SIST ISO 19144-1:2009
Geographic information - Classification systems - Part 1: Classification system structure
Geographic information - Classification systems - Part 1: Classification system structure
ISO 19144-1:2009 establishes the structure of a geographic information classification system, together with the mechanism for defining and registering the classifiers for such a system. It specifies the use of discrete coverages to represent the result of applying the classification system to a particular area and defines the technical structure of a register of classifiers in accordance with ISO 19135.
Information géographique - Systèmes de classification - Partie 1: Structure de système de classification
L'ISO 19144-1:2009 établit la structure d'un système de classification d'informations géographiques, ainsi que le mécanisme de définition et d'enregistrement des classificateurs pour un tel système. Elle spécifie l'utilisation de couvertures discrètes pour représenter le résultat de l'application du système de classification à une zone particulière et définit la structure technique d'un registre de classificateurs, conformément à l'ISO 19135.
Geografske informacije - Klasifikacijski sistemi - 1. del: Struktura klasifikacijskega sistema
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2009
Geografske informacije - Klasifikacijski sistemi - 1. del: Struktura klasifikacijskega
sistema
Geographic information - Classification systems - Part 1: Classification system structure
Information géographique - Systèmes de classification - Partie 1: Structure de système
de classification
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 19144-1:2009
ICS:
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19144-1
First edition
2009-08-15
Geographic information — Classification
systems —
Part 1:
Classification system structure
Information géographique — Systèmes de classification —
Partie 1: Structure de système de classification
Reference number
©
ISO 2009
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Conformance .1
2.1 Classes .1
2.2 Conformance of a classification system.1
2.3 Conformance of a register of classifiers.1
2.4 Representation of classification results .1
3 Normative references.1
4 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms.2
4.1 Terms and definitions .2
4.2 Abbreviated terms.4
5 Classification systems.5
5.1 Concept .5
5.2 Classification and legend .7
5.3 Hierarchical versus non-hierarchical systems.8
5.4 A priori and a posteriori classification systems .8
5.5 Structure of classified data .9
5.6 A classification data set.13
6 Management of classifiers .14
6.1 General .14
6.2 Concept dictionary register for a classification scheme .15
6.3 Management of classifiers through registration.15
6.4 Register structure.15
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .24
Annex B (informative) A priori and a posteriori classification systems .26
Bibliography.30
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 19144-1 was prepared jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and
Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics under a cooperative agreement
between the two organizations.
ISO 19144 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geographic information — Classification
systems:
⎯ Part 1: Classification system structure
The following part is under preparation:
⎯ Part 2: Land cover classification system (LCCS)
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Introduction
This part of ISO 19144 is based on publications of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United
[1][2]
Nations . The first in a series of International Standards related to geographic classification systems, it
defines the structure of such systems, together with the mechanism for defining and registering classifiers.
Since there are many different possible application areas, there is no single classification system that will
serve all needs. The method by which classifiers are defined depends upon the application area. In addition,
the classifiers used within a particular application area might not be adequate for all situations encountered
within that application area and could need to be augmented over time. To facilitate extension of the set of
classifiers in a particular application area, classifiers are registered in a register structure compliant with
ISO 19135. This allows the set of classifiers to be maintained. The use of the ISO 19135 registration
mechanism allows for separate registers to be defined for different sets of classifiers within multiple
information communities, thereby satisfying application needs. This approach allows for independence
between information communities, but also allows relationships to be developed between different
classification systems that potentially allow the conversion, or partial conversion, of data from one
classification system to another, or the fusion of data from two separate sources.
The concept of classification systems is well known in the geographic information community. A classification
system can be used to subdivide any geographic area into small units, each of which carries an identifier that
describes its type. The results can then be represented as a discrete coverage as described in ISO 19123.
Many such classification systems can be defined to address any geographic area. Different application areas
and different information communities can define their own classification systems. However, if the
classification system is defined in a compatible way, interaction between different information communities
becomes possible. In addition, in a particular application area, it is desirable that there be a few
well-established classification systems, and that these themselves be standardized within information
communities.
This part of ISO 19144 describes the common structure, while subsequent parts will allow for the
standardization of specific classification systems.
A coverage is a function that returns values from its range for any direct position within its spatial, temporal or
spatiotemporal domain. A discrete coverage is a function that returns the same feature attribute values for
every direct position within any single spatial object, temporal object or spatiotemporal object in its domain.
The domain is an area covered by the coverage function, and the discrete coverage breaks that area down
into a set of spatial, temporal or spatiotemporal objects. The geometry of the discrete coverage used to
represent the results of applying a classification system can be any type of discrete coverage — for example,
a set of polygons fitted together like a jig-saw puzzle, a set of grid cells, or a set of points or curves.
A classification system consists of a set of classifiers. These classifiers may be algorithmically defined, or
established according to a set of classification system definitions. The classifiers are
application-area-dependent and are or will be defined in the other parts of ISO 19144 or other standards or
publications. A register allows for the maintenance of a set of classifiers for a particular application area. A
spatial, temporal or spatiotemporal object defined in terms of a set of classifiers is a classified object.
There is a commonality between conventional geographic features and classified objects. A feature is defined
in ISO 19101 as an abstraction of real world phenomena. An example of a class of feature is a building, and a
particular building, e.g. the UN building in New York, is an instance of a feature class. Conventional
geographic features are atomic units that are assembled to build one type of geographic information data set.
A classification system works in the opposite manner, from the top down, by successively decomposing the
whole within a coverage area. Classified objects are features, in that they are an abstraction of a real world
phenomena, but classified objects are not atomic, because they are necessarily related to each other by the
classifiers that decompose the whole. In a simple example of a classification system, the earth as a whole can
be covered by either “land” or “water”, and two classifiers can be defined partitioning the attribute range into
two, identifying objects as being either land or water. Any particular area on the earth, corresponding to a
classified object, would be of type “land” or “water”.
ISO 19135 specifies that a technical standard be required to define the item classes in any conformant
register. This part of ISO 19144 defines schemas for registers conformant to ISO 19135 and serves as the
technical standard that defines the item classes required for the registration of classifiers. It establishes a set
of rules for specifying definitions that can be used in a particular context to establish classified objects.
Registers of classifiers can serve as sources of reference for similar registers established by other geographic
information communities as part of a system of cross-referencing. Cross-referencing between respective items
in registers of classifiers might be difficult in cases where the structure of registers differs between information
communities. This part of ISO 19144 can serve as a guide for different information communities for the
development of compatible registers that can support a system of classifier cross-referencing.
The structure of a classification sy
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19144-1
First edition
2009-08-15
Geographic information — Classification
systems —
Part 1:
Classification system structure
Information géographique — Systèmes de classification —
Partie 1: Structure de système de classification
Reference number
©
ISO 2009
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Conformance .1
2.1 Classes .1
2.2 Conformance of a classification system.1
2.3 Conformance of a register of classifiers.1
2.4 Representation of classification results .1
3 Normative references.1
4 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms.2
4.1 Terms and definitions .2
4.2 Abbreviated terms.4
5 Classification systems.5
5.1 Concept .5
5.2 Classification and legend .7
5.3 Hierarchical versus non-hierarchical systems.8
5.4 A priori and a posteriori classification systems .8
5.5 Structure of classified data .9
5.6 A classification data set.13
6 Management of classifiers .14
6.1 General .14
6.2 Concept dictionary register for a classification scheme .15
6.3 Management of classifiers through registration.15
6.4 Register structure.15
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .24
Annex B (informative) A priori and a posteriori classification systems .26
Bibliography.30
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 19144-1 was prepared jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and
Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics under a cooperative agreement
between the two organizations.
ISO 19144 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geographic information — Classification
systems:
⎯ Part 1: Classification system structure
The following part is under preparation:
⎯ Part 2: Land cover classification system (LCCS)
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Introduction
This part of ISO 19144 is based on publications of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United
[1][2]
Nations . The first in a series of International Standards related to geographic classification systems, it
defines the structure of such systems, together with the mechanism for defining and registering classifiers.
Since there are many different possible application areas, there is no single classification system that will
serve all needs. The method by which classifiers are defined depends upon the application area. In addition,
the classifiers used within a particular application area might not be adequate for all situations encountered
within that application area and could need to be augmented over time. To facilitate extension of the set of
classifiers in a particular application area, classifiers are registered in a register structure compliant with
ISO 19135. This allows the set of classifiers to be maintained. The use of the ISO 19135 registration
mechanism allows for separate registers to be defined for different sets of classifiers within multiple
information communities, thereby satisfying application needs. This approach allows for independence
between information communities, but also allows relationships to be developed between different
classification systems that potentially allow the conversion, or partial conversion, of data from one
classification system to another, or the fusion of data from two separate sources.
The concept of classification systems is well known in the geographic information community. A classification
system can be used to subdivide any geographic area into small units, each of which carries an identifier that
describes its type. The results can then be represented as a discrete coverage as described in ISO 19123.
Many such classification systems can be defined to address any geographic area. Different application areas
and different information communities can define their own classification systems. However, if the
classification system is defined in a compatible way, interaction between different information communities
becomes possible. In addition, in a particular application area, it is desirable that there be a few
well-established classification systems, and that these themselves be standardized within information
communities.
This part of ISO 19144 describes the common structure, while subsequent parts will allow for the
standardization of specific classification systems.
A coverage is a function that returns values from its range for any direct position within its spatial, temporal or
spatiotemporal domain. A discrete coverage is a function that returns the same feature attribute values for
every direct position within any single spatial object, temporal object or spatiotemporal object in its domain.
The domain is an area covered by the coverage function, and the discrete coverage breaks that area down
into a set of spatial, temporal or spatiotemporal objects. The geometry of the discrete coverage used to
represent the results of applying a classification system can be any type of discrete coverage — for example,
a set of polygons fitted together like a jig-saw puzzle, a set of grid cells, or a set of points or curves.
A classification system consists of a set of classifiers. These classifiers may be algorithmically defined, or
established according to a set of classification system definitions. The classifiers are
application-area-dependent and are or will be defined in the other parts of ISO 19144 or other standards or
publications. A register allows for the maintenance of a set of classifiers for a particular application area. A
spatial, temporal or spatiotemporal object defined in terms of a set of classifiers is a classified object.
There is a commonality between conventional geographic features and classified objects. A feature is defined
in ISO 19101 as an abstraction of real world phenomena. An example of a class of feature is a building, and a
particular building, e.g. the UN building in New York, is an instance of a feature class. Conventional
geographic features are atomic units that are assembled to build one type of geographic information data set.
A classification system works in the opposite manner, from the top down, by successively decomposing the
whole within a coverage area. Classified objects are features, in that they are an abstraction of a real world
phenomena, but classified objects are not atomic, because they are necessarily related to each other by the
classifiers that decompose the whole. In a simple example of a classification system, the earth as a whole can
be covered by either “land” or “water”, and two classifiers can be defined partitioning the attribute range into
two, identifying objects as being either land or water. Any particular area on the earth, corresponding to a
classified object, would be of type “land” or “water”.
ISO 19135 specifies that a technical standard be required to define the item classes in any conformant
register. This part of ISO 19144 defines schemas for registers conformant to ISO 19135 and serves as the
technical standard that defines the item classes required for the registration of classifiers. It establishes a set
of rules for specifying definitions that can be used in a particular context to establish classified objects.
Registers of classifiers can serve as sources of reference for similar registers established by other geographic
information communities as part of a system of cross-referencing. Cross-referencing between respective items
in registers of classifiers might be difficult in cases where the structure of registers differs between information
communities. This part of ISO 19144 can serve as a guide for different information communities for the
development of compatible registers that can support a system of classifier cross-referencing.
The structure of a classification system together with the mechanism of defining and registering classifiers
defined in this part of ISO 19144 is general and can be applied to many different information-community-
defined classification systems, including soil, landform, vegetation, urbanization and systems for
understanding biodiversity and climate change. The use of this document will allow the relationship between
different classification systems to be described.
vi © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19144-1:2009(E)
Geographic information — Classification systems —
Part 1:
Classification system structure
1 Scope
This part of ISO 19144 establishes the structure of a geographic information classification system, together
with the mechanism for defining and registering the classifiers for such a system. It specifies the use of
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 19144-1
Première édition
2009-08-15
Information géographique — Systèmes
de classification —
Partie 1:
Structure de système de classification
Geographic information — Classification systems —
Part 1: Classification system structure
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2009
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf prescription différente, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous
quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l’accord écrit
de l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou du comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Version française parue en 2012
Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction . v
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Conformité . 1
2.1 Classes . 1
2.2 Conformité d’un système de classification . 1
2.3 Conformité d’un registre de classificateurs . 1
2.4 Représentation des résultats de classification . 1
3 Références normatives . 1
4 Termes, définitions et termes abrégés . 2
4.1 Termes et définitions . 2
4.2 Termes abrégés . 4
5 Systèmes de classification . 5
5.1 Concept . 5
5.2 Classification et légende . 7
5.3 Systèmes hiérarchiques contre systèmes non hiérarchiques . 8
5.4 Systèmes de classification a priori et a posteriori . 8
5.5 Structure de données classifiées . 9
5.6 Ensemble de données de classification .13
6 Gestion des classificateurs .14
6.1 Généralités .14
6.2 Registre de dictionnaire de concepts pour un principe de classification .15
6.3 Gestion des classificateurs par l’enregistrement .15
6.4 Structure de registres .16
Annexe A (normative) Suite d’essais abstraits .25
Annexe B (informative) Systèmes de classification a priori et a posteriori.27
Bibliographie .31
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée aux
comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du comité
technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales,
en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux. L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission
électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI, Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d’élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur publication
comme Normes internationales requiert l’approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres votants.
L’attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de droits
de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir
identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L’ISO 19144-1 a été élaborée conjointement par l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et
l’Agriculture (FAO) et le comité technique ISO/TC 211, Information géographique/Géomatique, dans le cadre
d’un accord de coopération entre les deux organisations.
L’ISO 19144 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Information géographique —
Systèmes de classification:
— Partie 1: Structure de système de classification
La partie suivante est en cours d’élaboration:
— Partie 2: Métalangage de couverture du sol (LCML)
iv © ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés
Introduction
La présente partie de l’ISO 19144 est basée sur des publications de l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour
[1][2]
l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture (FAO) . Première d’une série de Normes internationales se rapportant aux
systèmes de classification géographique, elle définit la structure de ces systèmes, ainsi que le mécanisme de
définition et d’enregistrement de classificateurs.
Comme il existe de nombreux et divers domaines d’application possibles, il n’existe pas de système de
classification unique répondant à tous les besoins. La méthode par laquelle les classificateurs sont définis
dépend du domaine d’application. De plus, les classificateurs utilisés dans un domaine d’application particulier
peuvent ne pas être adaptés à toutes les situations rencontrées dans ce domaine d’application et pourraient
avoir à être augmentés dans le temps. Afin de faciliter l’extension de l’ensemble de classificateurs dans
un domaine d’application particulier, les classificateurs sont enregistrés dans une structure de registres
conforme à l’ISO 19135. Cela permet d’entretenir l’ensemble de classificateurs. L’utilisation du mécanisme
d’enregistrement selon l’ISO 19135 permet de définir des registres séparés pour différents ensembles de
classificateurs dans plusieurs communautés d’informations, en satisfaisant ainsi aux besoins d’application.
Cette approche permet une indépendance entre communautés d’informations, mais permet également de
développer des relations entre différents systèmes de classification permettant potentiellement la conversion,
ou la conversion partielle, de données d’un système de classification à un autre, ou la fusion de données
issues de deux sources distinctes.
Le concept de systèmes de classification est bien connu dans la communauté de l’information géographique.
Un système de classification peut être utilisé pour subdiviser une zone géographique en petites unités, chacune
portant un identifiant qui décrit son type. Les résultats peuvent alors être représentés sous forme d’une couverture
discrète comme décrit dans l’ISO 19123. Nombre de ces systèmes de classification peuvent être définis pour
traiter toute zone géographique. Différents domaines d’application et différentes communautés d’informations
peuvent définir leurs propres systèmes de classification. Cependant, si le système de classification est défini
d’une manière compatible, l’interaction entre différentes communautés d’informations devient possible. En
outre, dans un domaine d’application particulier, il est souhaitable d’avoir peu de systèmes de classification
bien établis et que ceux-ci soient normalisés au sein de communautés d’informations.
La présente partie de l’ISO 19144 décrit la structure commune, alors que les parties suivantes permettront la
normalisation de systèmes de classification spécifiques.
Une couverture est une fonction qui assigne des valeurs à partir de sa plage à toute position directe dans
son domaine spatial, temporel ou spatio-temporel. Une couverture discrète est une fonction qui assigne les
mêmes valeurs d’attributs d’entités à chaque position directe à l’intérieur d’un objet spatial, temporel ou bien
spatio-temporel unique dans son domaine. Le domaine est une zone couverte par la fonction de couverture
et la couverture discrète divise la zone en un ensemble d’objets spatiaux, temporels ou spatio-temporels.
La géométrie de la couverture discrète utilisée pour représenter les résultats de l’application d’un système
de classification peut être de tout type de couverture discrète — par exemple un ensemble de polygones
assemblés comme un puzzle, un ensemble de cellules de grille ou un ensemble de points ou de courbes.
Un système de classification est constitué d’un ensemble de classificateurs. Ces classificateurs peuvent être
définis de façon algorithmique ou être établis selon un ensemble de définitions du système de classification.
Les classificateurs dépendent de la zone d’application et sont ou seront définis dans les autres parties
de l’ISO 19144 ou dans d’autres normes ou publications. Un registre permet d’entretenir un ensemble de
classificateurs pour un domaine d’application particulier. Un objet spatial, temporel ou spatio-temporel défini
en termes d’ensemble de classificateurs est un objet classifié.
Les entités géographiques conventionnelles et les objets classifiés ont un point commun. Une entité est définie
dans l’ISO 19101 comme une abstraction de phénomènes du monde réel. Un bâtiment est un exemple de
classe d’entité et un bâtiment particulier, par exemple le bâtiment de l’ONU à New York, est une instance
de classe d’entité. Les entités géographiques conventionnelles sont des unités atomiques assemblées pour
construire un type d’ensemble de données d’informations géographiques.
Un système de classification fonctionne de la manière opposée, de manière descendante, en décomposant
successivement le tout en une zone de couverture. Les objets classifiés sont des entités, en ce qu’elles sont
une abstraction de phénomènes du monde réel, mais les objets classifiés ne sont pas atomiques, car ils sont
nécessairement liés les uns aux autres par les classificateurs qui décomposent le tout. Dans un exemple
simple de système de classification, la Terre en tant que tout peut être recouverte par de la «terre» ou de
«l’eau» et deux classificateurs peuvent être définis en fractionnant la plage d’attributs en deux, en identifiant
les objets comme étant de la terre ou de l’eau. Toute zone particulière de la Terre, correspondant à un objet
classifié, serait de type «terre» ou «eau».
L’ISO 19135 spécifie qu’une norme technique est nécessaire pour définir les classes d’éléments dans tout
registre conforme. La présente partie de l’ISO 19144 définit des schémas pour des registres conformes à
l’ISO 19135 et sert de norme technique pour définir les classes d’éléments nécessaires pour l’enregistrement
de classificateurs. Elle établit un ensemble de règles pour spécifier des définitions pouvant être utilisées dans
un contexte particulier afin d’établir des objets classifiés.
Les registres de classificateurs peuvent servir de sources de référence pour des registres similaires établis par
d’autres communautés d’informations géographiques dans le cadre d’un système de référencement croisé. Le
référencement croisé entre des éléments respectifs dans des registres de classificateurs peut être difficile dans
les cas où la structure des registres diffère d’une communauté d’informations à l’autre. La présente partie de
l’ISO 19144 peut servir de guide pour différentes communautés d’informations concernant le développement
de registres compatibles pouvant prendre en charge un système de référencement croisé de classificateurs.
La structure d’un système de classification ainsi que le mécanisme de définition et d’enregistrement de
classificateurs définis dans la présente partie de l’ISO 19144 sont généraux et peuvent être appliqués à de
nombreux systèmes de classifications, définis par différentes communautés d’information, comprenant le sol,
le relief, la végétation, l’urbanisation et les systèmes visant à analyser la biodiversité et les changements
climatiques. L’utilisation du présent document permettra de décrire la relation entre différents systèmes de
classification.
vi
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.