ISO 13877:1998
(Main)Soil quality — Determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons — Method using high -performance liquid chromatography
Soil quality — Determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons — Method using high -performance liquid chromatography
Qualité du sol — Dosage des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques — Méthode par chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance
Kakovost tal - Določevanje policikličnih aromatskih ogljikovodikov - Metoda z uporabo tekočinske kromatografije visoke ločljivosti
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-1999
.DNRYRVWWDO'RORþHYDQMHSROLFLNOLþQLKDURPDWVNLKRJOMLNRYRGLNRY0HWRGD]
XSRUDERWHNRþLQVNHNURPDWRJUDILMHYLVRNHORþOMLYRVWL
Soil quality -- Determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons -- Method using high -
performance liquid chromatography
Qualité du sol -- Dosage des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques -- Méthode par
chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 13877:1998
ICS:
13.080.10 .HPLMVNH]QDþLOQRVWLWDO Chemical characteristics of
soils
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13877
First edition
1998-09-01
Soil quality — Determination of polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons — Method using
high-performance liquid chromatography
Qualité du sol — Dosage des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques —
Méthode par chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance
A
Reference number
Contents
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Principle . 2
4 Apparatus . 2
5 Reagents. 3
6 Sampling, sample conservation and pretreatment . 5
7 Procedure . 5
8 Calculation . 10
9 Performance characteristics . 11
10 Test report . 13
Annex A (informative) Wavelengths for UV and fluorimetric detection . 14
Bibliography . 15
© ISO 1998
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Switzerland
Internet iso@iso.ch
Printed in Switzerland
ii
© ISO
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
International Standard ISO 13877 was prepared by Technical Committee TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 3,
Chemical methods and soil characteristics.
Annex A of this International Standard is for information only.
iii
© ISO
Introduction
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can be generated when organic matter is treated under pyrolytic conditions,
meaning conditions of incomplete heating or combustion under exclusion of oxygen. In addition to PAH, other
substances are formed which cover a wide range of molecular mass, some of which cannot be vaporized without
decomposition.
PAH are ubiquitous in soil in a concentration range from 1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg per single component. In soils influenced
by human activities (industries, traffic, etc.) concentrations in the range from 1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg per single component
may be found. In soils from (former) industrial sites, levels of hundreds of mg/kg per single component may be
detected.
PAH are neither very volatile nor very soluble in water. They will adsorb on almost any solid surface and have a very
strong affinity to organic matter. Therefore PAH can be present in different distributions, e.g. in more or less
homogeneous thin layers or in finely divided small particles as well as liquids.
The first situation is found for example in non- or lightly polluted areas. Depending on the type of soil, PAH can be
present as a monomolecular layer on the surface of particles or, with clayey types of soil, PAH can also be found within
the clay aggregates.
Frequently the second situation is found in more heavily polluted areas. PAH can be present in dust, soot or tar
particles.
These differences in occurrence and concentration make it impossible, for the time being, to prepare one single
method for all applications. Although high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used for the determination of PAH
in extracts, different approaches for extraction and/or concentration and/or clean-up are necessary.
In this International Standard, two different methods, A and B, are described.
For non- or lightly polluted soils ("mg/kg range") it is of major importance that the extractant be able to break up the soil
aggregates and allow an intensive contact between extractant and individual particles. This can be achieved by using a
polar extractant, such as acetone, in combination with mechanical shaking (method A).
For more heavily polluted soils ("mg/kg range") a less polar extractant is needed for dissolving PAH from soot or tar
particles. Although the highly toxic benzene still is the best extractant, the less toxic toluene is prescribed for this
purpose in combination with exhaustive Soxhlet extraction (method B).
Both methods can be applied to all concentration ranges. However, applying acetone extraction for highly
contaminated soils and toluene extraction for lightly contaminated soils can result in poor recoveries. Selection of the
appropriate method should be based on concentrations of PAH and the expected type of adsorption or distribution
within the soil.
In the literature a number of experiments has been reported using different solvents and/or extraction techniques.
Solvents such as hexane, cyclohexane, methylene chloride, acetonitrile or tetrahydrofuran have been used. Other
extraction techniques such as ultrasonic extraction or supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) have been applied. The results
from these experiments are often comparable to those obtained by using the methods given in this International
Standard. However, the use of procedures other than those described in this International Standard is not covered and
their users should not refer to this International Standard.
iv
© ISO
Before commencing PAH analysis in a laboratory, it would be wise to discuss the facilities with the appropriate Health
Authority. It is suggested that initial familiarization with the techniques be carried out using a non-carcinogenic PAH
such as fluoranthene. General techniques for the handling of hazardous materials have been given elsewhere [1], [2],
[3], [4]; these publications or their equivalent should be studied before handling PAH.
v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD © ISO ISO 13877:1998(E)
Soil quality — Determination of polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons — Method using high-performance liquid
chromatography
WARNING: Certain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are highly carcinogenic; handle with
extreme care. Do not allow solid materials, solvent extracts and solutions of standard PAH to contact the
body. PAH can co-distil with solvent and deposit on the outside of stoppered bottles, therefore always
handle all vessels containing solutions of PAH using gloves which are solvent-resistant and preferably
disposable. Vessels containing PAH solutions should be stored standing in beakers to contain any spillage
in case of breakage. PAH contamination of vessels can be detected by irradiation with light of 366 nm
wavelength.
Solid PAH are most dangerous and give rise to a dust hazard due to their crystals becoming
electrostatically charged. Handle these materials only where the proper facilities are available (e.g.
adequate fume hoods, protective clothing, dust masks, etc.). It is strongly advised that standard solutions
be prepared centrally in suitably equipped laboratories or purchased from suppliers specialized in their
preparation.
Dispose of solvent solutions containing PAH in a manner approved for disposal of toxic wastes.
1 Scope
This International Standard describes two methods for quantitative determination of polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) in soil.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 8466-1, Water quality — Calibration and evaluation of analytical methods and estimation of performance
characteristics — Part 1: Statistical evaluation of the linear calibration function.
ISO 8466-2, Water quality — Calibration and evaluation of analytical methods and estimation of performance
characteristics — Part 2: Calibration strategy for non-linear second order calibration function.
ISO 10381-5, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 5: Guidance on the procedure for investigation of soil contamination
on urban and industrial sites.
ISO 11464, Soil quality — Pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical analysis.
© ISO
ISO 11465, Soil quality — Determination of dry matter and water content on a mass basis — Gravimetric method.
ISO 14507, Soil quality — Pretreatment of samples for the determination of organic contaminants.
3 Principle
Soil is extracted with acetone without drying (method A) or extracted with toluene after drying (method B).
NOTE 1 When applying method B, loss of naphthalene can occur while air-drying soil.
Analysis of the extract is carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using ultraviolet or
fluorimetric detectors with variable excitation and emission wavelengths. Quantitative evaluation is carried out by
recording detector signals (area or height) by the external standard method.
16 compounds, listed in 5.11 (the so-called EPA-priority pollutants PAH [5]), can be determined. For other PAH, the
validity of the method has yet to be proven.
NOTE 2 Acenaphthylene cannot be measured using fluorimetric detection.
4 Apparatus
4.1 General
4.1.1 Analytical balance, with an accuracy of 0,01 g.
4.1.2 Analytical balance, with an accuracy of 0,01 mg.
NOTE This balance should be used only for preparation of standards.
4.1.3 Drying cabinet in accordance with ISO 11465.
4.2 Apparatus for sample preparation (Method A)
4.2.1 Conical flask of 500 ml capacity.
4.2.2 Separating funnel of 1000 ml capacity.
4.2.3 Shaking machine, horizontal movement with up to 200 shakes per minute.
4.2.4 Concentration apparatus, for example Kuderna-Danish or rotary apparatus.
4.2.5 Water bath, with a temperature range up to 100 °C.
4.2.6 Chromatography column for clean-up, internal diameter 1 cm.
4.3 Apparatus for sample preparation (Method B)
4.3.1 Soxhlet, approx. 30 ml, with paper or glass fibre thimbles, 100 ml round-bottom flask and reflux condenser.
NOTE If blank values cannot be excluded, thimbles should be cleaned with toluene before use.
4.3.2 Measuring flasks, 50 ml and 100 ml nominal volumes.
© ISO
4.2 Apparatus for analysis
4.4.1 High performance liquid chromatograph, equipped according to requirements with either an ultraviolet
detection system (with variable wavelength) or a fluorimetric detection system (with free choice of excitation and
emission wavelengths). If fluorimetric detection is used, degassing (removal of oxygen) of mobile phase, e.g. by
helium, is necessary.
with reversed-phase materials for PAH analysis.
4.4.2 Separation column with guard column,
NOTE In soil analysis, utilization of a guard column helps to improve the durability of the analytical column.
4.4.3 Recording device, computer integrator with printer/plotter. Measuring range according to HPLC output
signal, preferably with monitor interpretation and the possibility of subsequent baseline cor
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13877
First edition
1998-09-01
Soil quality — Determination of polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons — Method using
high-performance liquid chromatography
Qualité du sol — Dosage des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques —
Méthode par chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance
A
Reference number
Contents
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Principle . 2
4 Apparatus . 2
5 Reagents. 3
6 Sampling, sample conservation and pretreatment . 5
7 Procedure . 5
8 Calculation . 10
9 Performance characteristics . 11
10 Test report . 13
Annex A (informative) Wavelengths for UV and fluorimetric detection . 14
Bibliography . 15
© ISO 1998
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Switzerland
Internet iso@iso.ch
Printed in Switzerland
ii
© ISO
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
International Standard ISO 13877 was prepared by Technical Committee TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 3,
Chemical methods and soil characteristics.
Annex A of this International Standard is for information only.
iii
© ISO
Introduction
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can be generated when organic matter is treated under pyrolytic conditions,
meaning conditions of incomplete heating or combustion under exclusion of oxygen. In addition to PAH, other
substances are formed which cover a wide range of molecular mass, some of which cannot be vaporized without
decomposition.
PAH are ubiquitous in soil in a concentration range from 1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg per single component. In soils influenced
by human activities (industries, traffic, etc.) concentrations in the range from 1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg per single component
may be found. In soils from (former) industrial sites, levels of hundreds of mg/kg per single component may be
detected.
PAH are neither very volatile nor very soluble in water. They will adsorb on almost any solid surface and have a very
strong affinity to organic matter. Therefore PAH can be present in different distributions, e.g. in more or less
homogeneous thin layers or in finely divided small particles as well as liquids.
The first situation is found for example in non- or lightly polluted areas. Depending on the type of soil, PAH can be
present as a monomolecular layer on the surface of particles or, with clayey types of soil, PAH can also be found within
the clay aggregates.
Frequently the second situation is found in more heavily polluted areas. PAH can be present in dust, soot or tar
particles.
These differences in occurrence and concentration make it impossible, for the time being, to prepare one single
method for all applications. Although high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used for the determination of PAH
in extracts, different approaches for extraction and/or concentration and/or clean-up are necessary.
In this International Standard, two different methods, A and B, are described.
For non- or lightly polluted soils ("mg/kg range") it is of major importance that the extractant be able to break up the soil
aggregates and allow an intensive contact between extractant and individual particles. This can be achieved by using a
polar extractant, such as acetone, in combination with mechanical shaking (method A).
For more heavily polluted soils ("mg/kg range") a less polar extractant is needed for dissolving PAH from soot or tar
particles. Although the highly toxic benzene still is the best extractant, the less toxic toluene is prescribed for this
purpose in combination with exhaustive Soxhlet extraction (method B).
Both methods can be applied to all concentration ranges. However, applying acetone extraction for highly
contaminated soils and toluene extraction for lightly contaminated soils can result in poor recoveries. Selection of the
appropriate method should be based on concentrations of PAH and the expected type of adsorption or distribution
within the soil.
In the literature a number of experiments has been reported using different solvents and/or extraction techniques.
Solvents such as hexane, cyclohexane, methylene chloride, acetonitrile or tetrahydrofuran have been used. Other
extraction techniques such as ultrasonic extraction or supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) have been applied. The results
from these experiments are often comparable to those obtained by using the methods given in this International
Standard. However, the use of procedures other than those described in this International Standard is not covered and
their users should not refer to this International Standard.
iv
© ISO
Before commencing PAH analysis in a laboratory, it would be wise to discuss the facilities with the appropriate Health
Authority. It is suggested that initial familiarization with the techniques be carried out using a non-carcinogenic PAH
such as fluoranthene. General techniques for the handling of hazardous materials have been given elsewhere [1], [2],
[3], [4]; these publications or their equivalent should be studied before handling PAH.
v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD © ISO ISO 13877:1998(E)
Soil quality — Determination of polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons — Method using high-performance liquid
chromatography
WARNING: Certain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are highly carcinogenic; handle with
extreme care. Do not allow solid materials, solvent extracts and solutions of standard PAH to contact the
body. PAH can co-distil with solvent and deposit on the outside of stoppered bottles, therefore always
handle all vessels containing solutions of PAH using gloves which are solvent-resistant and preferably
disposable. Vessels containing PAH solutions should be stored standing in beakers to contain any spillage
in case of breakage. PAH contamination of vessels can be detected by irradiation with light of 366 nm
wavelength.
Solid PAH are most dangerous and give rise to a dust hazard due to their crystals becoming
electrostatically charged. Handle these materials only where the proper facilities are available (e.g.
adequate fume hoods, protective clothing, dust masks, etc.). It is strongly advised that standard solutions
be prepared centrally in suitably equipped laboratories or purchased from suppliers specialized in their
preparation.
Dispose of solvent solutions containing PAH in a manner approved for disposal of toxic wastes.
1 Scope
This International Standard describes two methods for quantitative determination of polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) in soil.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 8466-1, Water quality — Calibration and evaluation of analytical methods and estimation of performance
characteristics — Part 1: Statistical evaluation of the linear calibration function.
ISO 8466-2, Water quality — Calibration and evaluation of analytical methods and estimation of performance
characteristics — Part 2: Calibration strategy for non-linear second order calibration function.
ISO 10381-5, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 5: Guidance on the procedure for investigation of soil contamination
on urban and industrial sites.
ISO 11464, Soil quality — Pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical analysis.
© ISO
ISO 11465, Soil quality — Determination of dry matter and water content on a mass basis — Gravimetric method.
ISO 14507, Soil quality — Pretreatment of samples for the determination of organic contaminants.
3 Principle
Soil is extracted with acetone without drying (method A) or extracted with toluene after drying (method B).
NOTE 1 When applying method B, loss of naphthalene can occur while air-drying soil.
Analysis of the extract is carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using ultraviolet or
fluorimetric detectors with variable excitation and emission wavelengths. Quantitative evaluation is carried out by
recording detector signals (area or height) by the external standard method.
16 compounds, listed in 5.11 (the so-called EPA-priority pollutants PAH [5]), can be determined. For other PAH, the
validity of the method has yet to be proven.
NOTE 2 Acenaphthylene cannot be measured using fluorimetric detection.
4 Apparatus
4.1 General
4.1.1 Analytical balance, with an accuracy of 0,01 g.
4.1.2 Analytical balance, with an accuracy of 0,01 mg.
NOTE This balance should be used only for preparation of standards.
4.1.3 Drying cabinet in accordance with ISO 11465.
4.2 Apparatus for sample preparation (Method A)
4.2.1 Conical flask of 500 ml capacity.
4.2.2 Separating funnel of 1000 ml capacity.
4.2.3 Shaking machine, horizontal movement with up to 200 shakes per minute.
4.2.4 Concentration apparatus, for example Kuderna-Danish or rotary apparatus.
4.2.5 Water bath, with a temperature range up to 100 °C.
4.2.6 Chromatography column for clean-up, internal diameter 1 cm.
4.3 Apparatus for sample preparation (Method B)
4.3.1 Soxhlet, approx. 30 ml, with paper or glass fibre thimbles, 100 ml round-bottom flask and reflux condenser.
NOTE If blank values cannot be excluded, thimbles should be cleaned with toluene before use.
4.3.2 Measuring flasks, 50 ml and 100 ml nominal volumes.
© ISO
4.2 Apparatus for analysis
4.4.1 High performance liquid chromatograph, equipped according to requirements with either an ultraviolet
detection system (with variable wavelength) or a fluorimetric detection system (with free choice of excitation and
emission wavelengths). If fluorimetric detection is used, degassing (removal of oxygen) of mobile phase, e.g. by
helium, is necessary.
with reversed-phase materials for PAH analysis.
4.4.2 Separation column with guard column,
NOTE In soil analysis, utilization of a guard column helps to improve the durability of the analytical column.
4.4.3 Recording device, computer integrator with printer/plotter. Measuring range according to HPLC output
signal, preferably with monitor interpretation and the possibility of subsequent baseline correction.
5 Reagents
5.1 General reagents
Chemicals fulfilling the requirements for residue analysis and which do not contain PAH are suitable for sample
preparation. Periodic blank value determinations shall be carried out to verify the purity of chemicals, generally after
introduction of new stock batches. Batches of solvents containing PAH either shall be substituted by ones free from
PAH, or shall be purified by distillation (e.g. over a Vigreux column of 1 m length).
5.2 Acetone, p.a. grade or residue analysis grade (A).
5.3 Petroleum ether (boiling range 40 °C to 60 °C), p.a. grade or residue analysis grade (A).
5.4 Toluene, p.a. grade or residue analysis grade (B).
5.5 Sodium sulfate (anhydrous), p.a. grade.
5.6 Aluminium oxide, basic or neutral, specific surface area 200 m /g, activity super I according to Brockmann.
5.7 Methanol or acetonitrile, HPLC purity grade.
5.8 Water.
5.8.1 For extraction (A): double-distilled or deionized.
5.8.2 For HPLC mobile phase: ultra-pure water (HPLC purity grade).
5.9 Helium, of suitable purity for degasification of sol
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 13877
Première édition
1998-09-01
Qualité du sol — Dosage
des hydrocarbures aromatiques
polycycliques — Méthode
par chromatographie en phase liquide
à haute performance
Soil quality — Determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons —
Method using high-performance liquid chromatography
A
Numéro de référence
Sommaire
1 Domaine d’application .1
2 Références normatives .1
3 Principe .2
4 Appareillage .2
5 Réactifs.3
6 Échantillonnage, conservation et prétraitement des échantillons .5
7 Mode opératoire.5
8 Calcul .11
9 Caractéristiques de performance.11
10 Rapport d’essai.14
Annexe A (informative) Longueurs d’onde pour la détection UV et la détection fluorimétrique .15
Bibliographie.16
© ISO 1998
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf prescription différente, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque
forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur.
Organisation internationale de normalisation
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Suisse
Internet iso@iso.ch
Imprimé en Suisse
ii
© ISO
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée aux
comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du comité
technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en
liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux. L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission
électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI, Partie 3.
Les projets de Normes internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour
vote. Leur publication comme Normes internationales requiert l’approbation de 75 % au moins des comités
membres votants.
La Norme internationale ISO 13877 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 190, Qualité du sol, sous-comité
SC 3, Méthodes chimiques et caractéristiques du sol.
L’annexe A de la présente Norme internationale est donnée uniquement à titre d’information.
iii
© ISO
Introduction
Les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) peuvent être produits lors du traitement de matières
organiques dans des conditions pyrolytiques. On entend par pyrolyse tout chauffage ou combustion incomplète de
matières organiques en milieu déficitaire en oxygène. En plus de ces HAP, d’autres substances, présentant des
masses moléculaires diverses, sont également formées, certaines d’entre elles ne pouvant pas être vaporisées
sans décomposition.
Les HAP sont présents à l’état diffus dans le sol à des concentrations situées entre 1 μg/kg et 10 μg/kg pour chacun
de leurs constituants. En ce qui concerne les sols supportant des activités humaines (industries, trafic, etc.), il est
possible d’observer des concentrations situées entre 1 mg/kg et 10 mg/kg pour chacun des constituants. Les sols
prélevés sur des sites industriels (abandonnés) peuvent présenter des concentrations de plusieurs centaines de
milligrammes par kilogramme par composant.
Les HAP ne sont ni très volatils, ni très solubles dans l’eau. Ils sont adsorbés sur la plupart des surfaces solides et
offrent une grande affinité avec les matières organiques. En conséquence, les HAP peuvent se présenter sous
divers aspects, c’est-à-dire sous forme de fine couche plus ou moins homogène ou de particules infimes, ainsi que
sous forme liquide.
La première situation possible concerne les zones peu ou non polluées. Selon le type de sol, ils peuvent se
présenter sous forme de couche monomoléculaire à la surface des particules. En cas de sols argileux, les HAP
peuvent également être intégrés à l’intérieur d’agrégats.
La seconde situation possible concerne fréquemment les zones plus fortement polluées. Dans ce cas, les HAP
peuvent être présents dans les particules de poussière, de suie ou de goudron.
Ces différences de formes et de concentrations rendent impossible, pour l’instant, la préparation d’une méthode
unique valable pour toutes les applications. Bien que la chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance soit
utilisée pour déterminer la présence d’HAP après extraction, il est nécessaire de recourir à différentes approches
pour procéder à l’extraction et/ou la concentration et/ou la purification.
La présente Norme internationale décrit deux méthodes différentes, A et B.
En ce qui concerne les sols peu ou non pollués («domaine des mg/kg»), il s’avère primordial que le produit
d’extraction soit capable de briser les agrégats et permette un contact intensif entre le solvant et les particules. Ceci
peut être obtenu par l’utilisation d’un solvant d’extraction polaire, tel que l’acétone en combinaison avec une
agitation mécanique (méthode A).
En ce qui concerne les sols plus fortement pollués («domaine des mg/kg»), il est nécessaire d’utiliser un solvant
d’extraction présentant une polarité moins importante, afin de dissoudre les HAP des particules de suie ou de
goudron. Bien que le benzène, substance hautement toxique, demeure le produit d’extraction le plus performant, il
est prescrit, pour des raisons de moindre toxicité, d’utiliser du toluène, en combinaison avec une extraction totale de
type Soxhlet (méthode B).
Ces deux méthodes peuvent s’appliquer à toutes les plages de concentration. Cependant, l’extraction par acétone
pour les sols hautement contaminés et par toluène pour les sols peu pollués peut donner des résultats peu
satisfaisants. Il convient de choisir la méthode la plus appropriée en se basant sur les concentrations présumées
d’HAP et sur le mode prévu d’adsorption et de diffusion dans le sol.
Dans la littérature, des expériences utilisant des solvants différents et/ou des techniques d’extraction différentes
sont rapportées. Des solvants tels que l’hexane, le cyclohexane, le chlorure de méthyle, l’acétonitrile ou le
iv
© ISO
tétrahydrofurane sont utilisés. D’autres techniques d’extraction, telles que les ultrasons ou l’extraction par fluide
supercritique (SFE) sont appliquées. Les résultats obtenus sont souvent comparables à ceux obtenus avec les
méthodes données dans la présente Norme internationale. Cependant, l’utilisation de procédures non décrites dans
la présente Norme internationale n’est pas couverte et leurs utilisateurs ne doivent pas, dans ce cas, se reférer à la
présente Norme internationale.
Il est préférable, avant de commencer l’analyse des HAP en laboratoire, d’obtenir l’approbation des autorités
responsables en matière de santé publique concernant la conformité des installations. Il est suggéré de familiariser
le personnel aux techniques à utiliser à l’aide d’un HAP non cancérigène, tel que le fluoranthène. Les généralités
relatives aux techniques de manipulation des matières dangereuses ont été présentées par ailleurs, voir les
références [1], [2], [3] et [4]; il convient d’étudier ces publications ou leur équivalent avant de manipuler les HAP.
v
NORME INTERNATIONALE © ISO ISO 13877:1998(F)
Qualité du sol — Dosage des hydrocarbures aromatiques
polycycliques — Méthode par chromatographie en phase liquide à
haute performance
AVERTISSEMENT — Certains HAP sont extrêmement cancérigènes; les manipuler avec la plus grande
précaution. Éviter tout contact corporel avec des substances solides, des extraits de solvants et des
solutions étalon de HAP. Il peut intervenir une réaction de distillation lorsque les HAP entrent en contact
avec des solvants et ils peuvent alors se déposer à l’extérieur des flacons bouchés à l’émeri. En
conséquence, manipuler les conteneurs remplis de solutions d’HAP dans des solvants avec des gants
résistants aux solvants, de préférence jetables. Il convient de placer les récipients contenant des solutions
de HAP en position verticale dans des béchers afin d’éviter la dispersion de ces solutions en cas de bris. Il
est possible de détecter la contamination de récipients par des HAP à l’aide d’une source UV à 366 nm.
Les HAP solides sont extrêmement dangereux en raison du risque de dispersion des poudres par effet
électrostatique. Ne manipuler ces substances que si l’on dispose du matériel adéquat, tel que des hottes
aspirantes, des vêtements de protection, des masques à poussière, etc. Il est vivement recommandé de
centraliser la préparation des solutions étalons dans des laboratoires disposant d’un équipement adapté
ou de se procurer lesdites solutions auprès de fournisseurs spécialisés dans leur préparation.
Éliminer les solutions avec solvants contenant des HAP conformément aux prescriptions concernant les
déchets toxiques.
1 Domaine d’application
La présente Norme internationale décrit deux méthodes permettant de déterminer de manière quantitative la
présence d’hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) dans le sol.
2 Références normatives
Les documents normatifs suivants contiennent des dispositions qui, par suite de la référence qui y est faite,
constituent des dispositions valables pour la présente Norme internationale. Pour les références datées, les
amendements ultérieurs ou les révisions de ces publications ne s’appliquent pas. Toutefois, les parties prenantes
aux accords fondés sur la présente Norme internationale sont invitées à rechercher la possibilité d’appliquer les
éditions les plus récentes des documents normatifs indiqués ci-après. Pour les références non datées, la dernière
édition du document normatif en référence s’applique. Les membres de l’ISO et de la CEI possèdent le registre des
Normes internationales en vigueur.
ISO 8466-1, Qualité de l’eau — Étalonnage et évaluation des méthodes d’analyse et estimation des caractères de
performance — Partie 1: Évaluation statistique de la fonction linéaire d’étalonnage.
ISO 8466-2, Qualité de l’eau — Étalonnage et évaluation des méthodes d’analyse et estimation des caractères de
performance — Partie 2: Stratégie d’étalonnage pour fonctions d’étalonnage non linéaires du second degré.
ISO 10381-5, Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 5: Lignes directrices concernant l’investigation relative à la
contamination du sol des sites urbains et industriels.
© ISO
ISO 11464, Qualité du sol — Prétraitement des échantillons pour analyses physico-chimiques.
ISO 11465, Qualité du sol — Détermination de la teneur pondérale en matière sèche et en eau — Méthode
gravimétrique.
ISO 14507, Qualité du sol — Prétraitement des échantillons pour la détermination des contaminants organiques.
3 Principe
Le sol est extrait avec de l’acétone sans séchage (méthode A) ou avec du toluène après séchage (méthode B).
NOTE 1 Lors de l’application de la méthode B, des pertes de naphtalène peuvent intervenir lors du séchage du sol à l’air.
L’analyse de l’extrait est réalisée par chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance (CLHP), en utilisant
des détecteurs ultraviolets à longueurs d’onde variables ou des détecteurs fluorimétriques à longueurs d’onde
d’excitation et d’émission variables. L’évaluation quantitative est effectuée en enregistrant les signaux provenant
des détecteurs (aire ou hauteur de pic) par la méthode de l’étalonnage externe.
Seize composants, énumérés en 5.11, peuvent être déterminés (HAP appelés polluants prioritaires pour l’EPA [5]).
Pour les autres HAP, la méthode reste à être validée.
NOTE 2 L’utilisation de la détection par fluorimétrie ne permet pas le mesurage de l’acénaphtylène.
4 Appareillage
4.1 Généralités
, d’une précision de 0,01 g.
4.1.1 Balance pour analyse
4.1.2 Balance pour analyse, d’une précision de 0,01 mg.
NOTE Il convient d’utiliser cette balance uniquement pour la préparation des étalons.
4.1.3 Étuve de séchage, conforme à l’ISO 11465.
4.2 Appareillage pour la préparation des échantillons (Méthode A)
4.2.1 Fiole conique, d’une capacité de 500 ml.
4.2.2 Ampoule à décantation, d’une capacité de 1000 ml.
4.2.3 Agitateur, imprimant un mouvement horizontal pouvant aller jusqu’à 200 agitations par minute.
4.2.4 Dispositif de concentration, par exemple Kuderna-Danish ou évaporateur rotatif.
4.2.5 Bain-marie, à température réglable pouvant atteindre 100 °C.
4.2.6 Colonne de chromatographie, pour la purification, d’un diamètre interne de 1 cm.
4.3 Appareillage pour la préparation des échantillons (Méthode B)
4.3.1 Appareil de Soxhlet, d’une capacité d’environ 30 ml, avec cartouches d’extraction en cellulose ou en fibre
de verre, un ballon d’une capacité de 100 ml et un condenseur à reflux.
NOTE Si une valeur à blanc ne peut être exclue, il convient de nettoyer les cartouches avec du toluène avant utilisation.
4.3.2 Fioles jaugées, d’une capacité nominale de 50 ml et 100 ml.
...
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