Hardmetals — Palmqvist toughness test

ISO 28079:2009 specifies a method for measuring the Palmqvist toughness of hardmetals and cermets at room temperature by an indentation method. ISO 28079:2009 applies to a measurement of toughness, called Palmqvist toughness, calculated from the total length of cracks emanating from the corners of a Vickers hardness indentation, and it is intended for use with metal-bonded carbides and carbonitrides (normally called hardmetals, cermets or cemented carbides). The test procedures proposed in ISO 28079:2009 are intended for use at ambient temperatures, but can be extended to higher or lower temperatures by agreement. The test procedures proposed in ISO 28079:2009 are also intended for use in a normal laboratory-air environment. They are not intended for use in corrosive environments, such as strong acids or seawater.

Métaux-durs — Essai de ténacité de Palmqvist

General Information

Status
Not Published
Current Stage
5020 - FDIS ballot initiated: 2 months. Proof sent to secretariat
Start Date
14-Oct-2025
Completion Date
14-Oct-2025
Ref Project

Relations

Draft
ISO/FDIS 28079 - Hardmetals — Palmqvist toughness test Released:9/30/2025
English language
10 pages
sale 15% off
sale 15% off
Draft
REDLINE ISO/FDIS 28079 - Hardmetals — Palmqvist toughness test Released:9/30/2025
English language
10 pages
sale 15% off
sale 15% off
Draft
ISO/FDIS 28079 - Métaux-durs — Essai de ténacité de Palmqvist Released:10/26/2025
French language
12 pages
sale 15% off
sale 15% off

Standards Content (Sample)


FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 119/SC 4
Hardmetals — Palmqvist toughness
Secretariat: DIN
test
Voting begins on:
Métaux-durs — Essai de ténacité de Palmqvist 2025-10-14
Voting terminates on:
2025-12-09
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 119/SC 4
Hardmetals — Palmqvist
Secretariat: DIN
toughness test
Voting begins on:
Métaux-durs — Essai de ténacité de Palmqvist
Voting terminates on:
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO 2025
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions .1
3.2 Symbols .1
4 Test pieces and sample preparation . 2
4.1 Test piece size and sampling .2
4.2 Surface preparation .2
4.3 Surface condition .2
5 Apparatus . 3
5.1 General .3
5.2 Indentation .3
5.3 Indentation and crack measurement .3
6 Procedure and conditions of testing . 3
6.1 Indentations .3
6.2 Indentation and crack length measurement .3
6.3 Test validity .5
7 Analysis . . 5
7.1 Vickers hardness .5
7.2 Toughness .5
8 Measurement uncertainty . 6
9 Test report . 6
Annex A (informative) Report pro forma — Palmqvist toughness measurements on hardmetals . 7
Bibliography . 9

iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119, Powder metallurgy, Subcommittee
SC 4, Sampling and testing methods for hardmetals, in collaboration with the European Committee for
Standardization (CEN), in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN
(Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 28079:2009), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— References to ISO 3878 replaced by ISO 6507-1, ISO 6507-2 and ISO 6507-3;
— Clause 3, symbol “H” for hardness replaced by “HV” for Vickers Hardness;
nd
— Subclause 4.1, 2 paragraph: last sentence deleted;
— Modification of the note in 4.1;
— Subclause 4.2 “Surface preparation” modified;
— Modification in 4.3 “surface condition”;
— Formula 1 modified, according to modifications in Clause 3;
— Deletion of the note in 7.1;
— Calculation example for Formula (10) added as A.3.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv
Introduction
Good test methods are those which enable a user or manufacturer to clearly discriminate between different
materials.
Fracture toughness values are required for three reasons:
— for product design and performance assessment;
— for selection of materials;
— for quality control.
1)
A specific International Standard for the toughness of hardmetals has not been developed to date,
primarily because of the difficulty of introducing stable precracks into these tough but hard materials.
However, Palmqvist tests for toughness are widely used because of their perceived apparent simplicity.
Cracks are formed at the corners of Vickers hardness indentations and these can be used to calculate a
nominal surface toughness value. This value is sensitive to the method of measurement and to the method
of surface preparation of the sample. This document outlines good practice to minimize uncertainties due to
these issues.
There are several possible methods for the measurement of the fracture toughness of hardmetals. The
−3/2
results can be expressed either as a stress intensity factor, in MN·m , or as a fracture surface energy,
−2 −3/2 −3/2
in J·m . The range of values for typical WC/Co hardmetals is from 7 MN·m to 25 MN·m . There is a
general inverse trend of hardness against fracture toughness (see References [1] and [2]).
When applied unqualified to hardmetals, “toughness” can have several meanings.
−3/2
a) Plane-strain fracture toughness, K , in MN·m , is a value obtained from tests on specimens with
Ic
appropriate geometries for plane-strain conditions and containing a well-defined geometry of crack.
There is no standard method for hardmetals and different organizations use different test methods for
introducing the precrack.
b) Strain-energy release rate (or work of fracture), G, is an alternative expression for toughness, often
2 2
obtained by converting plane-strain toughness, K, to G [i.e. G = K /E(1 − ν ), where E is Young’s modulus
−2
and ν is Poisson's ratio]. G has units of J·m . Again, there is no standard method.
c) Palmqvist toughness, W, is a value obtained by measuring the total length of cracks emanating from the
four corners of a Vickers hardness indentation. For a given indentation load, the shorter the crack, the
tougher the hardmetal.
d) Finally, toughness is also widely used, in a loose sense, to describe the empirical relation between
perceived resistance to dynamic impacts. This is neither standardized nor quantified, but is clearly
important for many industrial applications of hard materials. Also, principally for hardmetals, it can
be more realistically assessed through either fatigue tests or high-rate strength tests, rather than a
conventional fracture toughness test.
There is a considerable body of published information on Palmqvist toughness tests for hardmetals (see
References [5] to [29]). Palmqvist toughness, W, is a toughness value obtained by measuring the crack
lengths at the corners of a Vickers indentation. It can be evaluated by making indentations either at a single
load, usually 30 kgf, or from the inverse of the slope of a plot of crack length against load for a range of applied
loads. For hardmetals, the crack depth profile is normally of the Palmqvist type, i.e. independent shallow
arcs emanating from each indentation corner. The measurement of surface crack length is, however, open
1) Terminology — There is a range of terms used for this type of mater
...


ISO/FDIS 28079:2025(en)
ISO /TC 119/SC 4
Secretariat: DIN
Date: 2025-08-20
Hardmetals — Palmqvist toughness test
Métaux-durs — Essai de ténacité de Palmqvist
FDIS stage
ISO/DIS FDIS 28079:2024 (E2025(en)
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either
ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
EmailE-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2024 2025 – All rights reserved
ii
ISO/FDIS 28079:2025(en)
Contents
Foreword . v
Introduction .vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 1
4 Test pieces and sample preparation . 2
5 Apparatus . 3
6 Procedure and conditions of testing . 3
7 Analysis . 7
8 Measurement uncertainty . 7
9 Test report . 8
Annex A (informative) Report pro forma — Palmqvist toughness measurements on hardmetals 9
Bibliography . 12

Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Test pieces and sample preparation . 2
4.1 Test piece size and sampling . 2
4.2 Surface preparation . 2
4.3 Surface condition . 2
5 Apparatus . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Indentation . 3
5.3 Indentation and crack measurement . 3
6 Procedure and conditions of testing . 3
6.1 Indentations . 3
6.2 Indentation and crack length measurement . 3
6.3 Test validity . 5
7 Analysis . 5
7.1 Vickers hardness . 5
7.2 Toughness . 5
8 Measurement uncertainty . 6
9 Test report . 6
Annex A (informative) Report pro forma — Palmqvist toughness measurements on hardmetals 7
A.1 General . 7
A.2 Report pro forma . 7
© ISO 2025 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/DIS FDIS 28079:2024 (E2025(en)
A.3 Calculation example for Formula (10) . 7
Bibliography . 9

iv © ISO 2024 2025 – All rights reserved
iv
ISO/FDIS 28079:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Field Code Changed
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights
in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s)
which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not
represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents.www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
Field Code Changed
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119, Powder metallurgy, Subcommittee SC 4,
Sampling and testing methods for hardmetals, in collaboration with the European Committee for
Standardization (CEN) Technical Board,), in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between
ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 28079:2009), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— — References onto ISO 3878 replaced by ISO 6507--1, ISO 6507--2 and ISO 6507--3;
— — Clause 3,3, symbol “H” for hardness replaced by “HV” for Vickers Hardness;
nd
— — Clause 4.1,4.1, 2 paragraph: last sentence deleted;
— — Modification of the note in clause 4.1;4.1;
— — Clause 4.24.2 “Surface preparation” modified;
— — Modification in clause 4.34.3 “surface condition”;
— — Formula 10 modified, according to modifications in clause 3;3;
— — Deletion of the note in clause 7.1;7.1;
© ISO 2025 – All rights reserved
v
ISO/DIS FDIS 28079:2024 (E2025(en)
— — Calculation example for Formula (10)0 added as A.3.A.3.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.htmlwww.iso.org/members.html.
vi © ISO 2024 2025 – All rights reserved
vi
ISO/FDIS 28079:2025(en)
Introduction
Good test methods are those which enable a user or manufacturer to clearly discriminate between different
materials.
Fracture toughness values are required for three reasons:
— a) for product design and performance assessment;
— b) for selection of materials;
— c) for quality control.
11)
A specific International Standard for the toughness of hardmetals has not been developed to date, primarily
because of the difficulty of introducing stable precracks into these tough but hard materials. However,
Palmqvist tests for toughness are widely used because of their perceived apparent simplicity. Cracks are
formed at the corners of Vickers hardness indentations and these can be used to calculate a nominal surface
toughness value. This value is sensitive to the method of measurement and to the method of surface
preparation of the sample. This document outlines good practice to minimize uncertainties due to these issues.
There are several possible methods for the measurement of the fracture toughness of hardmetals. The results
−3/2 −2
can be expressed either as a stress intensity factor, in MN·m , or as a fracture surface energy, in J·m . The
−3/2 −3/2
range of values for typical WC/Co hardmetals is from 7 MN·m to 25 MN·m . There is a general inverse
trend of hardness against fracture toughness (see References [1] and [2]). [0] and [0]).
When applied unqualified to hardmetals, “toughness” can have several meanings.
−3/2
a) a) Plane-strain fracture toughness, KIc, in MN·m , is a value obtained from tests on specimens
with appropriate geometries for plane-strain conditions and containing a well-defined geometry of crack.
There is no standard method for hardmetals and different organizations use different test methods for
introducing the precrack.
b) b) Strain-energy release rate (or work of fracture), G, is an alternative expression for toughness,
2 2
often obtained by converting plane-strain toughness, K, to G [i.e. G = K /E(1 − ν ), where E is Young’s
−2
modulus and ν is Poisson's ratio]. G has units of J·m . Again, there is no standard method.
c) c) Palmqvist toughness, W, is a value obtained by measuring the total length of cracks emanating
from the four corners of a Vickers hardness indentation. For a given indentation load, the shorter the
crack, the tougher the hardmetal.

Terminology — There is a range of terms used for this type of material, especially including cemented carbides and/or
cermets, as well as hardmetals. The word “hardmetals” has been used in this document. It includes all hard materials
based on carbides that are bonded with a metal. In ISO 3252 terminology, “hardmetal” is stated to be “a sintered material
characterized by high strength and wear resistance, comprising carbides of refractory metals as the main component
together with a metallic binder phase”. “Cemented carbide” is synonymous with “hardmetal”. A “cermet” is defined as “a
sintered material containing at least one metallic phase and at least one non-metallic phase, generally of a ceramic
nature”.
1)
Terminology — There is a range of terms used for this type of material, especially including cemented carbides and/or
cermets, as well as hardmetals. The word “hardmetals” has been used in this document. It includes all hard materials
based on carbides that are bonded with a metal. In ISO 3252 terminology, “hardmetal” is stated to be “a sintered material
characterized by high strength and wear resistance, comprising carbides of refractory metals as the main component
together with a metallic binder phase”. “Cemented carbide” is synonymous with “hardmetal”. A “cermet” is defined as “a
sintered material containin
...


PROJET FINAL
Norme
internationale
ISO/TC 119/SC 4
Métaux-durs — Essai de ténacité de
Secrétariat: DIN
Palmqvist
Début de vote:
Hardmetals — Palmqvist toughness test 2025-10-14
Vote clos le:
2025-12-09
LES DESTINATAIRES DU PRÉSENT PROJET SONT
INVITÉS À PRÉSENTER, AVEC LEURS OBSERVATIONS,
NOTIFICATION DES DROITS DE PROPRIÉTÉ DONT ILS
AURAIENT ÉVENTUELLEMENT CONNAISSANCE ET À
FOURNIR UNE DOCUMENTATION EXPLICATIVE.
OUTRE LE FAIT D’ÊTRE EXAMINÉS POUR
ÉTABLIR S’ILS SONT ACCEPTABLES À DES FINS
INDUSTRIELLES, TECHNOLOGIQUES ET COM-MERCIALES,
AINSI QUE DU POINT DE VUE DES UTILISATEURS, LES
PROJETS DE NORMES
TRAITEMENT PARALLÈLE ISO/CEN
INTERNATIONALES DOIVENT PARFOIS ÊTRE CONSIDÉRÉS
DU POINT DE VUE DE LEUR POSSI BILITÉ DE DEVENIR DES
NORMES POUVANT
SERVIR DE RÉFÉRENCE DANS LA RÉGLEMENTATION
NATIONALE.
Numéro de référence
PROJET FINAL
Norme
internationale
ISO/TC 119/SC 4
Métaux-durs — Essai de ténacité de
Secrétariat: DIN
Palmqvist
Début de vote:
Hardmetals — Palmqvist toughness test
2025-10-14
Vote clos le:
2025-12-09
LES DESTINATAIRES DU PRÉSENT PROJET SONT
INVITÉS À PRÉSENTER, AVEC LEURS OBSERVATIONS,
NOTIFICATION DES DROITS DE PROPRIÉTÉ DONT ILS
AURAIENT ÉVENTUELLEMENT CONNAISSANCE ET À
FOURNIR UNE DOCUMENTATION EXPLICATIVE.
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
OUTRE LE FAIT D’ÊTRE EXAMINÉS POUR
ÉTABLIR S’ILS SONT ACCEPTABLES À DES FINS
© ISO 2025 INDUSTRIELLES, TECHNOLOGIQUES ET COM-MERCIALES,
AINSI QUE DU POINT DE VUE DES UTILISATEURS, LES
Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
PROJETS DE NORMES
TRAITEMENT PARALLÈLE ISO/CEN
INTERNATIONALES DOIVENT PARFOIS ÊTRE CONSIDÉRÉS
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
DU POINT DE VUE DE LEUR POSSI BILITÉ DE DEVENIR DES
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut
NORMES POUVANT
être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
SERVIR DE RÉFÉRENCE DANS LA RÉGLEMENTATION
NATIONALE.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Genève
Tél.: +41 22 749 01 11
E-mail: copyright@iso.org
Web: www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse Numéro de référence
ii
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction .vi
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes, définitions et symboles . 1
3.1 Termes et définitions .1
3.2 Symboles .1
4 Préparation des éprouvettes et des échantillons . 2
4.1 Taille de l’éprouvette et échantillonnage .2
4.2 Préparation de la surface .2
4.3 État de surface .3
5 Appareillage . 3
5.1 Généralités .3
5.2 Empreinte .3
5.3 Mesurage de l’empreinte et de la fissure .3
6 Mode opératoire et conditions d’essai . 3
6.1 Empreintes .3
6.2 Mesurage de l’empreinte et de la longueur de fissure .4
6.3 Validité de l’essai .5
7 Analyse . 6
7.1 Dureté Vickers .6
7.2 Ténacité .6
8 Incertitude de mesure. 6
9 Rapport d’essai . 6
Annexe A (informative) Rapport pro forma — Mesurages de la ténacité de Palmqvist sur des
métaux-durs . 8
Bibliographie . 10

iii
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes nationaux
de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est en général
confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire
partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux. L’ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document
a été rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2
(voir www.iso.org/directives).
L’ISO attire l’attention sur le fait que la mise en application du présent document peut entraîner l’utilisation
d’un ou de plusieurs brevets. L’ISO ne prend pas position quant à la preuve, à la validité et à l’applicabilité de
tout droit de brevet revendiqué à cet égard. À la date de publication du présent document, l’ISO n’avait pas
reçu notification qu’un ou plusieurs brevets pouvaient être nécessaires à sa mise en application. Toutefois,
il y a lieu d’avertir les responsables de la mise en application du présent document que des informations
plus récentes sont susceptibles de figurer dans la base de données de brevets, disponible à l’adresse
www.iso.org/brevets. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir identifié tout ou partie de
tels droits de brevet.
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données pour
information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion de
l’ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles techniques au
commerce (OTC), voir www.iso.org/avant-propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 119, Métallurgie des poudres, sous-comité
SC 4, Échantillonnage et méthodes d’essais des métaux-durs, en collaboration avec le Comité européen de
normalisation (CEN), conformément à l’Accord de coopération technique entre l’ISO et le CEN (Accord de
Vienne).
Cette deuxième édition annule et remplace la première édition (ISO 28079:2009), qui a fait l’objet d’une
révision technique.
Les principales modifications sont les suivantes:
— les références à l’ISO 3878 ont été remplacées par des références à l’ISO 6507-1, l’ISO 6507-2 et l’ISO 6507-3;
— à l’Article 3, le symbole «H» pour la dureté a été remplacé par «HV» pour la dureté Vickers;
ème
— en 4.1, 2 alinéa, la dernière phrase a été supprimée;
— modification de la note en 4.1;
— 4.2 «Préparation de la surface» a été modifié;
— modification d’«état de surface» en 4.3;
— la Formule (1) a été modifiée en fonction des modifications effectuées à l’Article A.3;
— suppression de la note en 7.1;
— un exemple de calcul pour la Formule (10) a été ajouté en A.3.

iv
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes se
trouve à l’adresse www.iso.org/fr/members.html.

v
Introduction
Les bonnes méthodes d’essai sont celles qui permettent à l’utilisateur ou au fabricant de discriminer
clairement des matériaux différents.
Des valeurs de ténacité à la rupture sont requises pour trois raisons:
— pour la conception du produit et l’évaluation des performances;
— pour le choix des matériaux;
— pour le contrôle qualité.
1)
À ce jour, aucune Norme internationale spécifique relative à la ténacité des métaux-durs n’a été élaborée,
principalement en raison de la difficulté d’introduire des pré-fissures stables dans ces matériaux tenaces,
mais durs. Toutefois, les essais de Palmqvist portant sur la ténacité sont largement utilisés du fait de leur
simplicité apparente. Des fissures sont formées aux angles d’empreintes de dureté Vickers et ces dernières
peuvent être utilisées pour calculer une valeur nominale de ténacité de surface. Cette valeur est sensible à la
méthode de mesure et à la méthode de préparation de la surface de l’échantillon. Le présent document décrit
les bonnes pratiques pour réduire le plus possible les incertitudes dues à ces problèmes.
Il existe plusieurs méthodes possibles pour le mesurage de la ténacité à la rupture des métaux-durs. Les
−3/2
résultats peuvent être exprimés soit sous la forme d’un facteur d’intensité de contrainte, en MN·m , soit
−2
sous forme d’énergie de surface de rupture, en J·m . La plage de valeurs pour des métaux-durs WC/Co types
−3/2 −3/2
s’étend de 7 MN·m à 25 MN·m . Il y a une tendance générale inverse de la dureté par rapport à la
ténacité à la rupture (voir les références [1] et [2]).
Lorsqu’elle s’applique sans réserve à des métaux-durs, la «ténacité» peut avoir plusieurs significations.
−3/2
a) La ténacité à la rupture par déformation plane, K , en MN·m , est une valeur obtenue à partir d’essais
Ic
sur des éprouvettes ayant des géométries appropriées pour les conditions de déformation plane et
contenant une géométrie de fissure bien définie. Il n’existe pas de méthode normalisée pour les métaux-
durs et les organismes utilisent des méthodes d’essai différentes pour introduire la pré-fissure.
b) Le taux de libération d’énergie de déformation (ou travail de rupture), G, est une expression
alternative de la ténacité, souvent obtenue en convertissant la ténacité par déformation plane, K, en G
2 2
[à savoir G = K /E(1 − ν ), où E est le module de Young et ν est le coefficient de Poi
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.