D02.C0 - Turbine Oils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fluid analysis is one of the pillars in determining fluid and equipment conditions. The results of fluid analysis are used for planning corrective maintenance activities, if required.  
5.2 The objective of a proper fluid sampling process is to obtain a representative fluid sample from critical location(s) that can provide information on both the equipment and the condition of the lubricant or hydraulic fluid.  
5.3 The additional objective is to reduce the probability of outside contamination of the system and the fluid sample during the sampling process.  
5.4 The intent of this guide is to help users in obtaining representative and repeatable fluid samples in a safe manner while preventing system and fluid sample contamination.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is applicable for collecting representative fluid samples for the effective condition monitoring of steam and gas turbine lubrication and generator cooling gas sealing systems in the power generation industry. In addition, this guide is also applicable for collecting representative samples from power generation auxiliary equipment including hydraulic systems.  
1.2 The fluid may be used for lubrication of turbine-generator bearings and gears, for sealing generator cooling gas as well as a hydraulic fluid for the control system. The fluid is typically supplied by dedicated pumps to different points in the system from a common or separate reservoirs. Some large steam turbine lubrication systems may also have a separate high pressure pump to allow generation of a hydrostatic fluid film for the most heavily loaded bearings prior to rotation. For some components, the lubricating fluid may be provided in the form of splashing formed by the system components moving through fluid surfaces at atmospheric pressure.  
1.3 Turbine lubrication and hydraulic systems are primarily lubricated with petroleum based fluids but occasionally also use synthetic fluids.  
1.4 For large lubrication and hydraulic turbine systems, it may be beneficial to extract multiple samples from different locations for determining the condition of a specific component.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard.  
1.5.1 The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to assist the user, in particular the power-plant operations and maintenance departments, to maintain effective lubrication of all parts of the turbine and guard against the onset of problems associated with oil degradation and contamination. The values of the various test parameters mentioned in this practice are purely indicative. In fact, for proper interpretation of the results, many factors, such as type of equipment, operation workload, design of the lubricating oil circuit, and top-up level, should be taken into account.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effective monitoring of mineral turbine oils in service in steam and gas turbines, as individual or combined cycle turbines, used for power generation. This practice includes sampling and testing schedules to validate the condition of the lubricant through its life cycle and by ensuring required improvements to bring the present condition of the lubricant within the acceptable targets. This practice is not intended for condition monitoring of lubricants for auxiliary equipment; it is recommended that the appropriate practice be consulted (see Practice D6224).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In many instances, such as in the gears of a steam turbine, water can become mixed with the lubricant, and rusting of ferrous parts can occur. This test indicates how well inhibited mineral oils aid in preventing this type of rusting. This test method is also used for testing hydraulic and circulating oils, including heavier-than-water fluids. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
Note 3: This test method was used as a basis for Test Method D3603. Test Method D3603 is used to test the oil on separate horizontal and vertical test rod surfaces, and can provide a more discriminating evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the ability of inhibited mineral oils, particularly steam-turbine oils, to aid in preventing the rusting of ferrous parts should water become mixed with the oil. This test method is also used for testing other oils, such as hydraulic oils and circulating oils. Provision is made in the procedure for testing heavier-than-water fluids.
Note 1: For synthetic fluids, such as phosphate ester types, the plastic holder and beaker cover should be made of chemically resistant material suitable for the type of fluid tested.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.4 – 7.6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to help users, particularly power plant operators, maintain effective control over their mineral lubricating oils and lubrication monitoring program. This practice may be used to perform oil changes based on oil condition and test results rather than on the basis of service time or calendar time. It is intended to save operating and maintenance expenses.  
4.2 This practice is also intended to help users monitor the condition of mineral lubricating oils and guard against excessive component wear, oil degradation, or contamination, thereby minimizing the potential of catastrophic machine problems that are more likely to occur in the absence of such an oil condition monitoring program.  
4.3 This practice does not necessarily reference all of the current oil testing technologies and is not meant to preclude the use of alternative instrumentation or test methods that provide meaningful or trendable test data, or both. Some oil testing devices and sensors (typically used for screening oils that will be tested according to standard methods) provide trendable indicators that correlate to water, particulates, and other contaminants but do not directly measure these.  
4.4 This practice is intended for mineral oil products, and not for synthetic type of products, with the exception of phosphate esters fluids typically used in power plant control systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effective monitoring of mineral oil and phosphate ester fluid lubricating oils in service auxiliary (non-turbine) equipment used for power generation. Auxiliary equipment covered includes gears, hydraulic systems, diesel engines, pumps, compressors, and electrohydraulic control (EHC) systems. It includes sampling and testing schedules and recommended action steps, as well as information on how oils degrade.
Note 1: Other types of synthetic lubricants are sometimes used but are not addressed in this practice because they represent only a small fraction of the fluids in use. Users of these fluids should consult the manufacturer to determine recommended monitoring practices.  
1.2 This practice does not cover the monitoring of lubricating oil for steam and gas turbines. Rather, it is intended to complement Practice D4378.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to aid the equipment manufacturer, installer, service company, and turbine operator in coordinating their efforts to obtain and maintain clean lubrication and control systems.  
4.2 The flushing and cleaning philosophies stated in this guide are applicable to both large and small lubrication systems.  
4.3 Clean lubrication systems result from proper system design and good planning, execution, and communication by all involved during commissioning. No phase of these procedures should be undertaken without a thorough understanding of the possible effects of improper system preparation. The installation, cleaning, and flushing of the equipment should not be entrusted to persons lacking in experience.  
4.4 Because of the knowledge and specialized equipment that is required, the operator may wish to employ an outside specialist contractor for the system flushing. Review of this guide can provide guidelines for discussion with prospective contractors.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers types of contaminants, oil purification devices, contamination monitoring, contamination control during building or refurbishing of turbine systems, lubrication system flushing, and maintenance of pure lubrication oil.  
1.2 To obtain maximum operating life and reliability, or lubricants and system, it is vital that the turbine lubrication system has pure oil. This guide is intended to aid the equipment manufacturer, installer, and turbine operator in coordinating their efforts to obtain and maintain clean lubrication and control systems. These systems may be on land or marine turbine generators and propulsion and mechanical drive equipment. This guide is generalized due to variations in the type of equipment, builder's practices, and operating conditions.  
1.3 This guide primarily addresses petroleum based lubricating oil. For systems using nonpetroleum based fluids, this guide may not be appropriate. For nonpetroleum products, consult the equipment and fluid manufacturers.  
1.4 This guide is applicable to both large and small lubrication systems. Some equipment specified herein, however, may not be appropriate for all systems. Moreover, in situations where specific guidelines and procedures are provided by the equipment manufacturer, such procedures should take precedence over the recommendations of this guide.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides information addressing the conditions that lead to turbine oil microbial contamination and biodeterioration, the general characteristics of and strategies for controlling microbial contamination. It compliments and amplifies information provided in Practices D4378 and D6224 on condition monitoring of lubricating oils.  
5.2 This guide focuses on microbial contamination in turbine oils and power generation turbine oil systems. Uncontrolled microbial contamination in turbine oils and lubrication systems remains a largely unrecognized but potentially costly problem in power generation systems.  
5.2.1 Examples of turbine oil and system biodeterioration include, but are not limited to:
5.2.1.1 Filter plugging,
5.2.1.2 Oil line and orifice fouling,
5.2.1.3 Increased oil acidity,
5.2.1.4 Increased oil corrosivity,
5.2.1.5 Oil additive depletion,
5.2.1.6 Water emulsification,
5.2.1.7 Lubricity loss, and
5.2.1.8 Decreased oxidative stability and increased sludge generation.  
5.3 This guide introduces the fundamental concepts of turbine oil microbiology and biodeterioration control.  
5.4 This guide provides personnel who are responsible for turbine oil system stewardship with the background necessary to make informed decisions regarding the possible economic or safety, or both, impact of microbial contamination in their products or systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides personnel who have a limited microbiological background with an understanding of the symptoms, occurrence, and consequences of chronic microbial contamination. The guide also suggests means for detection and control of microbial contamination in turbine oils and turbine oil systems. This guide applies primarily to turbine lubricants (see Specifications D4293 and D4304) and turbine oil systems. However, the principles discussed herein also apply generally to lubricating oils with viscosities 2/s (for example, see Specification D6158).  
1.2 This guide focuses on turbine system and turbine oil microbiology. Despite considerable differences in turbine systems (for example, gas and steam driven turbines; power generation and propulsion; etc.) as ecosystems for microbial communities – with the exception of temperature – these differences are largely irrelevant. Ambient temperatures are typically similar. Recirculating turbine oil temperatures are commonly >40 °C. However, generally speaking, all systems in which accumulations of free water can develop, share properties that are considered in this guide.  
1.2.1 Steam turbines, and to a greater extent hydro turbines, are continuously exposed to water ingression. Diligence is needed to ensure seals and bearings are in good condition to prevent water ingression or conditions that are conducive to biodeterioration. However, due to the risk of the accumulation of condensation, all equipment can become susceptible when shut down for extended periods.  
1.3 This guide complements Energy Institute’s Guidelines on detecting, controlling, and mitigating microbial growth in oils and fuels used at power generation facilities (2.2). The Energy Institute’s guidance document provides greater detail than the overview provided in this guide.  
1.4 Microbial contamination in turbine oil systems shares common features with microbial contamination in fuel systems (See Guide D6469). However, there are also relevant differences. Although the chemistry of the fluids is different, this Guide draws heavily on D6469 but highlights unique aspects of turbine oil and turbine oil system biodeterioration and microbial contamination.  
1.5 This guide is not a compilation of all of the concepts and terminology used by microbiologists. It provides basic explanations of microbial contamination and biodeterioration in turbine oils and turbine oil systems.  
1.6 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all ...

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for phosphate ester based fire resistant fluids for use in turbine lubrication. Only unused fluid is defined before it is installed in the turbine while fluids used in electrohydraulic control (EHC) systems is not. The use of this type of fluid is restricted to turbine systems that have been designed or modified to accommodate phosphate ester lubricants. Fire tests shall be performed which measure and describe the properties of the phosphate esters in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be considered or used for the description or appraisal of the fire hazard of the fluids under actual fire conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the minimum requirements for phosphate ester-based fluids for turbine lubricants and electro-hydraulic control fluids, as delivered.  
1.2 The use of this type of fluid is restricted to turbine systems designed or modified to accommodate phosphate ester fluids.  
1.3 This standard does not cover the minimum requirements for in-service phosphate ester fluids for the turbine electro-hydraulic control (EHC) fluid. These requirements are provided in Guide D8323.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. For convenience, other units of measurement are provided in brackets.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers mineral lubricating oils used in steam and gas turbine lubricating systems where the performance requirements demand a highly refined mineral base oil compounded with rust and oxidation inhibitors plus selected additives as needed to control foam, wear, demulsibility, and so forth. This specification is intended to define the properties of new mineral oil-based turbine lubricating oils that are functionally interchangeable with existing oils of this type, are compatible with most existing machinery components, and with appropriate field maintenance, will maintain their functional characteristics. The lubricating oils shall meet the functional property limits specified for each type, as follows: ISO-viscosity grade; ASTM color; specific gravity, flash point, and pour point; water content and viscosity; visual examination; total acid number; emulsion characteristics; foaming characteristics; air release; rust preventing characteristics; copper corrosion; oxidation stability; 1000-h TOST sludge and total acid number; and cleanliness at the delivery stage.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers mineral and synthetic (API group I, II, III, or IV) oils used in steam and gas turbine lubrication systems where the performance requirements demand highly refined mineral or synthetic base oils compounded with rust and oxidation inhibitors plus selected additives as needed to control foam, wear, demulsibility, and so forth. This standard may also be applied to “combined cycle” turbine systems, where a single lubricant circulating system is used to supply oil to a steam and gas turbine configured in tandem either on a single or separate shaft for enhanced energy efficiency.  
1.2 This specification is intended to define the properties of mineral and synthetic oil-based turbine lubricating oils that are functionally interchangeable with existing oils of this type, are compatible with most existing machinery components, and with appropriate field maintenance, will maintain their functional characteristics.  
1.3 This specification is intended to define only new lubricating oil before it is installed in the machinery.  
1.4 This specification is intended to be used as a guide. It is possible that oils that do not meet this specification may perform satisfactorily in some turbines.  
1.5 This specification does not include API Group V fluids. For polyol ester fluids used to lubricate land-based gas turbines, the user is referred to the current version of military specification MIL-PRF-23699 for fluid performance requirements. For phosphate ester fluids used as turbine lubricants or steam turbine electro-hydraulic control (EHC) fluids, the user is referred to the current version of Specification D4293 for fluid performance requirements.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a guide for determining the water separation characteristics of oils subject to water contamination and turbulence. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the ability of petroleum oils or synthetic fluids to separate from water. Although developed specifically for steam-turbine oils having viscosities of 28.8 mm2/s to 90 mm2/s at 40 °C, this test method may be used to test oils of other types having various viscosities and synthetic fluids at other test temperatures. It is recommended, however, that the test temperature be raised to 82 °C ± 1 °C when testing products more viscous than 90 mm2/s at 40 °C. For higher viscosity oils where there is insufficient mixing of oil and water, Test Method D2711 is recommended. Other test temperatures such as 25 °C may also be used. A 1 % sodium choloride (NaCl) solution or synthetic seawater may be used in place of distilled water when testing certain oils or fuels used in marine applications.  
1.2 When testing synthetic fluids whose relative densities are greater than that of water, the procedure is unchanged, but it should be noted that the water will probably float on the emulsion or liquid.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test can be a guide to end-users on the formation of lubricant-generated, insoluble deposits.  
5.2 The results from this test are intended to be used as a condition monitoring trending tool as part of a comprehensive program, as outlined in standards such as Practice D4378.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method extracts insoluble contaminants from a sample of in-service turbine oil onto a patch and the color of the membrane patch is analyzed by a spectrophotometer. The results are reported as a ΔE value, within the CIELAB scale.  
1.2 This test method is not appropriate for turbine oils with dyes.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Horizontal metal surfaces, on which water droplets tend to be retained, are more prone to rusting and corrosion than vertical or sloping surfaces. This test method is therefore more discriminating than Test Method D665 (Procedure A), since it gives a separate evaluation of the oil on a horizontal and a vertical surface. The test method indicates the ability of oils to prevent rusting and corrosion of all ferrous surfaces in steam turbines under full flow and quasi-static conditions. It is used for specification of new oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the ability of steam-turbine oils to prevent the rusting of horizontal and vertical ferrous surfaces when water becomes mixed with the oil.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide outlines the requirements for monitoring the performance of in-service fire-resistant fluids based on triaryl phosphate esters to accomplish safe and reliable operation of turbine electro-hydraulic control systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides recommendations to achieve safe and reliable operation of EHC systems, recommended levels for required corrective action, and suggested management practices.  
1.2 The recommended set of physical and chemical properties of triaryl phosphate esters and their limits have been selected based on past operating experience with various fluids (primarily xylylated and butylated triaryl phosphate esters) used in different EHC system designs under different operating and environmental conditions.  
1.3 This guide is not intended to replace Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) specifications but rather support users experiencing operating problems by recommending limits based on existing knowledge of triaryl phosphate ester degradation mechanisms. This guide should be used outside the warranty period or in cases where no OEM standard exists or is available.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The compatibility of oils can be important for users of oil-lubricated equipment. Mixing of two oils can produce a substance markedly inferior to either of its constituent materials. One or more of the following can occur:  
5.1.1 A mixture of incompatible oils most often forms a precipitate. The precipitate will form unwanted deposits in the lubrication system, plug filters, and oil passageways.  
5.1.2 A mixture of incompatible oils will sometimes exhibit degradation of certain performance parameters like demulsibility, foam inhibition oxidation stability, rust protection ability, or antiwear protection ability.  
5.1.3 A mixture of incompatible oils will sometimes exhibit non-miscibility of the base oils with each other.  
5.1.4 Such incompatibilities can lead to catastrophic equipment failures.  
5.2 To minimize the chances of these problems occurring, lubricant suppliers recommend evaluating compatibility of lubricating oil of different formulations and sources prior to mixing. Equipment users most often do not have the resources to evaluate oil compatibility and must rely on their suppliers. Mixing of oils without first determining the compatibility is a highly imprudent practice.  
5.3 Although new turbine oils may be compatible, in-service oil of the same type may be degraded or contaminated to such an extent that the new oil added may not be compatible with the system oil. In-service oil compatibility with new oil additions should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.  
5.4 The oxidation resistance of different oils of the same type can vary widely, and compatibility does not imply equivalent performance without oxidation performance testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the compatibility of mixtures of turbine lubricating oils as defined by Specification D4304. The methods compare properties of specific mixtures with those of the neat oils after storage at specified conditions.  
1.2 The methods are grouped into four tiers of testing types:  
1.2.1 Tier 1—Visual appearance  
1.2.2 Tier 2—Interfacial properties  
1.2.3 Tier 3—Physical and chemical properties  
1.2.4 Tier 4—Specific performance properties  
1.3 The methods can be used to evaluate new (unused) lubricant compatibility or the effects of adding new (unused) lubricant to in-service lubricant in the system.  
1.4 This practice does not evaluate the wear prevention characteristics, load carrying capacity, or the mechanical shear stability of lubricants mixtures while in service. If anti-wear (AW), extreme pressure (EP), or shear stability are to be evaluated, further testing of these parameters may be required.  
1.5 Mixtures of the two constituent oils are evaluated using the Tier 1 and Tier 2 testing protocol. Sequential or concurrent testing is continued by applying tests from Tier 3 or Tier 4 until the test requestor or user is satisfied that the intent of this practice has been met. If any mixture fails the methods, the oils are considered incompatible by that method. If all mixtures pass the methods, the oils are considered compatible by those methods. It is recommended that passing only Tier 1 does not adequately test for fluid compatibility.  
1.6 If the mixture passes Tier 1, it shows two oils are visually compatible only. If the mixture passes Tier 1 and 2, it shows two oils are visually and interfacially compatible. If the mixture passes Tier 1, 2 and 3, it shows two oils are visually, interfacially, physically, and chemically compatible. If the mixture passes Tier 1, 2, 3, 4, it shows two oils are compatible with the highest confidence level. Testing each tier level is giving the user more confidence that the two fluids are compatible.  
1.7 This practice applies only to lubricating oils having characteristics suitable for evaluation by the suggested test methods. If the scope of a specific test method limits testing to those oils within a specified range of properties, oils outside that ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air bubbles to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will circulate through the lubricating oil system. This may result in an inability to maintain oil pressure (particularly with centrifugal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and poor hydraulic system performance or failure.  
5.2 This test method measures the time for the entrained air content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.2 % volume under a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air under conditions where a separation time is available. The significance of this test method has not been fully established. However, entrained air can cause sponginess and lack of sensitivity of the control of turbine and hydraulic systems. This test may not be suitable for ranking oils in applications where residence times are short and gas contents are high.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the ability of turbine, hydraulic, and gear oils to separate entrained air.
Note 1: This test method was developed for hydrocarbon based oils. It may be used for some synthetic fluids; however, the precision statement applies only to hydrocarbon based oils.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to assist the user, in particular the power-plant operations and maintenance departments, to maintain effective lubrication of all parts of the turbine and guard against the onset of problems associated with oil degradation and contamination. The values of the various test parameters mentioned in this practice are purely indicative. In fact, for proper interpretation of the results, many factors, such as type of equipment, operation workload, design of the lubricating oil circuit, and top-up level, should be taken into account.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effective monitoring of mineral turbine oils in service in steam and gas turbines, as individual or combined cycle turbines, used for power generation. This practice includes sampling and testing schedules to validate the condition of the lubricant through its life cycle and by ensuring required improvements to bring the present condition of the lubricant within the acceptable targets. This practice is not intended for condition monitoring of lubricants for auxiliary equipment; it is recommended that the appropriate practice be consulted (see Practice D6224).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fluid analysis is one of the pillars in determining fluid and equipment conditions. The results of fluid analysis are used for planning corrective maintenance activities, if required.  
5.2 The objective of a proper fluid sampling process is to obtain a representative fluid sample from critical location(s) that can provide information on both the equipment and the condition of the lubricant or hydraulic fluid.  
5.3 The additional objective is to reduce the probability of outside contamination of the system and the fluid sample during the sampling process.  
5.4 The intent of this guide is to help users in obtaining representative and repeatable fluid samples in a safe manner while preventing system and fluid sample contamination.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is applicable for collecting representative fluid samples for the effective condition monitoring of steam and gas turbine lubrication and generator cooling gas sealing systems in the power generation industry. In addition, this guide is also applicable for collecting representative samples from power generation auxiliary equipment including hydraulic systems.  
1.2 The fluid may be used for lubrication of turbine-generator bearings and gears, for sealing generator cooling gas as well as a hydraulic fluid for the control system. The fluid is typically supplied by dedicated pumps to different points in the system from a common or separate reservoirs. Some large steam turbine lubrication systems may also have a separate high pressure pump to allow generation of a hydrostatic fluid film for the most heavily loaded bearings prior to rotation. For some components, the lubricating fluid may be provided in the form of splashing formed by the system components moving through fluid surfaces at atmospheric pressure.  
1.3 Turbine lubrication and hydraulic systems are primarily lubricated with petroleum based fluids but occasionally also use synthetic fluids.  
1.4 For large lubrication and hydraulic turbine systems, it may be beneficial to extract multiple samples from different locations for determining the condition of a specific component.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard.  
1.5.1 The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to help users, particularly power plant operators, maintain effective control over their mineral lubricating oils and lubrication monitoring program. This practice may be used to perform oil changes based on oil condition and test results rather than on the basis of service time or calendar time. It is intended to save operating and maintenance expenses.  
4.2 This practice is also intended to help users monitor the condition of mineral lubricating oils and guard against excessive component wear, oil degradation, or contamination, thereby minimizing the potential of catastrophic machine problems that are more likely to occur in the absence of such an oil condition monitoring program.  
4.3 This practice does not necessarily reference all of the current oil testing technologies and is not meant to preclude the use of alternative instrumentation or test methods that provide meaningful or trendable test data, or both. Some oil testing devices and sensors (typically used for screening oils that will be tested according to standard methods) provide trendable indicators that correlate to water, particulates, and other contaminants but do not directly measure these.  
4.4 This practice is intended for mineral oil products, and not for synthetic type of products, with the exception of phosphate esters fluids typically used in power plant control systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effective monitoring of mineral oil and phosphate ester fluid lubricating oils in service auxiliary (non-turbine) equipment used for power generation. Auxiliary equipment covered includes gears, hydraulic systems, diesel engines, pumps, compressors, and electrohydraulic control (EHC) systems. It includes sampling and testing schedules and recommended action steps, as well as information on how oils degrade.
Note 1: Other types of synthetic lubricants are sometimes used but are not addressed in this practice because they represent only a small fraction of the fluids in use. Users of these fluids should consult the manufacturer to determine recommended monitoring practices.  
1.2 This practice does not cover the monitoring of lubricating oil for steam and gas turbines. Rather, it is intended to complement Practice D4378.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to assist the user, in particular the power-plant operator, to maintain effective lubrication of all parts of the turbine and guard against the onset of problems associated with oil degradation and contamination. The values of the various test parameters mentioned in this practice are purely indicative. In fact, for proper interpretation of the results, many factors, such as type of equipment, operation workload, design of the lubricating oil circuit, and top-up level, should be taken into account.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effective monitoring of mineral turbine oils in service in steam and gas turbines, as individual or combined cycle turbines, used for power generation. This practice includes sampling and testing schedules to validate the condition of the lubricant through its life cycle and by ensuring required improvements to bring the present condition of the lubricant within the acceptable targets. This practice is not intended for condition monitoring of lubricants for auxiliary equipment; it is recommended that the appropriate practice be consulted (see Practice D6224).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In many instances, such as in the gears of a steam turbine, water can become mixed with the lubricant, and rusting of ferrous parts can occur. This test indicates how well inhibited mineral oils aid in preventing this type of rusting. This test method is also used for testing hydraulic and circulating oils, including heavier-than-water fluids. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
Note 3: This test method was used as a basis for Test Method D3603. Test Method D3603 is used to test the oil on separate horizontal and vertical test rod surfaces, and can provide a more discriminating evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the ability of inhibited mineral oils, particularly steam-turbine oils, to aid in preventing the rusting of ferrous parts should water become mixed with the oil. This test method is also used for testing other oils, such as hydraulic oils and circulating oils. Provision is made in the procedure for testing heavier-than-water fluids.
Note 1: For synthetic fluids, such as phosphate ester types, the plastic holder and beaker cover should be made of chemically resistant material suitable for the type of fluid tested.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.4 – 7.6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a guide for determining the water separation characteristics of oils subject to water contamination and turbulence. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the ability of petroleum oils or synthetic fluids to separate from water. Although developed specifically for steam-turbine oils having viscosities of 28.8 mm2/s to 90 mm2/s at 40 °C, this test method may be used to test oils of other types having various viscosities and synthetic fluids at other test temperatures. It is recommended, however, that the test temperature be raised to 82 °C ± 1 °C when testing products more viscous than 90 mm2/s at 40 °C. For higher viscosity oils where there is insufficient mixing of oil and water, Test Method D2711 is recommended. Other test temperatures such as 25 °C may also be used. A 1 % sodium choloride (NaCl) solution or synthetic seawater may be used in place of distilled water when testing certain oils or fuels used in marine applications.  
1.2 When testing synthetic fluids whose relative densities are greater than that of water, the procedure is unchanged, but it should be noted that the water will probably float on the emulsion or liquid.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a guide for determining the water separation characteristics of oils subject to water contamination and turbulence. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the ability of petroleum oils or synthetic fluids to separate from water. Although developed specifically for steam-turbine oils having viscosities of 28.8 mm2/s to 90 mm2/s at 40 °C, this test method may be used to test oils of other types having various viscosities and synthetic fluids at other test temperatures. It is recommended, however, that the test temperature be raised to 82 °C ± 1 °C when testing products more viscous than 90 mm2/s at 40 °C. For higher viscosity oils where there is insufficient mixing of oil and water, Test Method D2711 is recommended. Other test temperatures such as 25 °C may also be used. A 1 % sodium choloride (NaCl) solution or synthetic seawater may be used in place of distilled water when testing certain oils or fuels used in marine applications.  
1.2 When testing synthetic fluids whose relative densities are greater than that of water, the procedure is unchanged, but it should be noted that the water will probably float on the emulsion or liquid.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test can be a guide to end-users on the formation of lubricant-generated, insoluble deposits.  
5.2 The results from this test are intended to be used as a condition monitoring trending tool as part of a comprehensive program, as outlined in standards such as Practice D4378.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method extracts insoluble contaminants from a sample of in-service turbine oil onto a patch and the color of the membrane patch is analyzed by a spectrophotometer. The results are reported as a ΔE value, within the CIE LAB scale.  
1.2 This test method is not appropriate for turbine oils with dyes.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a guide for determining the water separation characteristics of oils subject to water contamination and turbulence. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the ability of petroleum oils or synthetic fluids to separate from water. Although developed specifically for steam-turbine oils having viscosities of 28.8 mm2/s to 90 mm2/s at 40 °C, this test method may be used to test oils of other types having various viscosities and synthetic fluids at other test temperatures. It is recommended, however, that the test temperature be raised to 82 °C ± 1 °C when testing products more viscous than 90 mm2/s at 40 °C. For higher viscosity oils where there is insufficient mixing of oil and water, Test Method D2711 is recommended. Other test temperatures such as 25 °C may also be used. A 1 % sodium choloride (NaCl) solution or synthetic seawater may be used in place of distilled water when testing certain oils or fuels used in marine applications.  
1.2 When testing synthetic fluids whose relative densities are greater than that of water, the procedure is unchanged, but it should be noted that the water will probably float on the emulsion or liquid.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a guide for determining the water separation characteristics of oils subject to water contamination and turbulence. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the ability of petroleum oils or synthetic fluids to separate from water. Although developed specifically for steam-turbine oils having viscosities of 28.8 mm2/s to 90 mm2/s at 40 °C, this test method may be used to test oils of other types having various viscosities and synthetic fluids at other test temperatures. It is recommended, however, that the test temperature be raised to 82 °C ± 1 °C when testing products more viscous than 90 mm2/s at 40 °C. For higher viscosity oils where there is insufficient mixing of oil and water, Test Method D2711 is recommended. Other test temperatures such as 25 °C may also be used. A 1 % sodium choloride (NaCl) solution or synthetic seawater may be used in place of distilled water when testing certain oils or fuels used in marine applications.  
1.2 When testing synthetic fluids whose relative densities are greater than that of water, the procedure is unchanged, but it should be noted that the water will probably float on the emulsion or liquid.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fluid analysis is one of the pillars in determining fluid and equipment conditions. The results of fluid analysis are used for planning corrective maintenance activities, if required.  
5.2 The objective of a proper fluid sampling process is to obtain a representative fluid sample from critical location(s) that can provide information on both the equipment and the condition of the lubricant or hydraulic fluid.  
5.3 The additional objective is to reduce the probability of outside contamination of the system and the fluid sample during the sampling process.  
5.4 The intent of this guide is to help users in obtaining representative and repeatable fluid samples in a safe manner while preventing system and fluid sample contamination.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is applicable for collecting representative fluid samples for the effective condition monitoring of steam and gas turbine lubrication and generator cooling gas sealing systems in the power generation industry. In addition, this guide is also applicable for collecting representative samples from power generation auxiliary equipment including hydraulic systems.  
1.2 The fluid may be used for lubrication of turbine-generator bearings and gears, for sealing generator cooling gas as well as a hydraulic fluid for the control system. The fluid is typically supplied by dedicated pumps to different points in the system from a common or separate reservoirs. Some large steam turbine lubrication systems may also have a separate high pressure pump to allow generation of a hydrostatic fluid film for the most heavily loaded bearings prior to rotation. For some components, the lubricating fluid may be provided in the form of splashing formed by the system components moving through fluid surfaces at atmospheric pressure.  
1.3 Turbine lubrication and hydraulic systems are primarily lubricated with petroleum based fluids but occasionally also use synthetic fluids.  
1.4 For large lubrication and hydraulic turbine systems, it may be beneficial to extract multiple samples from different locations for determining the condition of a specific component.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard.  
1.5.1 The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers mineral lubricating oils used in steam and gas turbine lubricating systems where the performance requirements demand a highly refined mineral base oil compounded with rust and oxidation inhibitors plus selected additives as needed to control foam, wear, demulsibility, and so forth. This specification is intended to define the properties of new mineral oil-based turbine lubricating oils that are functionally interchangeable with existing oils of this type, are compatible with most existing machinery components, and with appropriate field maintenance, will maintain their functional characteristics. The lubricating oils shall meet the functional property limits specified for each type, as follows: ISO-viscosity grade; ASTM color; specific gravity, flash point, and pour point; water content and viscosity; visual examination; total acid number; emulsion characteristics; foaming characteristics; air release; rust preventing characteristics; copper corrosion; oxidation stability; 1000-h TOST sludge and total acid number; and cleanliness at the delivery stage.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers mineral and synthetic (API group I, II, III, or IV) oils used in steam and gas turbine lubrication systems where the performance requirements demand highly refined mineral or synthetic base oils compounded with rust and oxidation inhibitors plus selected additives as needed to control foam, wear, demulsibility, and so forth. This standard may also be applied to “combined cycle” turbine systems, where a single lubricant circulating system is used to supply oil to a steam and gas turbine configured in tandem either on a single or separate shaft for enhanced energy efficiency.  
1.2 This specification is intended to define the properties of mineral and synthetic oil-based turbine lubricating oils that are functionally interchangeable with existing oils of this type, are compatible with most existing machinery components, and with appropriate field maintenance, will maintain their functional characteristics.  
1.3 This specification is intended to define only new lubricating oil before it is installed in the machinery.  
1.4 This specification is intended to be used as a guide. It is possible that oils that do not meet this specification may perform satisfactorily in some turbines.  
1.5 This specification does not include API Group V fluids. For polyol ester fluids used to lubricate land-based gas turbines, the user is referred to the current version of military specification MIL-PRF-23699 for fluid performance requirements. For phosphate ester fluids used as turbine lubricants or steam turbine electro-hydraulic control (EHC) fluids, the user is referred to the current version of Specification D4293 for fluid performance requirements.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to aid the equipment manufacturer, installer, and turbine operator in coordinating their efforts to obtain and maintain clean lubrication and control systems.  
4.2 The flushing and cleaning philosophies stated in this guide are applicable to both large and small lubrication systems.  
4.3 Clean lubrication systems result from proper system design and good planning, execution, and communication by all involved during commissioning. No phase of these procedures should be undertaken without a thorough understanding of the possible effects of improper system preparation. The installation, cleaning, and flushing of the equipment should not be entrusted to persons lacking in experience.  
4.4 Because of the knowledge and specialized equipment that is required, the operator may wish to employ an outside specialist contractor for the system flushing. Review of this guide can provide guidelines for discussion with prospective contractors.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers types of contaminants, oil purification devices, contamination monitoring, contamination control during building or refurbishing of turbine systems, lubrication system flushing, and maintenance of pure lubrication oil.  
1.2 To obtain maximum operating life and reliability, or lubricants and system, it is vital that the turbine lubrication system has pure oil. This guide is intended to aid the equipment manufacturer, installer, and turbine operator in coordinating their efforts to obtain and maintain clean lubrication and control systems. These systems may be on land or marine turbine generators and propulsion and mechanical drive equipment. This guide is generalized due to variations in the type of equipment, builder's practices, and operating conditions.  
1.3 This guide primarily addresses petroleum based lubricating oil. For systems using nonpetroleum based fluids, this guide may not be appropriate. For nonpetroleum products, consult the equipment and fluid manufacturers.  
1.4 This guide is applicable to both large and small lubrication systems. Some equipment specified herein, however, may not be appropriate for all systems. Moreover, in situations where specific guidelines and procedures are provided by the equipment manufacturer, such procedures should take precedence over the recommendations of this guide.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is intended to help users, particularly power plant operators, maintain effective control over their mineral lubricating oils and lubrication monitoring program. This practice may be used to perform oil changes based on oil condition and test results rather than on the basis of service time or calendar time. It is intended to save operating and maintenance expenses.  
3.2 This practice is also intended to help users monitor the condition of mineral lubricating oils and guard against excessive component wear, oil degradation, or contamination, thereby minimizing the potential of catastrophic machine problems that are more likely to occur in the absence of such an oil condition monitoring program.  
3.3 This practice does not necessarily reference all of the current oil testing technologies and is not meant to preclude the use of alternative instrumentation or test methods that provide meaningful or trendable test data, or both. Some oil testing devices and sensors (typically used for screening oils that will be tested according to standard methods) provide trendable indicators that correlate to water, particulates, and other contaminants but do not directly measure these.  
3.4 This practice is intended for mineral oil products, and not for synthetic type of products, with the exception of phosphate esters fluids typically used in power plant control systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effective monitoring of mineral oil and phosphate ester fluid lubricating oils in service auxiliary (non-turbine) equipment used for power generation. Auxiliary equipment covered includes gears, hydraulic systems, diesel engines, pumps, compressors, and electrohydraulic control (EHC) systems. It includes sampling and testing schedules and recommended action steps, as well as information on how oils degrade.
Note 1: Other types of synthetic lubricants are sometimes used but are not addressed in this practice because they represent only a small fraction of the fluids in use. Users of these fluids should consult the manufacturer to determine recommended monitoring practices.  
1.2 This practice does not cover the monitoring of lubricating oil for steam and gas turbines. Rather, it is intended to complement Practice D4378.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test can be a guide to end-users on the formation of lubricant-generated, insoluble deposits.  
5.2 The results from this test are intended to be used as a condition monitoring trending tool as part of a comprehensive program, as outlined in standards such as Practice D4378.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method extracts insoluble contaminants from a sample of in-service turbine oil onto a patch and the color of the membrane patch is analyzed by a spectrophotometer. The results are reported as a ΔE value, within the CIE LAB scale.  
1.2 This test method is not appropriate for turbine oils with dyes.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air bubbles to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will circulate through the lubricating oil system. This may result in an inability to maintain oil pressure (particularly with centrifugal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and poor hydraulic system performance or failure.  
5.2 This test method measures the time for the entrained air content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.2 % volume under a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air under conditions where a separation time is available. The significance of this test method has not been fully established. However, entrained air can cause sponginess and lack of sensitivity of the control of turbine and hydraulic systems. This test may not be suitable for ranking oils in applications where residence times are short and gas contents are high.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the ability of turbine, hydraulic, and gear oils to separate entrained air.
Note 1: This test method was developed for hydrocarbon based oils. It may be used for some synthetic fluids; however, the precision statement applies only to hydrocarbon based oils.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for phosphate ester based fire resistant fluids for use in turbine lubrication. Only unused fluid is defined before it is installed in the turbine while fluids used in electrohydraulic control (EHC) systems is not. The use of this type of fluid is restricted to turbine systems that have been designed or modified to accommodate phosphate ester lubricants. Fire tests shall be performed which measure and describe the properties of the phosphate esters in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be considered or used for the description or appraisal of the fire hazard of the fluids under actual fire conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the minimum requirements for phosphate ester based fluids for turbine lubricants and electro-hydraulic control fluids, as delivered.  
1.2 The use of this type of fluid is restricted to turbine systems that have been designed or modified to accommodate phosphate ester fluids.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for phosphate ester based fire resistant fluids for use in turbine lubrication. Only unused fluid is defined before it is installed in the turbine while fluids used in electrohydraulic control (EHC) systems is not. The use of this type of fluid is restricted to turbine systems that have been designed or modified to accommodate phosphate ester lubricants. Fire tests shall be performed which measure and describe the properties of the phosphate esters in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be considered or used for the description or appraisal of the fire hazard of the fluids under actual fire conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the minimum requirements for phosphate ester based fluids for turbine lubricants and electro-hydraulic control fluids, as delivered.  
1.2 The use of this type of fluid is restricted to turbine systems that have been designed or modified to accommodate phosphate ester fluids.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air bubbles to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will circulate through the lubricating oil system. This may result in an inability to maintain oil pressure (particularly with centrifugal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and poor hydraulic system performance or failure.  
5.2 This test method measures the time for the entrained air content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.2 % volume under a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air under conditions where a separation time is available. The significance of this test method has not been fully established. However, entrained air can cause sponginess and lack of sensitivity of the control of turbine and hydraulic systems. This test may not be suitable for ranking oils in applications where residence times are short and gas contents are high.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the ability of turbine, hydraulic, and gear oils to separate entrained air.
Note 1: This test method was developed for mineral based oils. It may be used for some synthetic fluids; however, the precision statement applies only to petroleum oils.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Horizontal metal surfaces, on which water droplets tend to be retained, are more prone to rusting and corrosion than vertical or sloping surfaces. This test method is therefore more discriminating than Test Method D665 (Procedure A), since it gives a separate evaluation of the oil on a horizontal and a vertical surface. The test method indicates the ability of oils to prevent rusting and corrosion of all ferrous surfaces in steam turbines under full flow and quasi-static conditions. It is used for specification of new oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the ability of steam-turbine oils to prevent the rusting of horizontal and vertical ferrous surfaces when water becomes mixed with the oil.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air bubbles to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will circulate through the lubricating oil system. This may result in an inability to maintain oil pressure (particularly with centrifugal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and poor hydraulic system performance or failure.  
5.2 This test method measures the time for the entrained air content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.2 % volume under a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air under conditions where a separation time is available. The significance of this test method has not been fully established. However, entrained air can cause sponginess and lack of sensitivity of the control of turbine and hydraulic systems. This test may not be suitable for ranking oils in applications where residence times are short and gas contents are high.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the ability of turbine, hydraulic, and gear oils to separate entrained air.
Note 1: This test method was developed for mineral based oils. It may be used for some synthetic fluids; however, the precision statement applies only to petroleum oils.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In many instances, such as in the gears of a steam turbine, water can become mixed with the lubricant, and rusting of ferrous parts can occur. This test indicates how well inhibited mineral oils aid in preventing this type of rusting. This test method is also used for testing hydraulic and circulating oils, including heavier-than-water fluids. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
Note 3: This test method was used as a basis for Test Method D3603. Test Method D3603 is used to test the oil on separate horizontal and vertical test rod surfaces, and can provide a more discriminating evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the ability of inhibited mineral oils, particularly steam-turbine oils, to aid in preventing the rusting of ferrous parts should water become mixed with the oil. This test method is also used for testing other oils, such as hydraulic oils and circulating oils. Provision is made in the procedure for testing heavier-than-water fluids.
Note 1: For synthetic fluids, such as phosphate ester types, the plastic holder and beaker cover should be made of chemically resistant material suitable for the type of fluid tested.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.4 – 7.6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In many instances, such as in the gears of a steam turbine, water can become mixed with the lubricant, and rusting of ferrous parts can occur. This test indicates how well inhibited mineral oils aid in preventing this type of rusting. This test method is also used for testing hydraulic and circulating oils, including heavier-than-water fluids. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
Note 3: This test method was used as a basis for Test Method D3603. Test Method D3603 is used to test the oil on separate horizontal and vertical test rod surfaces, and can provide a more discriminating evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the ability of inhibited mineral oils, particularly steam-turbine oils, to aid in preventing the rusting of ferrous parts should water become mixed with the oil. This test method is also used for testing other oils, such as hydraulic oils and circulating oils. Provision is made in the procedure for testing heavier-than-water fluids.
Note 1: For synthetic fluids, such as phosphate ester types, the plastic holder and beaker cover should be made of chemically resistant material suitable for the type of fluid tested.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.4 – 7.6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air bubbles to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will circulate through the lubricating oil system. This may result in an inability to maintain oil pressure (particularly with centrifugal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and poor hydraulic system performance or failure.  
5.2 This test method measures the time for the entrained air content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.2 % volume under a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air under conditions where a separation time is available. The significance of this test method has not been fully established. However, entrained air can cause sponginess and lack of sensitivity of the control of turbine and hydraulic systems. This test may not be suitable for ranking oils in applications where residence times are short and gas contents are high.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the ability of turbine, hydraulic, and gear oils to separate entrained air.Note 1—This test method was developed for mineral based oils. It may be used for some synthetic fluids; however, the precision statement applies only to petroleum oils.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers mineral lubricating oils used in steam and gas turbine lubricating systems where the performance requirements demand a highly refined mineral base oil compounded with rust and oxidation inhibitors plus selected additives as needed to control foam, wear, demulsibility, and so forth. This specification is intended to define the properties of new mineral oil-based turbine lubricating oils that are functionally interchangeable with existing oils of this type, are compatible with most existing machinery components, and with appropriate field maintenance, will maintain their functional characteristics. The lubricating oils shall meet the functional property limits specified for each type, as follows: ISO-viscosity grade; ASTM color; specific gravity, flash point, and pour point; water content and viscosity; visual examination; total acid number; emulsion characteristics; foaming characteristics; air release; rust preventing characteristics; copper corrosion; oxidation stability; 1000-h TOST sludge and total acid number; and cleanliness at the delivery stage.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers mineral and synthetic (API group I, II, III, or IV) oils used in steam and gas turbine lubrication systems where the performance requirements demand highly refined mineral or synthetic base oils compounded with rust and oxidation inhibitors plus selected additives as needed to control foam, wear, demulsibility, and so forth. This standard may also be applied to “combined cycle” turbine systems, where a single lubricant circulating system is used to supply oil to a steam and gas turbine configured in tandem either on a single or separate shaft for enhanced energy efficiency.  
1.2 This specification is intended to define the properties of mineral and synthetic oil-based turbine lubricating oils that are functionally interchangeable with existing oils of this type, are compatible with most existing machinery components, and with appropriate field maintenance, will maintain their functional characteristics.  
1.3 This specification is intended to define only new lubricating oil before it is installed in the machinery.  
1.4 This specification is intended to be used as a guide. It is possible that oils that do not meet this specification may perform satisfactorily in some turbines.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is intended to assist the user, in particular the power-plant operator, to maintain effective lubrication of all parts of the turbine and guard against the onset of problems associated with oil degradation and contamination. The values of the various test parameters mentioned in this practice are purely indicative. In fact, for proper interpretation of the results, many factors, such as type of equipment, operation workload, design of the lubricating oil circuit, and top-up level, should be taken into account.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effective monitoring of mineral turbine oils in service in steam and gas turbines, as individual or combined cycle turbines, used for power generation. This practice includes sampling and testing schedules to validate the condition of the lubricant through its life cycle and by ensuring required improvements to bring the present condition of the lubricant within the acceptable targets. This practice is not intended for condition monitoring of lubricants for auxiliary equipment; it is recommended that the appropriate practice be consulted (see Practice D6224).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air bubbles to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will circulate through the lubricating oil system. This may result in an inability to maintain oil pressure (particularly with centrifugal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and poor hydraulic system performance or failure.  
5.2 This test method measures the time for the entrained air content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.2 % volume under a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air under conditions where a separation time is available. The significance of this test method has not been fully established. However, entrained air can cause sponginess and lack of sensitivity of the control of turbine and hydraulic systems. This test may not be suitable for ranking oils in applications where residence times are short and gas contents are high.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the ability of turbine, hydraulic, and gear oils to separate entrained air.Note 1—This test method was developed for mineral based oils. It may be used for some synthetic fluids; however, the precision statement applies only to petroleum oils.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test can be a guide to end-users on the formation of lubricant-generated, insoluble deposits.  
5.2 The results from this test are intended to be used as a condition monitoring trending tool as part of a comprehensive program, as outlined in standards such as Practice D4378.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method extracts insoluble contaminants from a sample of in-service turbine oil onto a patch and the color of the membrane patch is analyzed by a spectrophotometer. The results are reported as a ΔE value, within the CIE LAB scale.  
1.2 This test method is not appropriate for turbine oils with dyes.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is intended to assist the user, in particular the power-plant operator, to maintain effective lubrication of all parts of the turbine and guard against the onset of problems associated with oil degradation and contamination. The values of the various test parameters mentioned in this practice are purely indicative. In fact, for proper interpretation of the results, many factors, such as type of equipment, operation workload, design of the lubricating oil circuit, and top-up level, should be taken into account.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effective monitoring of mineral turbine oils in service in steam and gas turbines, as individual or combined cycle turbines, used for power generation. This practice includes sampling and testing schedules to validate the condition of the lubricant through its life cycle and by ensuring required improvements to bring the present condition of the lubricant within the acceptable targets. This practice is not intended for condition monitoring of lubricants for auxiliary equipment; it is recommended that the appropriate practice be consulted (see Practice D6224).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In many instances, such as in the gears of a steam turbine, water can become mixed with the lubricant, and rusting of ferrous parts can occur. This test indicates how well inhibited mineral oils aid in preventing this type of rusting. This test method is also used for testing hydraulic and circulating oils, including heavier-than-water fluids. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.Note 3—This test method was used as a basis for Test Method D3603. Test Method D3603 is used to test the oil on separate horizontal and vertical test rod surfaces, and can provide a more discriminating evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the ability of inhibited mineral oils, particularly steam-turbine oils, to aid in preventing the rusting of ferrous parts should water become mixed with the oil. This test method is also used for testing other oils, such as hydraulic oils and circulating oils. Provision is made in the procedure for testing heavier-than-water fluids.Note 1—For synthetic fluids, such as phosphate ester types, the plastic holder and beaker cover should be made of a chemically resistant material, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.4-6.6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a guide for determining the water separation characteristics of oils subject to water contamination and turbulence. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the ability of petroleum oils or synthetic fluids to separate from water. Although developed specifically for steam-turbine oils having viscosities of 28.8 mm2/s to 90 mm2/s at 40 °C, this test method may be used to test oils of other types having various viscosities and synthetic fluids at other test temperatures. It is recommended, however, that the test temperature be raised to 82 °C ± 1 °C when testing products more viscous than 90 mm2/s at 40 °C. For higher viscosity oils where there is insufficient mixing of oil and water, Test Method D2711 is recommended. Other test temperatures such as 25 °C may also be used. A1% sodium choloride (NaCl) solution or synthetic seawater may be used in place of distilled water when testing certain oils or fuels used in marine applications.  
1.2 When testing synthetic fluids whose relative densities are greater than that of water, the procedure is unchanged, but it should be noted that the water will probably float on the emulsion or liquid.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a guide for determining the water separation characteristics of oils subject to water contamination and turbulence. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the ability of petroleum oils or synthetic fluids to separate from water. Although developed specifically for steam-turbine oils having viscosities of 28.8–90 mm2/s at 40°C, this test method may be used to test oils of other types having various viscosities and synthetic fluids at other test temperatures. It is recommended, however, that the test temperature be raised to 82 ± 1°C when testing products more viscous than 90 mm2/s at 40°C. For higher viscosity oils where there is insufficient mixing of oil and water, Test Method D2711 is recommended. Other test temperatures such as 25°C may also be used. A1% sodium choloride (NaCl) solution or synthetic seawater may be used in place of distilled water when testing certain oils or fuels used in marine applications.
1.2 When testing synthetic fluids whose relative densities are greater than that of water, the procedure is unchanged, but it should be noted that the water will probably float on the emulsion or liquid.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The compatibility of oils can be important for users of oil-lubricated equipment. It is well known that the mixing of two oils can produce a substance markedly inferior to either of its constituent materials. One or more of the following can occur:
A mixture of incompatible oils most often forms a precipitate.  
The precipitate will form unwanted deposits in the lubrication system, plug filters and oil passageways.  
Such events can lead to catastrophic equipment failures.
Because of such occurrences, lubricant suppliers recommend evaluating compatibility of lubricating oil of different formulations and sources prior to mixing. Equipment users most often do not have the resources to evaluate oil compatibility and must rely on their suppliers. Mixing of oils is a highly imprudent practice without first determining the compatibility.  
Although new turbine oils may be compatible, in-service oil of the same type may be degraded or contaminated to such an extent that the new oil added may not be compatible with the system oil. In-service oil compatibility with new oil additions should be evaluated on a case by case basis.
The oxidation resistance of different oils of the same type can vary widely, and compatibility does not imply equivalent performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the compatibility of mixtures of turbine lubricating oils of the same ISO VG grade and type as defined by Specification D4304. The Tier 1 method compares the visual appearances of specific mixtures with those of the neat oils after storage at specified conditions.
1.2 If the current in-service oil is causing problems or if circumstances indicate the need for additional testing, a Tier 2 method compares selected performance properties of the mixture and its constituent oils.
1.3 The Tier 1 and Tier 2 methods can be used to evaluate new (unused) lubricant compatibility or the effects of adding new (unused) lubricant to in-service lubricant in the system.
1.4 This practice does not evaluate the wear prevention characteristics, load carrying capacity, or the mechanical shear stability of lubricants mixtures while in service. If anti-wear (AW), extreme pressure (EP), or shear stability are to be evaluated, further testing of these parameters may be required.
1.4.1 Tier 1—Mixtures of the two constituent oils to be evaluated are prepared at specified proportions, stored in an oven at 65°C for 168 h, and then evaluated for changes in physical appearance.
1.4.2 Tier 1—Mixtures of the two constituent oils to be evaluated are prepared at specified proportions, stored in an oven at 65°C for 168 h, and then evaluated for changes physical appearance and parameters detailed in 7.3.  
1.5 Mixtures of the two constituent oils are evaluated in a primary testing protocol using the following standards: Appearance (Tier 1 and Tier 2) Appendix X1  Kinematic ViscosityTest Method D445 AcidityTest Methods D664 and D974  Pentane InsolubleTest Method D893 Copper Corrosion Test Method D130 Rust Prevention Test Method D665 Foaming CharacteristicsTest Method D892 Air Release PropertiesTest Method D3427 Water SeparabilityTest Method D1401 Oxidation Stability Test Note 1
1.5.1 For compatible mixtures, a supplemental (nonmandatory) testing scheme is suggested when circumstances indicate the need for additional testing the beyond Tier 2 primary recommended tests.
Note 1—The oxidation stability test method should be selected based on the product type and in agreement with the lubricant supplier (see Appendix X2 for options). Unlike other tests described in this practice, the impact on oxidation stability may not be easily interpreted with a pass/fail rating. The user is encouraged to contact the lubricant supplier for assistance in the evaluation of the data.
1.6 Sequential or concurrent testing is continued until the test requestor or user is satisfied that the intent of this practice has been met. If any mixture fails the...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is intended to aid the equipment manufacturer, installer, and turbine operator in coordinating their efforts to obtain and maintain clean lubrication and control systems.
The flushing and cleaning philosophies stated in this guide are applicable to both large and small lubrication systems.
Clean lubrication systems result from proper system design and good planning, execution, and communication by all involved during commissioning. No phase of these procedures should be undertaken without a thorough understanding of the possible effects of improper system preparation. The installation, cleaning, and flushing of the equipment should not be entrusted to persons lacking in experience.
Because of the knowledge and specialized equipment that is required, the operator may wish to employ an outside specialist contractor for the system flushing. Review of this guide can provide guidelines for discussion with prospective contractors.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers types of contaminants, oil purification devices, contamination monitoring, contamination control during building or refurbishing of turbine systems, lubrication system flushing, and maintenance of pure lubrication oil.
1.2 To obtain maximum operating life and reliability, or lubricants and system, it is vital that the turbine lubrication system has pure oil. This guide is intended to aid the equipment manufacturer, installer, and turbine operator in coordinating their efforts to obtain and maintain clean lubrication and control systems. These systems may be on land or marine turbine generators and propulsion and mechanical drive equipment. This guide is generalized due to variations in the type of equipment, builder's practices, and operating conditions.
1.3 This guide primarily addresses petroleum based lubricating oil. For systems using nonpetroleum based fluids, this guide may not be appropriate. For nonpetroleum products, consult the equipment and fluid manufacturers.
1.4 This guide is applicable to both large and small lubrication systems. Some equipment specified herein, however, may not be appropriate for all systems. Moreover, in situations where specific guidelines and procedures are provided by the equipment manufacturer, such procedures should take precedence over the recommendations of this guide.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a guide for determining the water separation characteristics of oils subject to water contamination and turbulence. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the ability of petroleum oils or synthetic fluids to separate from water. Although developed specifically for steam-turbine oils having viscosities of 28.8–90 mm2/s at 40°C, this test method may be used to test oils of other types having various viscosities and synthetic fluids at other test temperatures. It is recommended, however, that the test temperature be raised to 82 ± 1°C when testing products more viscous than 90 mm2/s at 40°C. For higher viscosity oils where there is insufficient mixing of oil and water, Test Method D2711 is recommended. Other test temperatures such as 25°C may also be used. A1% sodium choloride (NaCl) solution or synthetic seawater may be used in place of distilled water when testing certain oils or fuels used in marine applications.
1.2 When testing synthetic fluids whose relative densities are greater than that of water, the procedure is unchanged, but it should be noted that the water will probably float on the emulsion or liquid.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 6.