ISO 21154
(Main)Ships and marine technology — Boil-off-rate measurement method for cargo containment system of LNG ships
Ships and marine technology — Boil-off-rate measurement method for cargo containment system of LNG ships
This document specifies the principle, condition, equipment, process, data acquisition and processing and test report of BOR(Boil-off-Rate) test. It is applicable to the CCS(Cargo Containment System) of LNG carrier,LNG FSRU, LNG bunkering vessel and also for the CCS of LNG fuel ships.
Titre manque
General Information
- Status
- Not Published
- Technical Committee
- ISO/TC 8 - Ships and marine technology
- Drafting Committee
- ISO/TC 8 - Ships and marine technology
- Current Stage
- 6000 - International Standard under publication
- Start Date
- 30-Apr-2026
- Completion Date
- 02-May-2026
Overview
ISO/PRF 21154 is a forthcoming international standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) under Technical Committee ISO/TC 8/SC 25, focusing on ships and marine technology. This document establishes the method for measuring the boil-off rate (BOR) in cargo containment systems (CCS) of liquefied natural gas (LNG) ships. The standard addresses principles, test conditions, equipment requirements, measurement processes, data gathering and analysis, and reporting protocols for boil-off-rate tests.
The scope covers LNG carriers, LNG floating storage and regasification units (FSRU), LNG bunkering vessels, and provides reference for the fuel containment systems of LNG-powered fuel ships. Accurate BOR measurement is crucial due to the unavoidable vaporization of LNG during transport, which directly impacts containment system efficiency and the economics of gas shipping.
Key Topics
BOR Definition: The standard defines boil-off rate as the percentage of cryogenic liquid lost as a result of natural evaporation within a 24-hour period at rated vapor pressure, relative to the total mass of cryogenic liquid at the rated filling level.
Measurement Principles: The method is based on tracking changes in the quantity of LNG over time, using a heat balance approach to determine total losses.
Parameters and Data Acquisition: Essential parameters to measure include:
- LNG composition and density
- Average temperatures of liquid and vapor inside the CCS
- LNG volume and vapor pressure
- Insulation system temperatures
- Ambient air and seawater conditions
- Voyage conditions (such as sea state and speed)
- Operational status of relevant equipment (e.g., reliquefaction plants, heaters)
Equipment Requirements: The document specifies the use of accurate liquid level, temperature, and pressure measuring devices. Devices must provide automatic records, maintain specified accuracy tolerances, and be capable of handling the full range of operating conditions.
BOR Measurement Procedure:
- Prescribes specific measurement intervals and phases: post-loading, during voyage, and pre-unloading
- Details allowable environmental conditions such as wind speed (Beaufort scale), and voyage duration parameters for valid measurements
- Defines data processing methods and reporting formats
Applications
Testing and Verification: Shipbuilders, owners, and operators use this standard to verify the performance of cargo containment systems in LNG transport vessels, ensuring compliance with safety and efficiency requirements.
Performance Optimization: Enables designers to evaluate and optimize tank insulation and support structures by providing reliable data on evaporation rates.
Economic Analysis: Since BOR affects cargo loss and thus transportation costs, standardized measurement enables accurate cost calculations and commercial assessments.
Regulatory Compliance and Environmental Monitoring: Supports alignment with global maritime regulations targeting greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions from ship operations by documenting actual fuel losses and emissions.
Related Standards
- ISO 16903:2015 - Provides terms and definitions related to LNG systems, referenced for consistency in terminology.
- IMO IGC Code - Sets design and construction requirements for ships carrying liquefied gases in bulk, including containment system standards.
- ISO/IEC Directives - Regulations and guidance for development and maintenance of international standards.
ISO/PRF 21154 aligns with these and other relevant standards, ensuring harmonized practices for the measurement and management of LNG boil-off in marine transport.
By adopting ISO/PRF 21154, stakeholders in the marine LNG sector can improve containment system assessment, ensure regulatory compliance, and drive operational efficiency in LNG shipping.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ISO 21154 is a draft published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Ships and marine technology — Boil-off-rate measurement method for cargo containment system of LNG ships". This standard covers: This document specifies the principle, condition, equipment, process, data acquisition and processing and test report of BOR(Boil-off-Rate) test. It is applicable to the CCS(Cargo Containment System) of LNG carrier,LNG FSRU, LNG bunkering vessel and also for the CCS of LNG fuel ships.
This document specifies the principle, condition, equipment, process, data acquisition and processing and test report of BOR(Boil-off-Rate) test. It is applicable to the CCS(Cargo Containment System) of LNG carrier,LNG FSRU, LNG bunkering vessel and also for the CCS of LNG fuel ships.
ISO 21154 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 47.020.85 - Cargo spaces. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO 21154 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
International
Standard
First edition
Ships and marine technology —
Boil-off-rate measurement method
for cargo containment system of
LNG ships
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
© ISO 2026
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle and facility . 2
4.1 Measurement principle .2
4.2 Measurement parameters .2
4.3 Measurement facility .2
5 BOR measurement procedure . 3
5.1 Measurement conditions .3
5.2 Measurement procedure .4
5.3 Data record .5
5.4 Data posting .6
6 BOR report . 7
Annex A (informative) Examples of record tables . 8
Bibliography .10
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 8, Ships and marine technology, Subcommittee
SC 25, Maritime GHG reduction.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
iv
Introduction
With the growing international demand for green fuels, LNG has gained widespread use due to its lower
CO emissions, high calorific value and cost-effectiveness. LNG ships, as an important transport equipment,
are increasingly in demand. Central to these vessels is the cargo containment system (CCS), the storage
unit for liquefied gas, which is usually composed of thermal insulation materials and support structures.
Due to the huge temperature difference between ultra-low temperature LNG (−163 °C) and the atmospheric
environment, boil-off is inevitable in the system. The boil-off-rate (BOR) is an important metric for assessing
CCS design quality: the lower the value of BOR, the more efficient and effective the CCS. For shipowners, BOR
also plays a role in calculating transportation costs. Therefore, reliable BOR testing method is essential for
verifying containment system performance at sea.
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
v
International Standard ISO 21154:2026(en)
Ships and marine technology — Boil-off-rate measurement
method for cargo containment system of LNG ships
1 Scope
This document specifies the principles, conditions, equipment, processes, data acquisition and processing,
and test reports of the boil-off-rate (BOR) test for cargo containment systems (CCS) in liquefied natural gas
(LNG) ships.
It is applicable to the CCS of LNG carriers, LNG floating storage and regassification units (FSRU) and LNG
bunkering vessels. It can be used as reference for the fuel containment system (FCS) of LNG fuel ships.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
boil-off-rate
BOR
percentage between the mass of cryogenic liquid lost during natural evaporation under the rated vapor
pressure in 24 hours and the mass of cryogenic liquid under the effective volume of the cargo containment
systems (3.4) when it reaches the thermal balance at the rated filling rate
3.2
active boil-off-rate
percentage between the mass of cryogenic liquid lost under the rated vapor pressure in 24 hours and the
mass of cryogenic liquid under the effective volume of the cargo containment systems (3.4) with boil off gas
management equipment used for a specific purpose
3.3
liquefied natural gas
LNG
colourless and odourless cryogenic fluid in the liquid state at normal pressure composed predominantly
of methane which can contain minor quantities of ethane, propane, butane, nitrogen, or other components
normally found in natural gas
[SOURCE: ISO 16903:2015, 3.3]
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
3.4
cargo containment system
CCS
arrangement for containment of cargo including, where fitted, a primary and secondary barrier, associated
and any intervening spaces, and adjacent structure, if necessary, for the support of these elements
Note 1 to entry: If the secondary barrier is part of the hull structure, it may be a boundary of the hold space.
[2]
[SOURCE: IMO IGC Code, 1.2.8, modified — structure of the definition modified to fit the context of this
document.]
4 Principle and facility
4.1 Measurement principle
The rate of change in LNG quantity is measured over time and the loss of LNG during a given period is
calculated based on a heat balance approach.
4.2 Measurement parameters
In order to calculate the BOR, the following parameters shall be measured and recorded:
a) the LNG composition;
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ISO/FDISPRF 21154:2025(en)
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ISO/TC 8/SC 25
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Secretariat: ANSI
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Date: 2025-10-222026-04-01
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Ships and Marine Technology—marine technology — Boil-off-rate
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measurement method for cargo containment system of LNG ships
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PROOF
ISO/PRF 21154:2026(en)
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All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
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may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
Formatted: Left: 1.5 cm, Right: 1.5 cm, Header
at the address below or ISO'sISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
distance from edge: 1.27 cm, Footer distance from
ISO Copyright Officecopyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Formatted: zzCopyright address, Adjust space between
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Latin and Asian text, Adjust space between Asian text
and numbers
Email: copyright@iso.org
E-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
Formatted: German (Germany)
Formatted: German (Germany)
Published in Switzerland.
Formatted: zzCopyright address, Adjust space between
Latin and Asian text, Adjust space between Asian text
and numbers
Formatted: FooterPageRomanNumber
ii
ISO/DISPRF 21154:20252026(en)
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Contents Page
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Foreword . v
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Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle and facility . 2
4.1 Measurement principle . 2
4.2 Measurement parameters . 2
4.3 Measurement facility . 3
5 BOR measurement procedure . 4
5.1 Measurement conditions . 4
5.2 Measurement procedure . 5
5.3 Data record. 7
5.4 Data posting . 7
6 BOR report . 9
Annex A (informative) Examples of record tables . 10
Bibliography . 12
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle and facility . 2
4.1 Measurement principle . 2
4.2 Measurement parameters . 2
4.3 Measurement facility . 2
5 BOR measurement procedure . 4
5.1 Measurement conditions . 4
5.2 Measurement procedure . 4
5.3 Data record. 6
5.4 Data posting . 6
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6 BOR report . 8
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A.1 Table A.1 shows an example LNG properties record. . 9
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Tab stops: Not at 17.2 cm
Table A.1 — LNG properties record . 9
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A.2 Table A.2 shows an example conditions record. . 9
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Table A.2—Conditions record . 9
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iii
ISO/PRF 21154:2026(en)
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Formatted: HeaderCentered
A.3 Table A.3 shows an example BOR report. . 10
Table A.3— BOR report . 10
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iv
ISO/DISPRF 21154:20252026(en)
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Formatted: Font: Bold
Formatted: Font: Bold
Foreword
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ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
Formatted: Adjust space between Latin and Asian text,
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through Adjust space between Asian text and numbers
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights
in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s)
Formatted: Font color: Auto
which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not
represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents.www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Field Code Changed
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 8/SC25, Ships and marine technology,
Formatted: Font: Italic
maritimeSubcommittee SC 25, Maritime GHG reduction.
Formatted: Adjust space between Latin and Asian text,
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
Adjust space between Asian text and numbers
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Field Code Changed
Formatted: Font: 10 pt
Formatted: Font: 10 pt
Formatted: FooterCentered, Left, Space Before: 0 pt,
Tab stops: Not at 17.2 cm
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After: 0 pt, Tab stops: Not at 17.2 cm
v
ISO/PRF 21154:2026(en)
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Introduction
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With the growing international demand for green fuels, LNG has gained widespread use due to its lower CO2
emissions, high calorific value and cost-effectiveness. LNG ships, as an important transport equipment, are
increasingly in demand. Central to these vessels is the cargo containment system (CCS), the storage unit for
liquefied gas, which is usually composed of thermal insulation materials and support structures. Due to the
huge temperature difference between ultra-low temperature LNG (-(−163 °C) and the atmospheric
environment, boil-off is inevitable in the system. The boil-off-rate (BOR) is an important metric for assessing
CCS design quality: the lower the value of BOR, the more efficient and effective the CCS. For shipowners, BOR
also plays a role in calculating transportation costs. Therefore, reliable BOR testing method is essential for
verifying containment system performance at sea.
Formatted: FooterPageRomanNumber
vi
DRAFT International Standard ISO/DIS 21154:2025(en)
Formatted: Left
Ships and marine technology—Boil-off-rate measurement method for
cargo containment system of LNG Ships
Formatted: Left: 1.5 cm, Right: 1.5 cm, Header
Ships and marine technology — Boil-off-rate measurement method
distance from edge: 1.27 cm, Footer distance from
for cargo containment system of LNG ships
1 Scope
Formatted: Adjust space between Latin and Asian text,
Adjust space between Asian text and numbers
This document specifies the principles, conditions, equipment, processes, data acquisition and processing, and
test reports of the boil-off-rate (BOR) test for cargo containment systems (CCS) in liquefied natural gas (LNG)
ships .
It is applicable to the cargo containment system (CCS) of liquified natural gas (LNG) carriers, LNG floating
storage and regassification unitunits (FSRU), ) and LNG bunkering vesselvessels. It can be used as reference
for the fuel containment system (FCS) of LNG fuel ships.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
Formatted: Adjust space between Latin and Asian text,
Adjust space between Asian text and numbers
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Formatted: Font: 11 pt, English (United Kingdom)
— — ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obphttps://www.iso.org/obp
Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
— — IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/https://www.electropedia.org/
Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
3.1 3.1
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boil-off-rate
and Asian text, Adjust space between Asian text and
BOR
numbers
percentage between the mass of cryogenic liquid lost during natural evaporation under the rated vapor
pressure in 24 hours and the mass of cryogenic liquid under the effective volume of the cargo containment
Formatted: Font: Italic
systems(3.4) (3.4) when it reaches the thermal balance at the rated filling rate
3.2 3.2
active BORboil-off-rate
percentage between the mass of cryogenic liquid lost under the rated vapor pressure in 24 hours and the mass
of cryogenic liquid under the effective volume of the cargo containment systems(3.4) (3.4) with boil off gas
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management equipment used for a specific purpose
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Not at 17.2 cm
ISO/PRF 21154:2026(en)
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3.3 3.3
liquefied natural gas
LNG
colourless and odourless cryogenic fluid in the liquid state at normal pressure composed predominantly of
methane which can contain minor quantities of ethane, propane, butane, nitrogen, or other components
normally found in natural gas
[SOURCE: ISO 1609316903:2015, 3.3]
Formatted: Default Paragraph Font
3.4 3.4
cargo containment system
CCS
arrangement for containment of cargo including, where fitted, a primary and secondary barrier, associated
and any intervening spaces, and adjacent structure, if necessary, for the support of these elements
Note 1 to entry: If the secondary barrier is part of the hull structure, it may be a boundary of the hold space.
[3] [2]
[SOURCE: IMO IGFIGC Code, 1.2.8 ,, modified — structure of the definition modified to fit the context of this
document.]
4 Principle and facility
4.1 Measurement principle
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The rate of change in LNG quantity is measured over time and the loss of LNG during a given period is the
stops: Not at 0.71 cm
calculated based on a heat balance approach.
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Adjust space between Asian text and numbers
4.2 Measurement parameters
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In order to calculate the BOR, the following parameters shall be measured and recorded:
stops: Not at 0.71 cm
a) a) the LNG composition;
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b) b) the average temperature of liquid inside the CCS;
Formatted: Numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering Style: a,
b, c, … + Start at: 1 + Alignment: Left + Aligned at: 0
c) c) the average temperature of vaporvapour inside the CCS;
cm + Indent at: 0 cm, Adjust space between Latin and
Asian text, Adjust space between Asian text and
d) d) the amount of LNG inside the CCS;
numbers, Tab stops: Not at 0.7 cm + 1.4 cm + 2.1 cm
+ 2.8 cm + 3.5 cm + 4.2 cm + 4.9 cm + 5.6 cm + 6.3
e) e) the vaporvapour pressure inside the CCS;
cm + 7 cm
f) f) at least 10 points for the insulation system temperature (for membrane type CCS, the
measurement location shall be at second barrier, for other typetypes of CCS, the measurement location
shall be at the outer surface of insulation system and tank).
In order to compare with the estimated BOR, the following parameters and conditions shall be measured and
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recorded: Adjust space between Asian text and numbers
g) g) the temperature and pressure of ambient air;
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b, c, … + Start at: 7 + Alignment: Left + Aligned at: 0
h) h) the temperature of external water around the ship;
cm + Indent at: 0 cm, Adjust space between Latin and
Asian text, Adjust space between Asian text and
i) i) the temperature of void space surrounding tank; numbers, Tab stops: Not at 0.7 cm + 1.4 cm + 2.1 cm
+ 2.8 cm + 3.5 cm + 4.2 cm + 4.9 cm + 5.6 cm + 6.3
j) j) the conditions of voyage, likesuch as service speed, sea state, etc.; cm + 7 cm
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ISO/DISPRF 21154:20252026(en) Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Bold
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k) k) the conditions of other equipment which will affect cargo tank liquid level, likesuch as
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condensate, reliquefaction plant, subcooler, spray pump, vaporizer, etc.
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4.3 Measurement facility
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Figure 1Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of a BOR measurement system. The measurement system shall
stops: Not at 0.71 cm
meet the following requirements:
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a) a) liquid level, temperature and pressure measuring devices ar
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