ISO 13232-5:2005

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13232-5
Second edition
2005-12-15
Motorcycles — Test and analysis
procedures for research evaluation of
rider crash protective devices fitted to
motorcycles —
Part 5:
Injury indices and risk/benefit analysis
Motocycles — Méthodes d'essai et d'analyse de l'évaluation par la
recherche des dispositifs, montés sur les motocycles, visant à la
protection des motocyclistes contre les collisions —
Partie 5: Indices de blessure et analyse risque/bénéfice

Reference number
©
ISO 2005
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ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword. vii
Introduction. viii
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.2
3 Definitions and abbreviations .2
4 Requirements.3
4.1 Injury variables .3
4.2 Lower extremity injuries .4
4.3 Injury severity probabilities.4
4.4 Injury indices.5
4.5 Risk/benefit analysis .5
5 Procedures .5
5.1 Injury variables .5
5.2 Frangible component damage .10
5.3 Injury severity probabilities.10
5.4 Probability of discrete AIS injury severity level .15
5.5 Injury costs.17
5.6 Probability of fatality .18
5.7 Probable AIS .21
5.8 Normalized injury costs .22
5.9 Risk/benefit analysis .23
6 Documentation.27
Annex A (normative) Injury costs.28
Annex B (normative) Mortality rate .30
Annex C (informative) ICM Variable and subscript definitions .31
Annex D (informative) Example computer code of the injury cost model.34
Annex E (informative) Comparison of results to reference risk and benefit values .56
Annex F (informative) Example probable injury cost data.57
Annex G (informative) Probability distribution curves.69
Annex H (informative) Example cumulative distribution function plots.73

Annex I (informative) Example computer code for calculations of head contacts .74
Annex J (informative) AO/C1/C2 upper neck injury probabilities and injury cost.97
Annex K (informative) Estimated distribution of neck AO/C1/C2 injury severities in the LA/Hannover
database .120
Annex L (informative) Distribution of maximum neck forces and moments from computer simulations
of 498 LA/Hannover cases and 67 fatal USC cases .122
Annex M (informative) Injury criteria coefficient search algorithm used for neck injury criteria
identification.124
Annex N (informative) Dummy neck computer simulation validation .131
Annex O (informative) Rationale for ISO 13232-5 .144
Figures
Figure 1 — Chest potentiometer geometry shown for the upper sternum .8
Figure 2 — Risk of life threatening brain injury for HIC for t - t ≤ 0,015 s.21
2 1
Figure D.1 — Flow diagram of the injury cost model.55
Figure G.1 — Probability distribution of head injuries as a function of G (Kramer & Appel, 1990).70
max
Figure G.2 — Probability distribution of thoracic injury as a function of maximum resultant upper (or lower) sternum
compression (Kroell, et al., 1974).70
Figure G.3 — Probability distribution of thoracic injuries as a function of maximum resultant upper (or lower)
sternum velocity-compression (Lowne & Janssen, 1990).71
Figure G.4 — Probability distribution of human abdominal injuries as a function of maximum human abdominal
penetration (Rouhana, et al., 1990).71
Figure G.5 — Probability distribution of neck injury as a function of NII .72
max
Figure H.1 — Example of a continuous cumulative distribution function graph for change in an injury assessment
variable .73
Figure H.2 — Example of a discrete cumulative distribution function graph for change in an injury index.73
Figure J.1 — Forces and moments at t from computer simulations of 67 USC fatal cases and the best step-
max
wise fit envelopes of constant NII , providing the basis for the envelope shape.108
max
Figure J.2 — Forces and moments at t from computer simulations of 498 LA and Hannover cases and
max
envelopes of constant NII , providing the basis for the NII vs 50% injury probability .110
max max
Figure J.3 — Critical tension force vs the α coefficient, providing the basis for the α =3.1 .111
Figure J.4 — Neck AO/C1/C2 injury risk curves for the new MATD neck.112
Figure J.5 — Distribution of observed and predicted computer simulations .113
Figure J.6 — Comparison of the general shape and axes of the injury criteria for the new MATD neck to the
allowable limits proposed by NHTSA for the HIII 50 PAM neck (recognizing that the necks have very different
stiffnesses) .116
Figure J.7 — Neck AIS 3 + injury risk vs tension for the Hybrid III P50 male neck (Mertz & Prasad 2000) . 117
Figure J.8 — Neck AIS 3 + injury risk vs combined tension and extension for the Hybrid III P50 male neck (Mertz &
Prasad 2000) . 118
iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved

Figure L.1 — Maximum neck force and moment distributions for the new MATD neck (498 LA/Hannover cases and
67 USC fatal cases). 123
Figure M.1 — Convergence of the global search algorithm . 129
Figure M.2 — Convergence of the local search algorithm . 130
Figure N.1 — Laboratory test and computer simulation of forward neck flexion at 0,1 s. 133
Figure N.2 — Forward neck flexion response of laboratory test and computer simulation. 134
Figure N.3 — Laboratory test and computer simulation of rearward neck extension at 0,1 s. 135
Figure N.4 — Rearward neck extension response of laboratory test and computer simulation . 136
Figure N.5 — Laboratory test and computer simulation of lateral neck flexion at 0,1 s . 137
Figure N.6 — Lateral neck flexion response of laboratory test and computer simulation . 138
Figure N.7 — Computer simulation of neck torsion test at 0,1 s . 139
Figure N.8 — Neck torsion response of laboratory test and computer simulation . 140
Figure N.9 — Neck axial force response of laboratory impact test and computer simulation. 141
Figure N.10 — Full scale test and computer simulation of impact configuration 413-0/30 0,1 s after initial contact
.......................................................................................................................................................................... 142
Figure N.11 — Full scale test and computer simulation of 413-0/30 with new MATD neck. 143

Tables
Table 1a — Closed head injury severity probability as a function of G .12
max
Table 1b — Closed head injury severity probability as a function of HIC.12
Table 2 — Thoracic compression injury severity probability as a function of C and C .13
us,max ls,max
Table 3 — Thoracic injury velocity-compression severity probability as a function of VC and VC .13
us,max ls,max
Table 4 — Intra-abdominal penetration injury severity probability as a function of P .14
A,max
Table 5 — Neck combined loading injury severity probability as a function of NII.14
Table 6 — AIS injury severity lev
...