SIST ISO 24617-8:2018

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2018
Upravljanje z jezikovnimi viri - Ogrodje za semantično označevanje (SemAF) - 8.
del: Semantični odnosi v diskurzu, osnovna shema označevanja (CD-jedro)
Language resource management -- Semantic annotation framework (SemAF) -- Part 8:
Semantic relations in discourse, core annotation schema (DR-core)
Gestion des ressources langagières -- Cadre d'annotation sémantique (SemAF) -- Partie
8: Relations sémantiques dans le discours, schéma d'annotation de base (DR-core)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 24617-8:2016
ICS:
01.020 Terminologija (načela in Terminology (principles and
koordinacija) coordination)
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
35.240.30 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in information,
informatiki, dokumentiranju in documentation and
založništvu publishing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 24617-8
First edition
2016-12-15
Language resource management —
Semantic annotation framework
(SemAF) —
Part 8:
Semantic relations in discourse, core
annotation schema (DR-core)
Gestion des ressources langagières — Cadre d’annotation sémantique
(SemAF) —
Partie 8: Relations sémantiques dans le discours, schéma d’annotation
de base (DR-core)
Reference number
©
ISO 2016
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Basic concepts and metamodel . 3
4.1 Overview . 3
4.2 Representation of discourse structure . 3
4.3 Semantic description of discourse relations . 4
4.4 Pragmatic variants of discourse relations . 4
4.5 Hierarchical classification of discourse relations . 5
4.6 Inference of multiple relations between two segments . 5
4.7 Representation of (a)symmetry of relations . 6
4.8 Representation of the relative importance of arguments for discourse meaning/
structure . 6
4.9 Arity of arguments . 7
4.10 Syntactic form, extent, and (non-)adjacency of argument realizations . 7
4.11 Triggers of discourse relations . 7
4.12 Representation of attribution as a discourse relation . 8
4.13 Representation of entity-based relations. 9
4.14 Representation of non-existence of a discourse relation .10
4.15 Summary: Assumptions of the DR-core annotation scheme .10
4.16 Issues to be taken up in the follow-up of DR-core .11
4.17 Metamodel .11
5 Core discourse relations .12
6 Current approaches and annotation schemes .21
6.1 Overview .21
6.2 Rhetorical structure theory (RST) .21
6.3 RST Treebank .22
6.4 Hobbs’ Theory of Discourse Coherence (HTDC) .24
6.5 GraphBank .24
6.6 SDRT .25
6.7 CCR .26
6.8 Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB) .26
6.9 Mapping of DR-core discourse relations to existing classifications .28
7 Interactions of this document with other annotation schemes .30
7.1 Overlapping annotation schemes .30
7.2 Discourse relations and semantic roles .31
7.3 Discourse relations and temporal relations .31
7.4 Discourse relations and semantic relations between dialogue acts .32
8 DRelML: Discourse Relations Markup Language .33
8.1 Overview .33
8.2 DRelML abstract syntax and semantics .34
8.3 Concrete syntax .35
Bibliography .39
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content
resources, Subcommittee SC 4, Language resource management.
A list of all parts in the ISO 24617 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Introduction
The last decade has seen a proliferation of linguistically annotated corpora coding many phenomena
in support of empirical natural language research, both computational and theoretical. At the level of
discourse, interest in discourse processing has led to the development of several corpora annotated for
discourse relations. Discourse relations, also called “coherence relations” or “rhetorical relations”, are
relations, expressed explicitly or implicitly, between situations mentioned in a discourse and are key
to a complete understanding of the discourse, beyond the meaning conveyed by clauses and sentences.
Discourse relations and discourse structure are considered to be key ingredients for NLP tasks such
[39][41] [74] [19][47][56]
as summarization, complex question answering, natural language generation,
[42] [11][12] [38]
machine translation, opinion mining and sentiment analysis, and information retrieval. A
[76]
recent overview includes a description of the state of the art in discourse and computation. Several
international and collaborative efforts have resulted in annotated resources of discourse relations,
across languages as well as genres, to support the development of such applications.
Existing annotation frameworks exhibit two major differences in their underlying assumptions, one of
which concerns the representation of discourse structure, while the other has to do with the semantic
classification of discourse relations. As a result, annotations constructed using one framework are not
easily interpreted in another framework, and annotated resources are limited in their interoperability.
Notwithstanding their differences, however, there are strong compatibilities between them that can be
clarified and used as the basis for mappings and comparisons between the resources, as well as for use
as a basis for future annotation.
In a coherent (written or spoken) discourse, the situations mentioned in the discourse, such as events,
states, facts, propositions, and dialogue acts are semantically linked through causal
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2018
Upravljanje z jezikovnimi viri - Ogrodje za semantično označevanje (SemAF) - 8.
del: Semantični odnosi v diskurzu, osnovna shema označevanja (CD-jedro)
Language resource management -- Semantic annotation framework (SemAF) -- Part 8:
Semantic relations in discourse, core annotation schema (DR-core)
Gestion des ressources langagières -- Cadre d'annotation sémantique (SemAF) -- Partie
8: Relations sémantiques dans le discours, schéma d'annotation de base (DR-core)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 24617-8:2016
ICS:
01.020 Terminologija (načela in Terminology (principles and
koordinacija) coordination)
35.240.30 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in information,
informatiki, dokumentiranju in documentation and
založništvu publishing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 24617-8
First edition
2016-12-15
Language resource management —
Semantic annotation framework
(SemAF) —
Part 8:
Semantic relations in discourse, core
annotation schema (DR-core)
Gestion des ressources langagières — Cadre d’annotation sémantique
(SemAF) —
Partie 8: Relations sémantiques dans le discours, schéma d’annotation
de base (DR-core)
Reference number
©
ISO 2016
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Basic concepts and metamodel . 3
4.1 Overview . 3
4.2 Representation of discourse structure . 3
4.3 Semantic description of discourse relations . 4
4.4 Pragmatic variants of discourse relations . 4
4.5 Hierarchical classification of discourse relations . 5
4.6 Inference of multiple relations between two segments . 5
4.7 Representation of (a)symmetry of relations . 6
4.8 Representation of the relative importance of arguments for discourse meaning/
structure . 6
4.9 Arity of arguments . 7
4.10 Syntactic form, extent, and (non-)adjacency of argument realizations . 7
4.11 Triggers of discourse relations . 7
4.12 Representation of attribution as a discourse relation . 8
4.13 Representation of entity-based relations. 9
4.14 Representation of non-existence of a discourse relation .10
4.15 Summary: Assumptions of the DR-core annotation scheme .10
4.16 Issues to be taken up in the follow-up of DR-core .11
4.17 Metamodel .11
5 Core discourse relations .12
6 Current approaches and annotation schemes .21
6.1 Overview .21
6.2 Rhetorical structure theory (RST) .21
6.3 RST Treebank .22
6.4 Hobbs’ Theory of Discourse Coherence (HTDC) .24
6.5 GraphBank .24
6.6 SDRT .25
6.7 CCR .26
6.8 Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB) .26
6.9 Mapping of DR-core discourse relations to existing classifications .28
7 Interactions of this document with other annotation schemes .30
7.1 Overlapping annotation schemes .30
7.2 Discourse relations and semantic roles .31
7.3 Discourse relations and temporal relations .31
7.4 Discourse relations and semantic relations between dialogue acts .32
8 DRelML: Discourse Relations Markup Language .33
8.1 Overview .33
8.2 DRelML abstract syntax and semantics .34
8.3 Concrete syntax .35
Bibliography .39
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content
resources, Subcommittee SC 4, Language resource management.
A list of all parts in the ISO 24617 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Introduction
The last decade has seen a proliferation of linguistically annotated corpora coding many phenomena
in support of empirical natural language research, both computational and theoretical. At the level of
discourse, interest in discourse processing has led to the development of several corpora annotated for
discourse relations. Discourse relations, also called “coherence relations” or “rhetorical relations”, are
relations, expressed explicitly or implicitly, between situations mentioned in a discourse and are key
to a complete understanding of the discourse, beyond the meaning conveyed by clauses and sentences.
Discourse relations and discourse structure are considered to be key ingredients for NLP tasks such
[39][41] [74] [19][47][56]
as summarization, complex question answering, natural language generation,
[42] [11][12] [38]
machine translation, opinion mining and sentiment analysis, and information retrieval. A
[76]
recent overview includes a description of the state of the art in discourse and computation. Several
international and collaborative efforts have resulted in annotated resources of discourse relations,
across languages as well as genres, to support the development of such applications.
Existing annotation frameworks exhibit two major differences in their underlying assumptions, one of
which concerns the representation of discourse structure, while the other has to do with the semantic
classification of discourse relations. As a result, annotations constructed using one framework are not
easily interpreted in another framework, and annotated resources are limited in their interoperability.
Notwithstanding their differences, however, there are strong compatibilities between them that can be
clarified and used as the basis for mappings and comparisons between the resources, as well as for use
as a basis for future annotation.
In a coherent (written or spoken) discourse, the situations mentioned in the discourse, such as events,
states, facts, propositions, and dialogue acts are semantically linked through causal, contrastive,
temporal and other relations, call
...

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 24617-8
First edition
2016-12-15
Language resource management —
Semantic annotation framework
(SemAF) —
Part 8:
Semantic relations in discourse, core
annotation schema (DR-core)
Gestion des ressources langagières — Cadre d’annotation sémantique
(SemAF) —
Partie 8: Relations sémantiques dans le discours, schéma d’annotation
de base (DR-core)
Reference number
©
ISO 2016
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Basic concepts and metamodel . 3
4.1 Overview . 3
4.2 Representation of discourse structure . 3
4.3 Semantic description of discourse relations . 4
4.4 Pragmatic variants of discourse relations . 4
4.5 Hierarchical classification of discourse relations . 5
4.6 Inference of multiple relations between two segments . 5
4.7 Representation of (a)symmetry of relations . 6
4.8 Representation of the relative importance of arguments for discourse meaning/
structure . 6
4.9 Arity of arguments . 7
4.10 Syntactic form, extent, and (non-)adjacency of argument realizations . 7
4.11 Triggers of discourse relations . 7
4.12 Representation of attribution as a discourse relation . 8
4.13 Representation of entity-based relations. 9
4.14 Representation of non-existence of a discourse relation .10
4.15 Summary: Assumptions of the DR-core annotation scheme .10
4.16 Issues to be taken up in the follow-up of DR-core .11
4.17 Metamodel .11
5 Core discourse relations .12
6 Current approaches and annotation schemes .21
6.1 Overview .21
6.2 Rhetorical structure theory (RST) .21
6.3 RST Treebank .22
6.4 Hobbs’ Theory of Discourse Coherence (HTDC) .24
6.5 GraphBank .24
6.6 SDRT .25
6.7 CCR .26
6.8 Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB) .26
6.9 Mapping of DR-core discourse relations to existing classifications .28
7 Interactions of this document with other annotation schemes .30
7.1 Overlapping annotation schemes .30
7.2 Discourse relations and semantic roles .31
7.3 Discourse relations and temporal relations .31
7.4 Discourse relations and semantic relations between dialogue acts .32
8 DRelML: Discourse Relations Markup Language .33
8.1 Overview .33
8.2 DRelML abstract syntax and semantics .34
8.3 Concrete syntax .35
Bibliography .39
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content
resources, Subcommittee SC 4, Language resource management.
A list of all parts in the ISO 24617 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Introduction
The last decade has seen a proliferation of linguistically annotated corpora coding many phenomena
in support of empirical natural language research, both computational and theoretical. At the level of
discourse, interest in discourse processing has led to the development of several corpora annotated for
discourse relations. Discourse relations, also called “coherence relations” or “rhetorical relations”, are
relations, expressed explicitly or implicitly, between situations mentioned in a discourse and are key
to a complete understanding of the discourse, beyond the meaning conveyed by clauses and sentences.
Discourse relations and discourse structure are considered to be key ingredients for NLP tasks such
[39][41] [74] [19][47][56]
as summarization, complex question answering, natural language generation,
[42] [11][12] [38]
machine translation, opinion mining and sentiment analysis, and information retrieval. A
[76]
recent overview includes a description of the state of the art in discourse and computation. Several
international and collaborative efforts have resulted in annotated resources of discourse relations,
across languages as well as genres, to support the development of such applications.
Existing annotation frameworks exhibit two major differences in their underlying assumptions, one of
which concerns the representation of discourse structure, while the other has to do with the semantic
classification of discourse relations. As a result, annotations constructed using one framework are not
easily interpreted in another framework, and annotated resources are limited in their interoperability.
Notwithstanding their differences, however, there are strong compatibilities between them that can be
clarified and used as the basis for mappings and comparisons between the resources, as well as for use
as a basis for future annotation.
In a coherent (written or spoken) discourse, the situations mentioned in the discourse, such as events,
states, facts, propositions, and dialogue acts are semantically linked through causal, contrastive,
temporal and other relations, called “discourse relations”, “rhetorical relations”, or “coherence
relations”. Although discourse relations hold most prominently between the meanings of successive
sentences or utterances in a discourse, they may also occur between the meanings of smaller or
larger units (nominalizations, clauses, paragraphs, dialogue segments), and they may occur between
situations that are not explicitly described but that can be inferred.
This document aims to specify an interoperable approach to the annotation of local semantic relations
in discourse (DRels), following the Linguistic Annotation Framework (LAF, ISO 24612-2; see also
Reference [23]) and the general principles for semantic annotation established in ISO 24617-6. It reflects
the view that strong underlying compatibilities with respect to the semantic description of discourse
relations can be observed in the various discourse relation frameworks being used to support data
[40]
annotation, e.g. Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST), Segmented Discourse Representation Theory
[3] [59] [17][18]
(SDRT), the Penn Discourse Treebank, Hobbs’ Theory of Discourse Coherence (HTDC) and
[66]
the Cognitive Approach to Coherence Relations (CCR) . Th
...

NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 24617-8
Première édition
2016-12-15
Gestion des ressources langagières —
Cadre d’annotation sémantique
(SemAF) —
Partie 8:
Relations sémantiques dans le
discours, schéma d’annotation de base
(DR-core)
Language resource management — Semantic annotation framework
(SemAF) —
Part 8: Semantic relations in discourse, core annotation schema
(DR-core)
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2016
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2016, Publié en Suisse
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée
sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie, l’affichage sur
l’internet ou sur un Intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Les demandes d’autorisation peuvent être adressées à l’ISO à
l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – Tous droits réservés

Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction .v
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 2
3 Termes et définitions . 2
4 Notions fondamentales et métamodèle. 3
4.1 Vue d’ensemble . 3
4.2 Représentation de la structure du discours . 4
4.3 Description sémantique des relations du discours . 4
4.4 Variantes pragmatiques des relations du discours . . 5
4.5 Classification hiérarchique des relations du discours . 6
4.6 Inférence de relations multiples entre deux segments . 6
4.7 Représentation de la symétrie ou de l’asymétrie des relations . 6
4.8 Représentation de l’importance relative des arguments pour la signification/la
structure du discours . 7
4.9 Arité des arguments . 8
4.10 Forme syntaxique, étendue et (non) adjacence des réalisations des arguments . 8
4.11 Déclencheurs des relations du discours . 8
4.12 Représentation de l’attribution en tant que relation du discours . 9
4.13 Représentation des relations basées sur des entités .10
4.14 Représentation de la non existence d’une relation du discours .11
4.15 Résumé: Postulats du schéma d’annotation du DR-core .11
4.16 Questions à reprendre dans la suite donnée à DR-core .12
4.17 Métamodèle .12
5 Ensemble de base de relations du discours .13
6 Approches actuelles et schémas d’annotation .23
6.1 Vue d’ensemble .23
6.2 Théorie des structures rhétoriques (Rhetorical Structure Theory – RST) .23
6.3 RST Treebank .24
6.4 Théorie de Hobbs sur la cohérence du discours (Hobbs’ Theory of Discourse
Coherence – HTDC) .25
6.5 GraphBank .26
6.6 SDRT .27
6.7 CCR .28
6.8 Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB) .28
6.9 Transposition des relations du discours DR-Core dans les classifications existantes .30
7 Interactions du présent document avec les autres schémas d’annotation .33
7.1 Chevauchement des schémas d’annotation .33
7.2 Relations du discours et rôles sémantiques .34
7.3 Relations du discours et relations temporelles .34
7.4 Relations du discours et relations sémantiques entre actes du dialogue .35
8 DRelML: Langage de balisage des relations du discours (Discourse Relations
Markup Language) .36
8.1 Vue d’ensemble .36
8.2 Syntaxe abstraite et sémantique de DRelML .37
8.3 Syntaxe concrète .38
Bibliographie .42
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux.
L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www.
iso.org/directives).
L’attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l’élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l’Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l’ISO (voir www.iso.org/brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la signification des termes et expressions spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation
de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion de l’ISO aux principes de l’Organisation
mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien
suivant: www.iso.org/iso/fr/avant-propos.html
Le comité chargé de l’élaboration du présent document est l’ISO/TC 37, Terminologie et autres ressources
langagières et ressources de contenu, sous-comité SC 4, Gestion des ressources linguistiques.
Une liste de toutes les parties de l’ISO 24617 figure sur le site web de l’ISO.
iv © ISO 2016 – Tous droits réservés

Introduction
La dernière décennie a connu une multiplication de corpus annotés linguistiquement et codant de
nombreux phénomènes à l’appui de la recherche empirique en matière de langue naturelle, tant
informatique que théorique. Au niveau du discours, un intérêt pour le traitement du discours a conduit
à l’élaboration de plusieurs corpus annotés en ce qui concerne les relations du discours. Les relations
du discours, également appelées «relations de cohérence» ou «relations rhétoriques», sont des relations
exprimées de manière explicite ou implicite, entre des situations mentionnées dans un discours: elles
sont essentielles à une pleine compréhension du discours, allant au-delà de la signification véhiculée par
les propositions et les phrases. Les relations du discours et la structure du discours sont considérées
[39][41]
comme des composantes essentielles des tâches du TALN telles que le résumé automatique , les
[74] [19][47]
questions complexes dans les systèmes de question-réponses , la génération de langage naturel
[56] [42] [11][12]
, la traduction automatique , la fouille d’opinions et l’analyse des sentiments et la recherche
[38] [76]
d’information . Une synthèse récente intègre une description des dernières techniques en matière
de discours et de traitement automatique. Plusieurs initiatives internationales et collaboratives ont
permis de créer des ressources de relations du discours annotées, dans différentes langues et genres,
en vue de favoriser le développement de ce type d’applications.
Les cadres d’annotation existants présentent deux différences fondamentales au niveau des postulats de
départ: l’une d’entre elle concerne la représentation de la structure du discours, l’autre la classification
sémantique des relations du discours. Il s’ensuit que les annotations élaborées au moyen d’un cadre
donné sont difficiles à interpréter dans un autre cadre et que l’interopérabilité des ressources annotées
est limitée. Cependant, en dépit de ces différences, il existe entre ces cadres d’annotation de fortes
compatibilités qui peuvent être précisées et utilisées pour procéder à des transpositions et établir des
correspondances entre les ressources, ainsi que pour servir de base aux annotations futures.
Dans un discours (écrit ou oral) cohérent, les situations mentionnées dans le discours, comme les
événements, les déclarations, les faits, les propositions et les actes de dialogue, sont liées, sur le plan
sémantique, par des relations causales, contrastives, temporelles et autres, appelées «relations du
discours», «relations rhétoriques» ou «relations de cohérence». Bien que les relations du discours se
situent principalement entre les significations de phrases ou des énoncés successifs du discours, elles
peuvent aussi apparaître entre les significations d’unités plus petites ou plus grandes (nominalisations,
propositions, paragraphes, segments de dialogues) et elles peuvent également apparaître entre des
situations qui ne sont pas décrites de façon
...