SIST ISO 23893-1:2010
Water quality - Biochemical and physiological measurements on fish - Part 1: Sampling of fish, handling and preservation of samples
Water quality - Biochemical and physiological measurements on fish - Part 1: Sampling of fish, handling and preservation of samples
ISO 23893-1:2007 provides guidance on how to sample fish for determination of biochemical and physiological characteristics, such as the composition and enzyme activities of blood, liver, muscle and other tissues in order to asses the health of fish in the field as well as in the laboratory. The biochemical and physiological variables used for this purpose are often called biomarkers.
ISO 23893-1:2007 includes recommendations and methods for: obtaining a site‑specific sample of a representative number of fish; sampling fish tissues in the field and in the laboratory; and handling and preservation of samples prior to analysis of biochemical and physiological variables.
Qualité de l'eau - Mesurages biochimiques et physiologiques sur poisson - Partie 1: Échantillonnage des poissons, manipulation et conservation des échantillons
L'ISO 23893-1:2007 fournit des indications sur la manière d'échantillonner des poissons pour déterminer leurs caractéristiques biochimiques et physiologiques, telles que la composition et les activités enzymatiques du sang, du foie, des muscles et d'autres tissus afin d'évaluer l'état de santé des poissons aussi bien sur le terrain qu'en laboratoire. Les variables biochimiques et physiologiques utilisées dans ce but sont souvent appelées marqueurs biologiques.
L'ISO 23893-1:2007 inclut des recommandations et des méthodes concernant la manière d'obtenir un échantillon spécifique du site pour un nombre représentatif de poissons, l'échantillonnage des tissus de poissons sur le terrain et en laboratoire, et la manipulation et la conservation des échantillons avant analyse des variables biochimiques et physiologiques.
Kakovost vode - Biokemijske in fiziološke meritve v ribah - 1. del: Vzorčenje rib, ravnanje z vzorci in njihovo konzerviranje
Ta del ISO 23893 podaja vodilo o tem, kako vzorčiti ribe za določevanje biokemijske in fizioloških značilnosti, kot so sestava in dejavnosti encimov v krvi, jetrih, mišicah in drugih tkivih, za vrednotenje zdravja rib tako na terenu kot v laboratoriju. Biokemijske in fiziološke spremenljivke, ki se uporabljajo v ta namen, se pogosto imenujejo biomarkerji. Ta del ISO 23893 vključuje priporočila in metode za: pridobivanje vzorcev reprezentativnega števila rib za določen predel; vzorčenje tkiv rib na terenu in v laboratoriju; ter ravnanje z vzorci in njihovo konzerviranje pred analizo biokemijskih in fizioloških spremenljivk.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2010
.DNRYRVWYRGH%LRNHPLMVNHLQIL]LRORãNHPHULWYHYULEDKGHO9]RUþHQMHULE
UDYQDQMH]Y]RUFLLQQMLKRYRNRQ]HUYLUDQMH
Water quality - Biochemical and physiological measurements on fish - Part 1: Sampling
of fish, handling and preservation of samples
Qualité de l'eau - Mesurages biochimiques et physiologiques sur poisson - Partie 1:
Échantillonnage des poissons, manipulation et conservation des échantillons
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 23893-1:2007
ICS:
13.060.70 Preiskava bioloških lastnosti Examination of biological
vode properties of water
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23893-1
First edition
2007-11-15
Water quality — Biochemical and
physiological measurements on fish —
Part 1:
Sampling of fish, handling and
preservation of samples
Qualité de l'eau — Mesurages biochimiques et physiologiques sur
poisson —
Partie 1: Échantillonnage des poissons, manipulation et conservation
des échantillons
Reference number
©
ISO 2007
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2007
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Principle. 1
3 Equipment . 2
4 Fish sampling. 3
4.1 Statistical aspects. 3
4.2 Frequency and season for sampling . 3
4.3 Selection of sampling sites . 3
4.4 Sampling procedures . 4
4.5 Handling of samples and analytical procedures . 6
4.6 Background information . 7
5 Quality assurance. 7
5.1 General. 7
5.2 Fish sampling. 7
5.3 Tissue sampling. 7
5.4 Biochemical/chemical analysis . 7
5.5 Evaluation. 7
6 Report . 8
6.1 General. 8
6.2 Data logging, data hosting. 8
6.3 Evaluation. 8
Annex A (informative) Summary of variables used as biomarkers in fish . 9
Annex B (informative) Guide to interpretation of biomarker responses with references. 12
Annex C (informative) Suggested report for fish sampling . 15
Annex D (informative) Suggested report for tissue sampling . 16
Bibliography . 18
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 23893-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee SC 5,
Biological methods.
ISO 23893 consists of the following parts, under the general title Water quality — Biochemical and
physiological measurements on fish:
⎯ Part 1: Sampling of fish, handling and preservation of samples
⎯ Part 2: Determination of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) [Technical Specification]
iv © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Determination of biomarker responses can be used to detect toxicity of known as well as unknown pollutants,
when they occur singly or in combination. Therefore, measurement of biomarkers is a cost-effective way to
assess ecosystem health. In combination with determinations of occurring and suspected pollutants,
determinations of biomarkers can facilitate the interpretation of cause-effect relationships in the environment,
as well as in laboratory toxicity tests. Information on commonly used biomarkers and the interpretation of
biomarker responses is given in Annexes A and B, respectively.
Biomarkers like ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), metallothionein and vitellogenin are used to detect
and quantify sublethal effects of pollutants, especially in fish. However, many of the biochemical and
physiological variables that are used as biomarkers are sensitive not only to disturbances by the pollutants of
concern, but also by the normal biochemical and physiological adjustments made by the fish in response to
seasonal variation, its normal development and sexual maturation. Some variables can also be affected by
general stress to disturbances caused by the handling during fish and fish tissue sampling. Therefore,
standardisation of procedures used for sampling and handling of samples prior to determination of the
biochemical and physiological variables is important.
Sublethal responses at the individual level usually occur before effects are seen at the population and
community level. In the aquatic environment, fish are suitable for detection of physiological effects of
pollutants, because they are exposed both through the water and through their food organisms. Also, the
physiology and biochemistry of fishes is rather similar to that of humans and other vertebrates, making
comparisons with studies on mammals easier than for those with crustaceans and other invertebrates.
This part of ISO 23893 serves as guidance for sampling and a platform for determination of biomarkers in fish,
making it possible to use the measurements to:
describe the state of the environment regarding effects of anthropogenic compounds on the health of fish;
perform time-trend surveillance (monitoring);
provide reference data and material for assessment of effects from point sources;
evaluate and assess environmental threats;
provide background information for environmental measures;
follow up and assess effects of environmental corrective measures;
integrate the biomarker responses with other measurements (e.g. fish abundance, recruitment and
pollutant residues) in order to facilitate the interpretation of environmental status or impact.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23893-1:2007(E)
Water quality — Biochemical and physiological measurements
on fish —
Part 1:
Sampling of fish, handling and preservation of samples
1 Scope
This part of ISO 23893 provides guidance on how to sample fish for determination of biochemical and
physiological characteristics, such as the composition and enzyme activities of blood, liver, muscle and other
tissues in order to asses the health of fish in the field as well as in the laboratory. The biochemical and
physiological variables used for this purpose are often called biomarkers. This part of ISO 23893 includes
recommendations and methods for:
obtaining a site-specific sample of a representative number of fish;
sampling fish tissues in the field and in the laboratory; and
handling and preservation of samples prior to analysis of biochemical and physiological variables.
2 Principle
Fish of a suitable species, age (size), and sex are sampled at selected sites at a suitable time of the year in
order to reduce variability due to biological, geographical, and seasonal influences. Standardised sampling
and measurement procedures, and qualified staff are used for collection of samples, transport, storage, and
analysis. By these means, the results from time series of comparable data can be used to detect changes in
the environment that are caused by anthropogenic compounds.
Necessary permits for fish and fish tissue sampling shall be obtained to comply with national legislation. This
may include permits from the (land) owner of the fishing rights, regional environmental and fishery authorities,
and ethical (animal rights) authorities.
The health of fish can be assessed by determination of biochemical, physiological, histological, and
pathological methods. The subcellular and cellular variables are often called biomarkers. The primary toxic
effect of pollutants, which occurs at the subcellular level, results in a biochemical or physiological change. This
reaction is usually fast, and it can progress further and cause disturbances at higher levels of biological
organisation within the organism, resulting in changes at the cellular and tissue (organ) level (histological
changes). These can lead to disturbances of reproduction and growth, and can eventually cause death of the
organism. Monitoring of fish health can, therefore, serve as an early warning system for anthropogenic
disturbance. Through a combination with other measurements (integrated monitoring), it may be possible to
correlate biomarker responses with for instance pollutant residues, distance from point sources, and
ecological variables such as reproductive recruitment, which are known to be sensitive to pollutants.
In principle, this method can be applied to all species of fish from all types of environments (fresh, salt,
brackish, cold, and warm water) and in shallow as well as reasonably deep water habitats. However, it is
usually advantageous to r
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23893-1
First edition
2007-11-15
Water quality — Biochemical and
physiological measurements on fish —
Part 1:
Sampling of fish, handling and
preservation of samples
Qualité de l'eau — Mesurages biochimiques et physiologiques sur
poisson —
Partie 1: Échantillonnage des poissons, manipulation et conservation
des échantillons
Reference number
©
ISO 2007
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2007
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Principle. 1
3 Equipment . 2
4 Fish sampling. 3
4.1 Statistical aspects. 3
4.2 Frequency and season for sampling . 3
4.3 Selection of sampling sites . 3
4.4 Sampling procedures . 4
4.5 Handling of samples and analytical procedures . 6
4.6 Background information . 7
5 Quality assurance. 7
5.1 General. 7
5.2 Fish sampling. 7
5.3 Tissue sampling. 7
5.4 Biochemical/chemical analysis . 7
5.5 Evaluation. 7
6 Report . 8
6.1 General. 8
6.2 Data logging, data hosting. 8
6.3 Evaluation. 8
Annex A (informative) Summary of variables used as biomarkers in fish . 9
Annex B (informative) Guide to interpretation of biomarker responses with references. 12
Annex C (informative) Suggested report for fish sampling . 15
Annex D (informative) Suggested report for tissue sampling . 16
Bibliography . 18
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 23893-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee SC 5,
Biological methods.
ISO 23893 consists of the following parts, under the general title Water quality — Biochemical and
physiological measurements on fish:
⎯ Part 1: Sampling of fish, handling and preservation of samples
⎯ Part 2: Determination of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) [Technical Specification]
iv © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Determination of biomarker responses can be used to detect toxicity of known as well as unknown pollutants,
when they occur singly or in combination. Therefore, measurement of biomarkers is a cost-effective way to
assess ecosystem health. In combination with determinations of occurring and suspected pollutants,
determinations of biomarkers can facilitate the interpretation of cause-effect relationships in the environment,
as well as in laboratory toxicity tests. Information on commonly used biomarkers and the interpretation of
biomarker responses is given in Annexes A and B, respectively.
Biomarkers like ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), metallothionein and vitellogenin are used to detect
and quantify sublethal effects of pollutants, especially in fish. However, many of the biochemical and
physiological variables that are used as biomarkers are sensitive not only to disturbances by the pollutants of
concern, but also by the normal biochemical and physiological adjustments made by the fish in response to
seasonal variation, its normal development and sexual maturation. Some variables can also be affected by
general stress to disturbances caused by the handling during fish and fish tissue sampling. Therefore,
standardisation of procedures used for sampling and handling of samples prior to determination of the
biochemical and physiological variables is important.
Sublethal responses at the individual level usually occur before effects are seen at the population and
community level. In the aquatic environment, fish are suitable for detection of physiological effects of
pollutants, because they are exposed both through the water and through their food organisms. Also, the
physiology and biochemistry of fishes is rather similar to that of humans and other vertebrates, making
comparisons with studies on mammals easier than for those with crustaceans and other invertebrates.
This part of ISO 23893 serves as guidance for sampling and a platform for determination of biomarkers in fish,
making it possible to use the measurements to:
describe the state of the environment regarding effects of anthropogenic compounds on the health of fish;
perform time-trend surveillance (monitoring);
provide reference data and material for assessment of effects from point sources;
evaluate and assess environmental threats;
provide background information for environmental measures;
follow up and assess effects of environmental corrective measures;
integrate the biomarker responses with other measurements (e.g. fish abundance, recruitment and
pollutant residues) in order to facilitate the interpretation of environmental status or impact.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23893-1:2007(E)
Water quality — Biochemical and physiological measurements
on fish —
Part 1:
Sampling of fish, handling and preservation of samples
1 Scope
This part of ISO 23893 provides guidance on how to sample fish for determination of biochemical and
physiological characteristics, such as the composition and enzyme activities of blood, liver, muscle and other
tissues in order to asses the health of fish in the field as well as in the laboratory. The biochemical and
physiological variables used for this purpose are often called biomarkers. This part of ISO 23893 includes
recommendations and methods for:
obtaining a site-specific sample of a representative number of fish;
sampling fish tissues in the field and in the laboratory; and
handling and preservation of samples prior to analysis of biochemical and physiological variables.
2 Principle
Fish of a suitable species, age (size), and sex are sampled at selected sites at a suitable time of the year in
order to reduce variability due to biological, geographical, and seasonal influences. Standardised sampling
and measurement procedures, and qualified staff are used for collection of samples, transport, storage, and
analysis. By these means, the results from time series of comparable data can be used to detect changes in
the environment that are caused by anthropogenic compounds.
Necessary permits for fish and fish tissue sampling shall be obtained to comply with national legislation. This
may include permits from the (land) owner of the fishing rights, regional environmental and fishery authorities,
and ethical (animal rights) authorities.
The health of fish can be assessed by determination of biochemical, physiological, histological, and
pathological methods. The subcellular and cellular variables are often called biomarkers. The primary toxic
effect of pollutants, which occurs at the subcellular level, results in a biochemical or physiological change. This
reaction is usually fast, and it can progress further and cause disturbances at higher levels of biological
organisation within the organism, resulting in changes at the cellular and tissue (organ) level (histological
changes). These can lead to disturbances of reproduction and growth, and can eventually cause death of the
organism. Monitoring of fish health can, therefore, serve as an early warning system for anthropogenic
disturbance. Through a combination with other measurements (integrated monitoring), it may be possible to
correlate biomarker responses with for instance pollutant residues, distance from point sources, and
ecological variables such as reproductive recruitment, which are known to be sensitive to pollutants.
In principle, this method can be applied to all species of fish from all types of environments (fresh, salt,
brackish, cold, and warm water) and in shallow as well as reasonably deep water habitats. However, it is
usually advantageous to restrict these methods to certain species of fish, which can be used as indicator
species for fish health. These species shall be stationary, readily available (catchable in most locations) and
reasonably resistant to handling stress. Their biology and physiology should be well known in order to make
the interpretation of data easier. Examples of such species are the perch (Perca fluviatilis) and the eelpout
(viviparous blenny, Zoarces viviparus), which are used for monitoring along the Swedish coast.
Preferably the fish species used in the field should be suitable for keeping in the laboratory for toxicological
studies to investigate and confirm cause-effect relationships detected or suspected to take place in the field.
Procedures for organ and tissue sampling are essentially identical in both field and laboratory studies.
Procedures for collection of fish for field studies and for collection of organs are, therefore, described in
separate sections.
3 Equipment
3.1 Fish sampling equipment
3.1.
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 23893-1
Première édition
2007-11-15
Qualité de l'eau — Mesurages
biochimiques et physiologiques sur
poisson —
Partie 1:
Échantillonnage des poissons,
manipulation et conservation des
échantillons
Water quality — Biochemical and physiological measurements on
fish —
Part 1: Sampling of fish, handling and preservation of samples
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2007
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© ISO 2007
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quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit
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Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2007 – Tous droits réservés
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos. iv
Introduction . v
1 Domaine d'application. 1
2 Principe. 1
3 Équipement . 2
4 Échantillonnage des poissons . 3
4.1 Aspects statistiques. 3
4.2 Fréquence et saison de l'échantillonnage . 4
4.3 Sélection des sites d'échantillonnage. 4
4.4 Modes opératoires d'échantillonnage . 4
4.5 Manipulation des échantillons et modes opératoires analytiques. 8
4.6 Informations de base. 8
5 Assurance qualité. 8
5.1 Généralités . 8
5.2 Échantillonnage des poissons . 8
5.3 Échantillonnage des tissus . 9
5.4 Analyse biochimique/chimique . 9
5.5 Évaluation. 9
6 Rapport . 9
6.1 Généralités . 9
6.2 Enregistrement chronologique des données, hébergement des données . 9
6.3 Évaluation. 9
Annexe A (informative) Récapitulatif des variables utilisées comme marqueurs biologiques chez
les poissons . 10
Annexe B (informative) Guide sur l'interprétation des réponses des marqueurs biologiques avec
références. 13
Annexe C (informative) Suggestion pour le rapport d'échantillonnage des poissons . 16
Annexe D (informative) Suggestion pour le rapport d'échantillonnage des tissus . 17
Bibliographie . 19
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 23893-1 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 147, Qualité de l'eau, sous-comité SC 5,
Méthodes biologiques.
L'ISO 23893 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Qualité de l'eau — Mesurages
biochimiques et physiologiques sur poisson:
⎯ Partie 1: Échantillonnage des poissons, manipulation et conservation des échantillons
⎯ Partie 2: Dosage de l'éthoxyrésorufine-O-dééthylase (EROD) [Spécification technique]
iv © ISO 2007 – Tous droits réservés
Introduction
L'interprétation des réponses des marqueurs biologiques peut être utilisée pour détecter la toxicité de
polluants connus ou inconnus, isolément ou en combinaison. Par conséquent, la mesure des indicateurs
biologiques constitue une manière rentable pour évaluer l'état de santé d'un écosystème. Associées à des
dosages de polluants présents et soupçonnés, les dosages de marqueurs biologiques peuvent faciliter
l'interprétation des relations de cause à effet dans l'environnement, ainsi que dans les essais de toxicité
réalisés en laboratoire. Les Annexes A et B fournissent respectivement des informations sur les marqueurs
biologiques couramment utilisés et sur l'interprétation des réponses des marqueurs biologiques.
Les marqueurs biologiques comme l'éthoxyrésorufine-O-dééthylase (EROD), la métallothionéine et la
vitellogénine sont employés pour détecter et quantifier les effets sublétaux des polluants, notamment chez les
poissons. Toutefois, un grand nombre des variables biochimiques et physiologiques utilisées en tant que
marqueurs biologiques sont sensibles non seulement aux perturbations causées par les polluants concernés,
mais également aux réactions biochimiques et physiologiques normales des poissons qui varient avec les
variations saisonnières, leur développement normal et leur maturation sexuelle. Certaines variables peuvent
également être affectées par un stress d'ordre général lié aux perturbations causées par la manipulation
durant l'échantillonnage des poissons et de leurs tissus. Par conséquent, la normalisation des modes
opératoires employés pour l'échantillonnage et la manipulation des échantillons avant le dosage des variables
biochimiques et physiologiques est importante.
Les réponses sublétales observées au niveau individuel se produisent habituellement avant que des effets
soient constatés au niveau de la population et des peuplements. En milieu aquatique, les poissons constituent
les meilleurs candidats pour la détection des effets physiologiques des polluants car ils y sont exposés à la
fois via la colonne d'eau et leurs proies. En outre, la physiologie et la biochimie des poissons sont
relativement similaires à celles des humains et autres vertébrés. Par conséquent, il est plus facile de réaliser
des comparaisons avec des études portant sur les mammifères qu'avec celles concernant les crustacés et
autres invertébrés.
La présente partie de l'ISO 23893 sert de guide pour l'échantillonnage et de plate-forme pour le dosage des
marqueurs biologiques chez les poissons, rendant ainsi possible l'utilisation des mesures pour
décrire l'état du milieu par rapport aux effets des composés anthropiques sur l'état de santé des
poissons;
réaliser un contrôle en fonction du temps (surveillance);
fournir des données et matériaux de référence pour l'évaluation des effets depuis des sources de
pollution;
évaluer et quantifier les menaces environnementales;
fournir des informations de base pour les mesures environnementales;
suivre et évaluer les effets des mesures environnementales correctives;
intégrer les réponses des marqueurs biologiques à d'autres mesures (par exemple la quantité de
poissons, le recrutement et les résidus des polluants) afin de faciliter l'interprétation de l'état ou de
l'impact environnemental.
NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 23893-1:2007(F)
Qualité de l'eau — Mesurages biochimiques et physiologiques
sur poisson —
Partie 1:
Échantillonnage des poissons, manipulation et conservation
des échantillons
1 Domaine d'application
La présente partie de l'ISO 23893 fournit des indications sur la manière d'échantillonner des poissons pour
déterminer leurs caractéristiques biochimiques et physiologiques, telles que la composition et les activités
enzymatiques du sang, du foie, des muscles et d'autres tissus afin d'évaluer l'état de santé des poissons
aussi bien sur le terrain qu'en laboratoire. Les variables biochimiques et physiologiques utilisées dans ce but
sont souvent appelées marqueurs biologiques. La présente partie de l'ISO 23893 inclut des recommandations
et des méthodes concernant:
la manière d'obtenir un échantillon spécifique du site pour un nombre représentatif de poissons,
l'échantillonnage des tissus de poissons sur le terrain et en laboratoire, et
la manipulation et la conservation des échantillons avant analyse des variables biochimiques et
physiologiques.
2 Principe
Les poissons appartenant à une espèce appropriée et ayant un âge (taille) et un sexe adaptés sont prélevés à
des sites choisis à un moment adapté de l'année afin de réduire la variabilité due à des influences biologiques,
géographiques et saisonnières. Des modes opératoires d'échantillonnage et de mesure normalisés, et un
personnel qualifié, sont utilisés pour le prélèvement, le transport, le stockage et l'analyse des échantillons.
Grâce à ces moyens, les résultats issus de séries temporelles de données comparables peuvent être utilisés
pour détecter des modifications environnementales causées par des composés anthropiques.
Les autorisations nécessaires au prélèvement des poissons et de leurs tissus doivent être obtenues
conformément à la législation nationale. Ceux-ci peuvent inclure les permis à obtenir auprès du propriétaire
(foncier) des droits de pêche, des autorités régionales environnementales et de pêche et des autorités
éthiques (droits des animaux).
L'état de santé des poissons peut être évalué par la détermination des méthodes biochimiques,
physiologiques, histologiques et pathologiques. Les variables subcellulaires et cellulaires constituent souvent
des marqueurs biologiques. L'effet toxique primaire associé aux polluants se produisant au niveau sub-
cellulaire entraîne une modification biochimique ou physiologique. Cette réaction est habituellement rapide et
peut progresser par la suite pour provoquer des perturbations à des niveaux supérieurs de l'organisation
biologique à l'intérieur de l'organisme, ce qui entraîne des modifications aux niveaux cellulaires et tissulaires
(organes) (modifications histologiques). Ces modifications peuvent entraîner des troubles au niveau de la
reproduction et de la croissance, et peuvent éventuellement provoquer la destruction
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