SIST ISO 24613:2013

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 24613
First edition
2008-11-15
Language resource management —
Lexical markup framework (LMF)
Gestion de ressources langagières — Cadre de balisage lexical (LMF)

Reference number
©
ISO 2008
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ii © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Key standards used by LMF . 6
4.1 Unicode. 6
4.2 Language coding . 6
4.3 Script Coding . 7
4.4 ISO 12620 Data Category Registry (DCR) .7
4.5 Unified Modeling Language (UML). 7
5 The LMF model. 7
5.1 Introduction . 7
5.2 LMF core package. 7
5.3 LMF extension use. 10
5.4 LMF data category selection procedures. 11
5.5 LMF process. 12
Annex A (normative) Morphology extension. 13
Annex B (informative) Morphology examples . 15
Annex C (normative) Machine readable dictionary extension. 21
Annex D (informative) Machine readable dictionary examples . 23
Annex E (normative) NLP syntax extension. 24
Annex F (informative) NLP syntax examples. 26
Annex G (normative) NLP semantics extension . 29
Annex H (informative) NLP semantic examples. 32
Annex I (normative) NLP multilingual notations extension. 39
Annex J (informative) NLP multilingual notations examples. 42
Annex K (normative) NLP morphological patterns extension. 45
Annex L (informative) NLP morphological patterns examples. 49
Annex M (normative) NLP multiword expression patterns extension (MWE). 63
Annex N (informative) NLP multiword expression patterns example. 65
Annex O (normative) Constraint expression extension. 67
Annex P (informative) Constraint expression example. 69
Annex Q (informative) Connection with terminological markup framework (TMF) and other
concept-based representation systems. 71
Annex R (informative) LMF DTD . 72
Bibliography . 76

Foreword
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(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
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International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 24613 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content
resources, Subcommittee SC 4, Language resource management.
ISO 24613 is designed to coordinate closely with ISO 12620, Terminology and other content and language
resources — Data categories — Specification of data categories and management of a Data Category
1)
Registry for language resources , and ISO 16642, Computer applications in terminology — Terminological
markup framework.
1) To be published. (Revision of ISO 12620:1999)
iv © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

Introduction
Optimizing the production, maintenance and extension of electronic lexical resources is one of the crucial
aspects impacting human language technologies (HLT) in general and natural language processing (NLP) in
particular, as well as human-oriented translation technologies. A second crucial aspect involves optimizing the
process leading to their integration in applications. Lexical Markup Framework (LMF) is an abstract
metamodel that provides a common, standardized framework for the construction of computational lexicons.
LMF ensures the encoding of linguistic information in a way that enables reusability in different applications
and for different tasks. LMF provides a common, shared representation of lexical objects, including
morphological, syntactic and semantic aspects.
The goals of LMF are to provide a common model for the creation and use of electronic lexical resources
ranging from small to large in scale, to manage the exchange of data between and among these resources,
and to facilitate the merging of large numbers of different individual electronic resources to form extensive
global electronic resources. The ultimate goal of LMF is to create a modular structure that will facilitate true
content interoperability across all aspects of electronic lexical resources.
The LMF core package describes the basic hierarchy of information of a lexical entry, including information on
the form. The core package is supplemented by various resources that are part of the definition of LMF. These
resources include:
⎯ specific data categories used by the variety of resource types associated with LMF, both those data
categories relevant to the metamodel itself, and those associated with the extensions to the core
package;
⎯ the constraints governing the relationship of these data categories to the metamodel and to its
extensions;
⎯ standard procedures for expressing these categories and thus for anchoring them on the structural
skeleton of LMF and relating them to the respective extension models;
⎯ the vocabularies used by LMF to express related informational objects for describing how to extend LMF
through linkage to a variety of specific resources (extensions) and methods for analysing and designing
such linked systems.
Extensions of the core package which are documented in the annexes of this International Standard include:
a) machine readable dictionaries;
b) natural language processing lexical resources.
LMF extensions are expressed in a framework that describes the reuse of the LMF core components (such as
structures, data categories, and vocabularies) in conjunction with the additional components required for a
specific resource.
Types of individual instantiations of LMF can include such electronic lexical resources as fairly simple lexical
databases, NLP and machine-translation lexicons, as well as electronic monolingual, bilingual and multilingual
lexical databases. LMF provides general structures and mechanisms for analysing and designing new
electronic lexical resources, but LMF does not specify the structures, data constraints and vocabularies to be
used in the design of specific electronic lexical resources. LMF also provides mechanisms for analysing and
describing existing resources using a common descriptive framework. For the purpose of both designing new
lexical resources and describing existing lexical resources, LMF defines the conditions that allow the data
expressed in any one lexical resource to be mapped to the LMF framework, and thus provides an intermediate
format for lexical data exchange.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24613:2008(E)

Language resource management — Lexical markup
framework (LMF)
1 Scope
This International Standard describes the Lexical Markup Framework (LMF), a metamodel for representing
data in lexical databases used with monolingual and multilingual computer applications.
LMF provides mechanisms that allow the development and integration of a variety of electronic lexical
2)
resource types . These mechanisms will present existing lexicons as far as possible. If this is impossible,
problematic information will be identified and isolated.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 639 (all parts), Codes for the representation of names of languages
ISO 1087-1, Terminology work — Vocabulary — Part 1: Theory and application
ISO 1087-2, Terminology work — Vocabulary — Part 2: Computer applications
ISO 12620, Terminology and other content and language resources — Data categories — Specification of
3)
data categories and management of a Data Category Registry for language resources
ISO 15924, Information and documentation — Code for the representation of names of scripts
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1087-1, ISO 1087-2
4)
and the following apply .
3.1
abbreviated form
form (3.14) resulting from the omission of any part of the full form (3.16) of the same lexeme (3.25)

[9]
2) LMF supports existing lexical resource models such as the Genelex , the EAGLES International Standards for
[5] [6]
Language Engineering (ISLE) and Multilingual ISLE Lexical Entry (MILE) models .
3) To be published. (Revision of ISO 12620:1999)
...