purposes of identifying overall health status, health status at specific sites in the mouth, or to track changes in personal health status for individuals over time. Pooled data may be used to assess plaque coverage, health, disease among populations in epidemiological surveys, evaluation of comparative product efficacy, or safety and treatment response in clinical trials involving plaque coverage or disease.
1.5 The apparatus, measurement procedure, and analysis technique described herein are generic. The intent is not to exclude a specific apparatus, measurement procedure, or analysis technique.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parenthesis are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The color displayed on a VDU is an important aspect of the reproduction of colored images. The VDU is often used as the design, edit, and approval medium. Images are placed into the computer by some sort of capture device, such as a camera or scanner, modified by the computer operator, and sent on to a printer or color separation generator, or even to a paint dispenser or textile dyer. The color of the final product is to have some well-defined relationship to the original. The most common medium for establishing the relationship between input, edit, and output color (device-independent color space) is the CIE tristimulus space. This guide identifies the procedures for deriving a model that relates the digital computer settings of a VDU to the CIE tristimulus values of the colored light emitted by the primaries.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in establishing the operating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define the relationship between the digital information supplied by a computer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectral radiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The mathematical description of this relationship can be used to provide a nearby device-independent model for the accurate display of color and colored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus values referred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure, instrumental requirements, standardization procedures, material standards, measurement procedures, and parameters necessary to make precise measurements of gingival color. In particular it is meant to measure the color of gingiva in human subjects.
1.2 Digital images are used to evaluate gingival color on the facial labial or buccal surfaces of the gingiva. The marginal gingival tissue adjacent to natural teeth may be of particular interest for analysis. All other non-relevant parts; such as teeth, tongue, spaces, dental restorations or prostheses, etc., must be separated from the measurement and the analysis. All localized discoloration; such as stains, inclusions, pigmentations, etc., may be separated from the measurement and the analysis.
1.2.1 The broadband reflectance factors of gingiva and the surrounding tissue are measured. The colorimetric measurement is performed using an illuminator(s) that provides controlled illumination on the gingiva using a digital still camera to capture the digital image.
1.3 Data acquired using this test method may be used to assess personal gingival color for the purposes of identifying overall health status, health status at specific sites in the mouth, or to track changes in personal health status for individuals over time. Pooled data may be used to assess gingival color, health and disease among populations in epidemiological surveys, evaluation of comparative product efficacy, or safety and treatment response in clinical trials involving gingival health or disease.
1.4 The apparatus, measurement procedure, and data analysis technique are generic, so that a specific apparatus, measurement procedure, or data analysis technique may not be excluded.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of radiant sources is by the use of spectroradiometric measurements. These measurements are used by summation together with numerical values representing the CIE 1931 Standard Observer (CIE Publication 15:2004) and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function, with a value of 683 lm/W.
This practice provides a procedure for selecting the operating parameters of spectroradiometers used for providing the desired precision spectroradiometric data, for their calibration, and for the physical standards required for calibration.
Special requirements for characterizing sources of light possessing narrow or discontinuous spectra are presented and discussed. Modifications to the procedures of Practice E 308 are given to correct for the unusual nature of narrow or discontinuous sources.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice prescribes the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and physical standards needed for precise spectroradiometric data for characterizing the color and luminance of radiant sources.
1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when spectroradiometric measurements are required in specific methods, practices, or specifications.
1.3 This practice describes the unique calculation procedures required to determine basic colorimetric data of luminous sources.
1.4 This practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument, object, or material.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure, instrumental requirements, standardization procedures, material standards, measurement procedures, and parameters necessary to make precise measurements of in-vivo tooth color and tooth whiteness. In particular it is meant to measure the color of teeth in selected human subjects.
1.2 Digital images are used to evaluate tooth color of both posterior and anterior dentition (teeth). All other non-relevant parts, such as gums, spaces, etc., must be separated from the measurement and the analysis. All localized discoloration; such as stains, inclusions, etc., may be separated from the measurement and the analysis.
1.3 The broadband reflectance factors of teeth are measured. The colorimetric measurement is performed with a digital still camera while using an illuminator(s) that provides controlled illumination on the teeth. The measured data from a digital image are captured using a DSC. This test method is particularly useful for the gamut of tooth color which is:
1.3.1 CIE L* from 55 to 95,
1.3.2 CIE a* from 3 to 12,
1.3.3 CIE b* from 8 to 25 units.
1.4 The wavelengths for this test method include that portion of the visible spectrum from 400 to 700 nm.
1.5 Data acquired using this test method is for comparative purposes used during clinical trials or other types of research.
1.6 This test method is designed to encompass natural teeth, artificial teeth, restorations, and shade guides. Note 1
This procedure may not be applicable for all types of dental work.
1.7 The apparatus, measurement procedure, data analysis technique are generic, so that a specific apparatus, measurement procedure, or data analysis technique may not be excluded.
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The color displayed on a VDU is an important aspect of the reproduction of colored images. The VDU is often used as the design, edit, and approval medium. Images are placed into the computer by some sort of capture device, such as a camera or scanner, modified by the computer operator, and sent on to a printer or color separation generator, or even to a paint dispenser or textile dyer. The color of the final product is to have some well-defined relationship to the original. The most common medium for establishing the relationship between input, edit, and output color (device-independent color space) is the CIE tristimulus space. This guide identifies the procedures for deriving a model that relates the digital computer settings of a VDU to the CIE tristimulus values of the colored light emitted by the primaries.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in establishing the operating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define the relationship between the digital information supplied by a computer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectral radiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The mathematical description of this relationship can be used to provide a nearby device-independent model for the accurate display of color and colored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus values referred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice may be applied when tristimulus colorimeters are used to measure the colors produced on self-luminous video display devices such as CRTs and flat-panel displays, including electroluminescent (EL) panels, field emission displays (FEDs), and back-lit liquid crystal displays (LCDs). This practice is not meant to be a complete description of a procedure to measure the color coordinates of a display. Rather, it provides a method for obtaining more accurate results when certain conditions are met. It may be used by any person engaged in the measurement of color on display devices who has access to the requisite equipment.
This practice defines a class of tristimulus colorimeters that may be said to be compatible with this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended as an aid for improving the accuracy of colorimetric measurements made with tristimulus colorimeters on visual display units, such as cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and self-luminous flat-panel displays. It explains a useful step in the analysis of colorimetric data that takes advantage of the fact that light from such displays consists of an additive mixture of three primary colored lights. However, it is not a complete specification of how such measurements should be made.
1.2 This practice is limited to display devices and colorimetric instruments that meet linearity criteria as defined in the practice. It is not concerned with effects that might cause measurement bias such as temporal or geometric differences between the instrument being optimized and the instrument used for reference.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The most fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of visual display units (VDUs) is by the use of spectroradiometric data. (See CIE No. 18 and 63.) These data are used by summation together with numerical values representing the 1931 CIE Standard Observer and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function.
The special requirements for characterizing VDUs possessing narrow or discontinuous spectra are presented and discussed. Modifications to the requirements of Practice E 308 are given to correct for the unusual nature of narrow or discontinuous sources.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method prescribes the instrumental measurements required for characterizing the color and brightness of VDUs.
1.2 This test method is specific in scope rather than general as to type of instrument and object.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice prescribes the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and physical standards needed for precise spectroradiometric data for characterizing the color and luminance of radiant sources.
1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when spectroradiometric measurements are required in specific methods, practices, or specifications.
1.3 This practice describes the unique calculation procedures required to determine basic colorimetric data of luminous sources.
1.4 This practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument, or object, or material.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice prescribes the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and physical standards needed for precise spectroradiometric data for characterizing the color and luminance of radiant sources.
1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when spectroradiometric measurements are required in specific methods, practices, or specifications.
1.3 This practice describes the unique calculation procedures required to determine basic colorimetric data of luminous sources.
1.4 This practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument, or object, or material.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended as an aid for improving the accuracy of colorimetric measurements made with tristimulus colorimeters on visual display units, such as cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and self-luminous flat-panel displays. It explains a useful step in the analysis of colorimetric data that takes advantage of the fact that light from such displays consists of an additive mixture of three primary colored lights. However, it is not a complete specification of how such measurements should be made.  
1.2 This practice is limited to display devices and colorimetric instruments that meet linearity criteria as defined in the practice. It is not concerned with effects that might cause measurement bias such as temporal or geometric differences between the instrument being optimized and the instrument used for reference.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in establishing the operating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define the relationship between the digital information supplied by a computer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectral radiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The mathematical description of this relationship can be used to provide a nearby device-independent model for the accurate display of color and colored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus values referred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in establishing the operating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define the relationship between the digital information supplied by a computer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectral radiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The mathematical description of this relationship can be used to provide a nearby device-independent model for the accurate display of color and colored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus values referred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method prescribes the instrumental measurements required for characterizing the color and brightness of VDUs.
1.2 This test method is specific in scope rather than general as to type of instrument and object.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The light reflected from the teeth and emitted from the plaque on the teeth is captured by a DSC. Digital data extracted from the images can be used to discriminate and classify pixels. Monitored over time, changes in plaque coverage can be observed. An example is a clinical study of the efficacy of tooth brushes to remove dental plaque.  
5.2 Assessing the quantity and coverage of dental plaque on teeth can be used to optimize the design of products and procedures intended to reduce dental plaque coverage.  
5.3 Clinical assessment, for example, the modified Turesky Plaque Index,5, 6 is a subjective, non- linear, integer based scale that may require extensive examiner training and recertification. The method described here provides increased precision, repeatability, and reproducibility in comparison to other methods.  
5.4 This procedure is suitable for use in research and development, marketing claims and advertising, comparative product analysis, and clinical trials.
SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the procedure, instrumental requirements, standardization procedures, material standards, measurement procedures, and parameters necessary to make precise measurements of dental plaque on the teeth revealed by fluorescence. In particular it is meant to measure the amount of plaque and plaque coverage on human teeth.  
1.2 Digital images are used to measure the coverage of dental plaque on the teeth using discrimination analysis. All localized discoloration, such as stains, inclusions, pigmentations, etc., may be separated from the measurement and the analysis. All other non-relevant parts, such as teeth, tongue, spaces, dental restorations or prostheses, etc., must be separated from the measurement and the analysis.
Note 1: This procedure may not be applicable for all types of dental work.  
1.3 The broadband reflectance factors of the teeth and surrounding tissue are measured. The colorimetric measurement is performed using an illuminator system that provides controlled illumination on the teeth and surrounding tissue. A Digital Still Camera (DSC) is used to capture the digital image.  
1.4 Data acquired using this method may be used to assess personal plaque coverage for the purposes of identifying overall health status, health status at specific sites in the mouth, or to track changes in personal health status for individuals over time. Pooled data may be used to assess plaque coverage, health, disease among populations in epidemiological surveys, evaluation of comparative product efficacy, or safety and treatment response in clinical trials involving plaque coverage or disease.  
1.5 The apparatus, measurement procedure, and analysis technique described herein are generic. The intent is not to exclude a specific apparatus, measurement procedure, or analysis technique.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parenthesis are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the procedure, instrumental requirements, standardization procedures, material standards, measurement procedures, and parameters necessary to make precise measurements of dental plaque on the teeth revealed by fluorescence. In particular it is meant to measure the amount of plaque and plaque coverage on human teeth.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, this test method was withdrawn in May 2018. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The light reflected from the facial anterior teeth can be used to calculate color coordinates. Monitored over time, changes in color can be observed. These data reveal information about the efficacy of a product, treatment study, or epidemiology of tooth color. For example, clinical studies of consumer tooth whitening systems evaluate the efficacy of manufacturers’ products.  
5.2 The change in color of the facial surfaces of anterior teeth can be used to optimize the efficacy of tooth whitening systems. For example, the data can provide the answer the question: “What is the optimum percentage of whitening agent in a consumer tooth whitening system?”  
5.3 This procedure is suitable for use in research and development, marketing studies, comparative product analyses, and clinical trials.  
5.4 Prior research shows that a popular visual assessment method of determining tooth color, changes in tooth color, and whiteness among clinicians yields less than desirable results (1-4). These assessment tools are designated “shade guides.” They consist of tooth-shaped, synthetic objects in the form of teeth all of slightly different colors or different shades from one another. A “shade” is generally regarded as a color slightly different from a reference color (on a comparative basis). The colors of the synthetic teeth in these “shade guides” do not progress linearly as observed visually or logically in a CIE colorimetric coordinate system,5 and they are metameric to real teeth.  
5.5 Translucency—Human teeth are translucent and the degree of translucency varies widely between subjects. However, translucency does not vary over the short term and is not therefore a consideration in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure, instrumental requirements, standardization procedures, material standards, measurement procedures, and parameters necessary to make precise measurements of in-vivo tooth color and tooth whiteness. In particular it is meant to measure the color of teeth in selected human subjects.  
1.2 Digital images are used to evaluate tooth color of both posterior and anterior dentition (teeth). All other non-relevant parts, such as gums, spaces, etc., must be separated from the measurement and the analysis. All localized discoloration; such as stains, inclusions, etc., may be separated from the measurement and the analysis.  
1.3 The broadband reflectance factors of teeth are measured. The colorimetric measurement is performed with a digital still camera while using an illuminator(s) that provides controlled illumination on the teeth. The measured data from a digital image are captured using a DSC. This test method is particularly useful for the gamut of tooth color which is:  
1.3.1 CIE L* from 55 to 95,  
1.3.2 CIE a* from 3 to 12,  
1.3.3 CIE b* from 8 to 25 units.  
1.4 The wavelengths for this test method include that portion of the visible spectrum from 400 to 700 nm.  
1.5 Data acquired using this test method is for comparative purposes used during clinical trials or other types of research.  
1.6 This test method is designed to encompass natural teeth, artificial teeth, restorations, and shade guides.Note 1—This procedure may not be applicable for all types of dental work.  
1.7 The apparatus, measurement procedure, data analysis technique are generic, so that a specific apparatus, measurement procedure, or data analysis technique may not be excluded.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the procedure, instrumental require...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The color of gingiva or changes in gingival color can be observed. The light reflected from the facial surfaces of the gingiva can be used to calculate color coordinates. These data reveal information about the efficacy of a product, treatment studied, or epidemiology of anti-gingivitis treatments. For example, clinical studies of gingivitis treatment systems evaluate the efficacy of manufacturers' products.
The change in color of the facial surface gingiva can be used to determine and optimize the efficacy of anti-gingivitis treatments. For example, the data can provide the answer to the question: “What product or system is the most efficacious in the treatment of gingivitis?”
Chronic inflammatory disease of the gingiva and periodontium results in destruction of gingival connective tissue, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. Clinically, inflammation is seen as redness, swelling, and bleeding observed upon probing.
This procedure is suitable for use in diagnosis and monitoring, research and development, epidemiological or other surveys, marketing studies, comparative product analysis, and clinical trials.
Popular methods assess gingival inflammation via repeated clinical examination of the gingival tissues. , These methods typically quantify gingival color, which are used to assess gingival health or disease, at multiple intraoral sites on the gingiva using a simple non-linear scoring system or index. Assessment of gingival color is an important component of health status for mild-to-severe gingival disease. These techniques are time-consuming, subjective, and often invasive, and for archival purposes, separate intraoral photographs must be collected to document gingival color and appearance. Variation between and among examiners may contribute to appreciable differences in measurement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure, instrumental requirements, standardization procedures, material standards, measurement procedures, and parameters necessary to make precise measurements of gingival color. In particular it is meant to measure the color of gingiva in human subjects.
1.2 Digital images are used to evaluate gingival color on the facial labial or buccal surfaces of the gingiva. The marginal gingival tissue adjacent to natural teeth may be of particular interest for analysis. All other non-relevant parts; such as teeth, tongue, spaces, dental restorations or prostheses, etc., must be separated from the measurement and the analysis. All localized discoloration; such as stains, inclusions, pigmentations, etc., may be separated from the measurement and the analysis.
1.2.1 The broadband reflectance factors of gingiva and the surrounding tissue are measured. The colorimetric measurement is performed using an illuminator(s) that provides controlled illumination on the gingiva using a digital still camera to capture the digital image.
1.3 Data acquired using this test method may be used to assess personal gingival color for the purposes of identifying overall health status, health status at specific sites in the mouth, or to track changes in personal health status for individuals over time. Pooled data may be used to assess gingival color, health and disease among populations in epidemiological surveys, evaluation of comparative product efficacy, or safety and treatment response in clinical trials involving gingival health or disease.
1.4 The apparatus, measurement procedure, and data analysis technique are generic, so that a specific apparatus, measurement procedure, or data analysis technique may not be excluded.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine ...