IEC 62282-8-101:2020

IEC 62282-8-101 ®
Edition 1.0 2020-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Fuel cell technologies –
Part 8-101: Energy storage systems using fuel cell modules in reverse mode –
Test procedures for the performance of solid oxide single cells and stacks,
including reversible operation

Technologies des piles à combustible –
Partie 8-101: Système de stockage de l’énergie utilisant des modules à piles
à combustible en mode inversé – Procédures d'essai pour la performance
des cellules élémentaires et des piles à oxyde solide, comprenant
le fonctionnement réversible
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IEC 62282-8-101 ®
Edition 1.0 2020-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Fuel cell technologies –
Part 8-101: Energy storage systems using fuel cell modules in reverse mode –

Test procedures for the performance of solid oxide single cells and stacks,

including reversible operation

Technologies des piles à combustible –

Partie 8-101: Système de stockage de l’énergie utilisant des modules à piles

à combustible en mode inversé – Procédures d'essai pour la performance

des cellules élémentaires et des piles à oxyde solide, comprenant

le fonctionnement réversible
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 27.070 ISBN 978-2-8322-7705-8

– 2 – IEC 62282-8-101:2020 © IEC 2020
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 7
INTRODUCTION . 9
1 Scope . 10
2 Normative references . 10
3 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms and symbols . 11
3.1 Terms and definitions . 11
3.2 Abbreviated terms and symbols . 17
3.2.1 Abbreviated terms . 17
3.2.2 Symbols . 17
3.3 Flow rates . 21
4 General safety conditions . 21
5 Test environment . 22
5.1 General . 22
5.2 Cell . 23
5.3 Stack . 23
5.4 Experimental set-up . 24
5.4.1 General . 24
5.4.2 Electrode gas control equipment . 25
5.4.3 Thermal management equipment . 25
5.4.4 Electric power supply/load control equipment . 25
5.4.5 Measurement and data acquisition equipment . 25
5.4.6 Safety equipment . 25
5.4.7 Compression force control equipment . 25
5.4.8 Pressure control equipment . 25
5.5 Interface between test object and experimental set-up . 26
5.6 Parameter control and measurement . 27
5.7 Measurement uncertainty of TIPs and TOPs . 28
5.8 Mounting of the test object into the experimental set-up . 28
5.9 Stability criteria . 29
6 Measurement instruments and methods . 29
6.1 General . 29
6.2 Instrument uncertainty . 29
6.3 Recommended measurement instruments and methods . 30
6.3.1 Electrode inlet gas flow rate measurement . 30
6.3.2 Electrode gas composition measurement . 30
6.3.3 Electrode gas temperature measurement . 31
6.3.4 Electrode gas pressure measurement . 31
6.3.5 Electrode exhaust gas flow rate measurement . 31
6.3.6 Cell/stack assembly unit voltage measurement . 32
6.3.7 Cell/stack assembly unit current measurement . 32
6.3.8 Cell/stack assembly unit temperature measurement . 32
6.3.9 Compression force measurement. 32
6.3.10 Total impedance measurement . 32
6.3.11 Ambient condition measurement . 32
6.4 Test conditions and manufacturer recommendations . 33
6.4.1 Start-up and shut-down conditions . 33

6.4.2 Range of test conditions . 33
6.4.3 Stabilization, initialization conditions and stable state . 33
6.4.4 Dwell time, equilibration time, acquisition time . 33
6.5 Data acquisition method . 34
7 Test procedures and computation of results. 34
7.1 General . 34
7.2 Current-voltage characteristics test . 34
7.2.1 Objective of this test . 34
7.2.2 Test method . 34
7.2.3 Data post-processing . 35
7.3 Effective reactant utilization test . 35
7.3.1 Objective of this test . 35
7.3.2 Test method . 35
7.3.3 Data post-processing . 36
7.4 Durability test . 36
7.4.1 Objective of this test . 36
7.4.2 Test method . 37
7.4.3 Data post-processing . 37
7.5 Temperature sensitivity test . 37
7.5.1 Objective of this test . 37
7.5.2 Test method . 38
7.5.3 Data post-processing . 38
7.6 Separation of resistance components test via electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy . 39
7.6.1 Objective of this test . 39
7.6.2 Test method . 39
7.6.3 Data post-processing . 40
7.7 Current cycling durability test . 40
7.7.1 Objective of this test . 40
7.7.2 Test method . 41
7.7.3 Data post-processing . 41
7.8 Thermal cycling test . 41
7.8.1 Objective . 41
7.8.2 Test method . 41
7.8.3 Data post-processing . 42
7.9 Pressurized test . 42
7.9.1 Objective of this test . 42
7.9.2 Test method . 42
7.9.3 Data post-processing . 43
8 Test report . 43
8.1 General . 43
8.2 Report items . 43
8.3 Test unit data description . 43
8.4 Test condition description . 44
8.5 Test data description . 44
8.6 Uncertainty evaluation . 44
Annex A (normative) Detailed test procedures . 45
A.1 Test objective . 45
A.2 Test set-up . 45

– 4 – IEC 62282-8-101:2020 © IEC 2020
A.3 Current-voltage characteristics test (7.2). 46
A.3.1 Test input parameters (TIPs) . 46
A.3.2 Test output parameters (TOPs) . 46
A.3.3 Derived quantities . 47
A.3.4 Measurement of current-voltage characteristics . 47
A.4 Effective reactant utilization test (7.3) . 49
A.4.1 Test input parameters (TIPs) . 49
A.4.2 Test output parameters (TOPs) . 51
A.4.3 Derived quantities . 51
A.4.4 Measurement of effective reactant utilization . 52
A.5 Durability test (7.4) . 53
A.5.1 Test input parameters (TIPs) . 53
A.5.2 Test output parameters (TOPs) . 53
A.5.3 Derived quantities . 54
A.5.4 Measurement of durability . 54
A.6 Temperature sensitivity test (7.5) . 55
A.6.1 Test input parameters (TIPs) . 55
A.6.2 Test output parameters (TOPs) . 56
A.6.3 Derived quantities . 56
A.6.4 Measurement of temperature sensitivity . 57
A.7 Separation of resistance components test via electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (7.6) . 58
A.7.1 Test input parameters (TIPs) . 58
A.7.2 Test output parameters (TOPs) . 58
A.7.3 Derived quantities . 59
A.7.4 Measurement of resistance components via EIS . 59
A.7.5 Measuring range of frequencies . 59
A.8 Current cycling durability test (7.7). 60
A.8.1 Test input parameters (TIPs) . 60
A.8.2 Test output parameters (TOPs) . 60
A.8.3 Derived quantities . 61
A.8.4 Measurement of current cycling durability . 61
A.9 Thermal cycling test (7.8) . 64
A.9.1 Test input parameters (TIPs) . 64
A.9.2 Test output parameters (TOPs) . 65
A.9.3 Derived quantities . 65
A.9.4 Measurement of thermal cycling . 66
A.10 Pressurized test (7.9) . 68
A.10.1 Test input parameters (TIPs) . 68
A.10.2 Test output parameters (TOPs) . 69
A.10.3 Derived quantities . 69
A.10.4 Measurement of pressurized test . 69
Annex B (informative) Guidelines for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) . 71
B.1 General principles . 71
B.2 EIS test equipment and set-up . 72
B.3 Representation of results . 73
B.4 Analysis and simulation of data . 75
Annex C (normative) Formulae for calculation of utilization values . 76
C.1 Generic formulae . 76

C.2 Degradation . 76
C.3 Area-specific resistance (ASR) . 77
C.4 Temperatures . 77
Bibliography . 78

Figure 1 – Exploded schematic representation of a planar-type single cell test object
consisting of a SOC in a cell housing . 23
Figure 2 – Schematic representation of a planar-geometry SOC stack test object with N
RU including supporting structure (top and bottom plates) . 24
Figure 3 – Schematic representation of a test environment for a SOC cell/stack
assembly unit . 24
Figure 4 – Test environment with interfaces between SOC cell and experimental set-up . 26
Figure 5 – Test environment with interfaces between SOC stack and experimental
set‑up . 27
Figure A.1 – Qualitative representation of TIPs when carrying out a current-voltage
characteristics test for combined (SOFC and SOEC) operation . 48
Figure A.2 – Schematic representation of the current-voltage characteristics test
procedure for two consecutive set points k and k + 1 . 48
Figure A.3 – Schematic representation of a J-V curve in both electrolysis and fuel cell
modes . 49
Figure A.4 – Qualitative representation of TIPs when carrying out an effective reactant
utilization test varying the negative electrode reactant flow rate (q ), consisting
V,neg,in
of hydrogen and nitrogen . 52
Figure A.5 – Qualitative representation of TIPswhen carrying out a durability test (in
galvanostatic mode) . 55
Figure A.6 – Qualitative representation of TIPs when carrying out a temperature
sensitivity test . 57
Figure A.7 – Qualitative representation of TIPs when carrying out a current cycling
durability test . 63
Figure A.8 – Current profile of a SOEC system with fast switch on/off at thermoneutral
conditions . 64
Figure A.9 – Current profile of a SOEC system with fast switch on/off at exothermal
conditions . 64
Figure A.10 – Current profile of a load-following SOEC system and thermoneutral
conditions . 64
Figure A.11 – Current profile of a load-following SOEC system and exothermal
conditions . 64
Figure A.12 – General evolution of TIPs during test: continuous thermal cycling above
600 °C (in this case with zero electric current) . 67
Figure A.13 – General evolution of TIPs during test: thermal cycling below 600 °C with
gas and current changes (coupling with operation at constant current for instance) . 68
Figure B.1 – Input/output signals during electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
(EIS) of a solid oxide fuel/electrolysis cell . 72
Figure B.2 – Test set-up for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of a planar solid
oxide fuel cell/electrolysis stack with 5 RUs . 73
Figure B.3 – Bode plot representing the modulus of impedance and phase angle
against excitation frequency . 74
Figure B.4 – Nyquist plot, representing conjugate imaginary part against real part of
impedance . 75

– 6 – IEC 62282-8-101:2020 © IEC 2020
Table 1 – Symbols . 18
Table 2 – Stability criteria for TIPs and TOPs as a reference . 29
Table 3 – Instrument uncertainty for each quantity to be measured . 30
Table A.1 – Test input parameters (TIPs) for current-voltage characteristics test . 46
Table A.2 – Test output parameters (TOPs) for current-voltage characteristics test . 47
Table A.3 – Derived quantities for current-voltage characteristics test . 47
Table A.4 – Test input parameters (TIPs) for negative electrode reactant utilization test . 50
Table A.5 – Test input parameters (TIPs) for positive electrode reactant utilization test . 50
Table A.6 – Test output parameters (TOPs) for effective reactant utilization test . 51
Table A.7 – Derived quantities for effective reactant utilization test . 52
Table A.8 – Test input parameters (TIPs) for durability test . 53
Table A.9 – Test output parameters (TOPs) for durability test . 54
Table A.10 – Derived quantities for constant load durability test . 54
Table A.11 – Test input parameters (TIPs) for temperature sensitivity test . 55
Table A.12 – Test output parameters (TOPs) for temperature sensitivity test . 56
Table A.13 – Derived quantities for temperature sensitivity test . 56
Table A.14 – Test input parameters (TIPs) for EIS test . 58
Table A.15 – Test output parameters (TOPs) for EIS test . 59
Table A.16 – Derived quantities for EIS test . 59
Table A.17 – Test input parameters (TIPs) for current cycling durability test within a
single operating mode (fuel cell or electrolysis) . 60
Table A.18 – Test input parameters (TIPs) for current cycling durability test covering
both operating modes (fuel cell and electrolysis) . 60
Table A.19 – Test output parameters (TOPs) for current cycling durability test . 61
Table A.20 – Derived quantities for current cycling durability test . 61
Table A.21 – Test input parameters (TIPs) for thermal cycling . 65
Table A.22 – Test output parameters (TOPs) for thermal cycling . 65
Table A.23 – Derived quantities for thermal cycling test . 66
Table A.24 – Test input parameters (TIPs) for pressurized testing . 69
Table A.25 – Test output parameters (TOPs) for pressurized testing. 69
Table A.26 – Derived quantities for pressurized test . 69
Table C.1 – Generic formulae . 76

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES –
Part 8-101: Energy storage systems using fuel cell modules
in reverse mode – Test procedures for the performance of solid oxide
single cells and stacks, including reversible operation

FOREWORD
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all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
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9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62282-8-101 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 105:
Fuel cell technologies.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
105/765/FDIS 105/779/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in the
report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts in the IEC 62282 series, published under the general title Fuel cell technologies,
can be found on the IEC website.

– 8 – IEC 62282-8-101:2020 © IEC 2020
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.

INTRODUCTION
This document describes test methods for a single cell or stack (denoted as "cell/stack"
hereafter) that are intended for application to energy storage systems using solid oxide fuel
cells (SOFC) in combination with solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC), or directly using
reversible solid oxide cells (Re-SOC, see Note in Clause 1). The test methods aim to provide
guidelines for the characterization of real-time performance and durability of the cell/stack.
SOFC, SOEC and Re-SOC have a broad range of geometries (e.g. planar, tubular and their
variations) and size. As such, in general, peripherals like current collectors and gas manifolds
are unique to each cell or stack and are often incorporated into a cell or stack to form one
integrated unit. In addition, they tend to have a significant effect on the power generation
characteristics of the cell or stack. This document therefore introduces as its subject "cell/stack
assembly units", which are defined as those units containing not only a cell or a stack but also
peripherals.
This document is generally applicable to all types or geometries of SOFC, SOEC and Re-SOC,
unless where explicitly mentioned.
IEC 62282-8 (all parts) aims to develop performance test methods for power storage and
buffering systems based on electrochemical modules (combining electrolysis and fuel cells, in
particular reversible fuel cells), taking into consideration both options of re-electrification and
substance (and heat) production for sustainable integration of renewable energy sources.
Under the general title "Energy storage systems using fuel cell modules in reverse mode", the
IEC 62282-8 series will consist of the following parts:
• IEC 62282-8-101: Test procedures for the performance of solid oxide single cells and stacks,
including reversible operation
• IEC 62282-8-102: Test procedures for the performance of single cells and stacks with proton
exchange membranes, including reversible operation
• IEC 62282-8-103 : Alkaline single cell and stack performance including reversible operation
• IEC 62282-8-201: Test procedures for the performance of power-to-power systems
• IEC 62282-8-202 : Power-to-power systems – Safety
• IEC 62282-8-300 series : Power-to-substance systems
As a priority dictated by the emerging needs for industry and opportunities for technological
development, IEC 62282-8-101, IEC 62282-8-102 and IEC 62282-8-201 have been initiated
jointly and as a priority. These documents are presented as a package to highlight the need for
an integrated approach as regards the system application (i.e. a solution for energy storage)
and its fundamental constituent components (i.e. fuel cells operated in reverse or reversible
mode).
IEC 62282-8-103, IEC 62282-8-202 and IEC 62282-8-300 (all parts) are suggested but are left
for initiation at a later stage.

___________
Under consideration.
Under consideration.
Under consideration.
– 10 – IEC 62282-8-101:2020 © IEC 2020
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES –
Part 8-101: Energy storage systems using fuel cell modules
in reverse mode – Test procedures for the performance of solid oxide
single cells and stacks, including reversible operation

1 Scope
This part of IEC 62282 addresses solid oxide cell (SOC) and stack assembly unit(s). It provides
for testing systems, instruments and measuring methods to test the performance of SOC
cell/stack assembly units for energy storage purposes. It assesses performance in fuel cell
mode, in electrolysis mode and/or in reversible operation.
This document is not applicable to small button cells that are designed for SOC material testing
and provide no practical means of reactant utilization measurement, or to single-chamber SOC.
This document is not intended to be applied to fuel cell/stack assembly units for power
generation purposes only, since this is covered in IEC TS 62282-7-2. Therefore, test methods
are not included in this document that are applicable to fuel cell mode only and that are already
described in IEC TS 62282-7-2.
This document is intended for data exchanges in commercial transactions between cell/stack
manufacturers and system developers or for acquiring data on a cell or stack in order to estimate
the performance of a system based on it. Users of this document may selectively execute test
items suitable for their purposes from those described in this document. Users can also
substitute selected test methods of this document with equivalent test methods of IEC TS
62282-7-2 for SOC operation in fuel cell mode only.
NOTE 1 In the context of this document, the term "reversible" does not refer to the thermodynamic meaning of an
ideal process. It is common practice in the fuel cell community to call the operation mode of a solid oxide cell that
alternates between fuel cell mode and electrolysis mode "reversible".
NOTE 2 This document considers only steam electrolysis. Other reactants in electrolysis mode can be used,
provided appropriate measures are taken for handling the specific reactants and products, and the guidelines as
regards the measurement, control and post-test analysis of results are adapted accordingly.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60050-485, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Part 485: Fuel cell technologies
(available at www.electropedia.org)
IEC 61515:2016, Mineral insulated metal-sheathed thermocouple cables and thermocouples
IEC 60584-1, Thermocouples – Part 1: EMF specifications and tolerances
IEC 60584-3, Thermocouples – Part 3: Extension and compensating cables – Tolerances and
identification system
ISO 5168, Measurement of fluid flow – Procedures for the evaluation of uncertainties
ISO 6141, Gas analysis – Contents of certificates for calibration gas mixtures

ISO 6142-1, Gas analysis – Preparation of calibration gas mixtures – Part 1: Gravimetric
method for Class I mixtures
ISO 6143, Gas analysis – Comparison methods for determining and checking the composition
of calibration gas mixtures
ISO 6145-7, Gas analysis – Preparation of calibration gas mixtures using dynamic volumetric
methods – Part 7: Thermal mass-flow controllers
ISO 6974 (all parts), Natural gas – Determination of composition with defined uncertainty by
gas chromatography
ISO 7066-2, Assessment of uncertainty in the calibration and use of flow measurement devices
– Part 2: Non-linear calibration relationships
ISO 8756, Air quality – Handling of temperature, pressure and humidity data
3 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-485 and the
following a
...