EN 16235:2013
(Main)Railway application - Testing for the acceptance of running characteristics of railway vehicles - Freight wagons - Conditions for dispensation of freight wagons with defined characteristics from on-track tests according to EN 14363
Railway application - Testing for the acceptance of running characteristics of railway vehicles - Freight wagons - Conditions for dispensation of freight wagons with defined characteristics from on-track tests according to EN 14363
This European Standard defines the process to determine the conditions under which dispensation from on-track testing according to EN 14363 can be given to freight wagons. In its application this document specifies the means by which dispensation from on-track tests is possible.
This European Standard is subordinate to EN 14363.
This European Standard is not limited to any type of freight vehicle; however certain types, which have been previously accepted under the auspices of UIC, are considered to have a continuing dispensation from on-track testing. These freight vehicles are detailed within this document.
The dispensation conditions described in this document apply to all freight vehicles used in international, multilateral or national rail freight transportation, which operate without restriction on standard gauge tracks (1 435 mm). The various rail-inclinations used in Europe (1:20, 1:40 and 1:30) are covered by the conditions for dispensation.
NOTE The test procedures described in this standard (and in EN 14363) can be applied also to applications with other track gauges e.g. 1 524 mm or 1 668 mm. The limit values could be different, as the details of the network are not known by the authors of this standard. If established running gear are existing in such restricted networks the related ranges of running gear and vehicle parameters for dispensation from on-track tests might be specified together with the operational parameters (speed, cant deficiency, maximum axle load) based on previous tests and operating experiences. These limit values and parameters will be specified under national responsibility.
This European Standard only contains requirements for characteristics related to requirements for on-track tests specified in EN 14363.
Bahnanwendungen - Prüfung für die fahrtechnische Zulassung von Eisenbahnfahrzeugen - Güterwagen - Bedingungen für Güterwagen mit definierten Eigenschaften zur Befreiung von Streckenfahrversuchen nach EN 14363
Diese Europäische Norm definiert den Prozess zur Bestimmung der Bedingungen für eine Befreiung von Güterwagen von Streckenfahrversuchen nach EN 14363. Durch die Anwendung dieses Dokuments wird festgelegt, durch welche Maßnahmen eine Befreiung von Streckenversuchen ermöglicht wird.
Diese Europäische Norm ist der EN 14363 untergeordnet.
Diese Europäische Norm ist nicht auf bestimmte Arten von Güterwagen begrenzt. Es wird jedoch berücksichtigt, dass für bestimmte Bauarten, die zuvor unter der Federführung der UIC zugelassen wurden, auch weiterhin eine Befreiung von Streckenversuchen besteht. Diese Güterwagen werden in dieser Norm detailliert beschrieben.
Die Befreiungsbedingungen, die in diesem Dokument beschriebenen sind, sind für alle Güterwagen im internationalen, multilateralen oder nationalen Schienengüterverkehr anwendbar, die ohne Einschränkungen auf der Normalspur (1 435 mm) betrieben werden. Die verschiedenen in Europa verwendeten Schieneneinbauneigungen (1:20, 1:40 und 1:30), werden von den Befreiungsbedingungen abgedeckt.
ANMERKUNG Die in dieser Norm (und in EN 14363) beschriebenen Prüfverfahren können auch für Anwendungen mit anderen Spurweiten, z. B. 1 524 mm oder 1 668 mm verwendet werden. Die Grenzwerte könnten abweichen, da den Autoren dieser Norm die Details solcher Schienennetze nicht bekannt sind. Falls es eingeführte Fahrwerke in so begrenzten Schienennetzen gibt, könnten, basierend auf vorhergehenden Prüfungen und Betriebserfahrungen, der entsprechende Bereich der Fahrwerks- und der Fahrzeugparameter für die Befreiung von Streckenfahrversuchen zusammen mit den betrieblichen Parametern (Geschwindigkeit, Überhöhungsfehlbetrag, maximale Radsatzlast) festgelegt werden. Diese Grenzwerte und Parameter werden unter nationaler Verantwortung festgelegt.
Diese Europäische Norm beinhaltet nur Anforderungen zu Eigenschaften bezüglich der Anforderungen für Streckenfahrversuche nach EN 14363.
Applications ferroviaires - Essais en vue de l'homologation du comportement dynamique des véhicules ferroviaires - Wagons - Conditions pour la dispense des wagons avec caractéristiques définies concernant les essais en ligne selon l'EN 14363
La présente Norme européenne définit le processus qui permet de déterminer les conditions dans lesquelles peut être octroyée aux wagons une dispense des essais en ligne exigés conformément à l’EN 14363. Dans son application, il précise les moyens permettant d’obtenir la dispense des essais en ligne.
La présente Norme européenne est subordonnée à l’EN 14363.
La présente Norme européenne n’est limitée à aucun type de véhicule de fret, cependant, certains types précédemment homologués sous les auspices de l’UIC, continuent à jouir de la dispense des essais en ligne. Ces véhicules de fret sont énumérés dans le présent document.
Les conditions de dispense décrites dans le présent document s’appliquent à tous les véhicules de fret utilisés dans le transport ferroviaire de fret à l’échelle internationale, multilatérale ou nationale et exploités sans aucune restriction sur un écartement de voie standard (1 435 mm). Les différentes inclinaisons de rail utilisées en Europe (1:20, 1:40 et 1:30) sont couvertes par les conditions de dispense.
NOTE Les procédures d’essai décrites dans la présente Norme (et dans l’EN 14363) peuvent également s’appliquer aux applications avec d’autres écartements de voie, par exemple 1 524 mm ou 1 668 mm. Les valeurs limites pourraient être différentes, car les spécificités de tels réseaux ne sont pas connues des auteurs de la présente Norme. Si des organes de roulement reconnus existent dans de tels réseaux restreints, les plages d’organes de roulement qui leurs sont liées et les paramètres des véhicules pour la réalisation des essais en ligne peuvent être précisés avec les paramètres opérationnels (vitesse, insuffisance de dévers, charge maximale à l’essieu), sur la base d’essais et d’expériences de fonctionnement précédentes. Ces valeurs et paramètres limites seront précisés sous responsabilité nationale.
La présente Norme ne fournit des exigences que pour des caractéristiques liées aux exigences pour les essais en ligne de l’EN 14363.
Železniške naprave - Preskušanje voznih karakteristik pri prevzemu železniških vozil - Tovorni vagoni - Pogoji za opustitev preskusne vožnje, opisane v standardu EN 14363, za tovorne vagone z določenimi karakteristikami
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Bahnanwendungen - Prüfung für die fahrtechnische Zulassung von Eisenbahnfahrzeugen - Güterwagen - Bedingungen für Güterwagen mit definierten Eigenschaften zur Befreiung von Streckenfahrversuchen nach EN 14363Applications ferroviaires - Essais en vue de l'homologation du comportement dynamique des véhicules ferroviaires - Wagons - Conditions pour la dispense des wagons avec caractéristiques definies concernant les essais en ligne selon EN 14363Railway applications - Testing for the acceptance of running characteristics of railway vehicles - Freight wagons - Conditions for dispensation of freight wagons with defined characteristics from on-track tests according to EN 1436345.060.20Železniški vagoniTrailing stockICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 16235:2013SIST EN 16235:2014en,fr,de01-april-2014SIST EN 16235:2014SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 16235
October 2013 ICS 45.060.20 English Version
Railway application - Testing for the acceptance of running characteristics of railway vehicles - Freight wagons - Conditions for dispensation of freight wagons with defined characteristics from on-track tests according to EN 14363
Applications ferroviaires - Essais en vue de l'homologation du comportement dynamique des véhicules ferroviaires - Wagons - Conditions pour la dispense des wagons avec caractéristiques définies concernant les essais en ligne selon l'EN 14363
Bahnanwendungen - Prüfung für die fahrtechnische Zulassung von Eisenbahnfahrzeugen - Güterwagen - Bedingungen für Güterwagen mit definierten Eigenschaften zur Befreiung von Streckenfahrversuchen nach EN 14363This European Standard was approved by CEN on 19 July 2013.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16235:2013: ESIST EN 16235:2014
Symbols . 38 Annex B (normative)
Approval process for freight wagons related to running behaviour . 40 Annex C (normative)
Definition of frequency range for suspensions Definition of spring characteristic . 41 Annex D (normative)
Established component double link assembly for 2-axle wagons . 43 Annex E (informative)
Standardised leaf springs for double link suspension and "Niesky 2" suspension . 50 Annex F (informative)
Standardised axle guards for double link suspension. 52 Annex G (normative)
Established components long link assembly "Niesky 2" . 53 Annex H (informative)
Standardised components for Y25 family of bogies . 59 H.1 Springs . 59 H.2 Side bearer spring for bogies Y21, Y25 and Y33 . 60 Annex I (normative)
Assembly links for steering axle bogies . 61 I.1 General . 61 SIST EN 16235:2014
Inner couplings of a permanent coupled unit . 71 J.1 Inner coupling close coupling . 71 J.2 Inner coupling bar . 72 Annex K (informative)
Standardised leaf springs for 2 axle and 3-axle steering axle bogies . 73 Annex L (normative)
Articulation for articulated wagons equipped with bogies of Y25 family . 75 Annex ZA (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2008/57/EC . 79 Bibliography . 82
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. NOTE Other terms and definition can be found in EN 14363 and EN 13749. 3.1 'declaration of conformity' with this standard declaration that contains all necessary information for the description of a proven vehicle configuration SIST EN 16235:2014
3.4 homologation file file that contains the relevant parameters and their permitted modification range that represents the values of the standardised running gear when assessed according to the requirements of Clause 5 of this standard 3.5 bogies of Y25 family bogies that are defined by: a torsional elastic frame, consisting of two side beams with or without head beam; spring suspension with two sets of helical suspension spring (a set may also consist of one spring) per axle box; a lateral and vertical dry friction damping depending on part of the vertical load supported by the axle box; a wheelset guiding with a maximum allowed nominal lateral displacement of ± 10 mm and called for example Y21, Y23, Y25, Y27, Y31, Y33 or Y37 3.6 2-axle steering axle bogie family steering axle bogie family that is defined by: a stiff frame, consisting of two side beams with a head beam; a leaf spring mounted in links guiding the axle; a nominal longitudinal clearance of the axle guiding of ± 6 mm; a nominal lateral clearance of the axle guiding of ± 23 mm; and called for example DB 65, LHB 82, WU 83, Talbot U 3.7 3-axle steering axle bogie family steering axle bogie family that is defined by: a stiff frame, consisting of two side beams with a head beam; a leaf spring mounted in links guiding the axle; a nominal longitudinal clearance of the axle guiding of ± 10 mm; a nominal lateral clearance of the axle guiding of ± 25 mm; and called for example DB 711 to DB 715 SIST EN 16235:2014
is the moment of inertia of the vehicle body relative to the vertical axis through the centre of gravity of the vehicle body i*zz
is the radius of inertia of the vehicle body relative to the vertical axis through the centre of gravity of the vehicle body m* is the mass of the vehicle body 2a*
is the distance between running gear centres 3.9 coefficient of height of centre of gravity coefficient which is used to control maximum height of centre of gravity depending on margin of wheel force on outer rail in curves during on-track testing: +=2Aadmcg0)(23,21bIhQχ where Q0
is the static wheel load hcg
is the height of the centre of gravity of the vehicle relative to the centre of the wheelset Iadm is the admissible cant deficiency
2bA
is the lateral distance between the contact points of the wheels (approximately 1 500 mm for standard gauge) 3.10 factor for track loading parameters lowest ratio between limit values and estimated values for maximum and quasi-static wheel load: =′;.)(;)(minmaxlimmaxlimPAYyPAXxλ where xlim,ylim are the limit values of the assessment quantities of EN 14363 or EN 15687 X(PA)max, Y(PA)max are the estimated values of assessment quantities evaluated from on-track tests performed for the assessment quantities Qqst and Qmax for normal measuring method (only applicable for vehicles with static axle loads higher than 225 kN up to 250 kN) SIST EN 16235:2014
2-axle wagons Bogie wagons
Short test wagon
Long test wagon
Short test wagon
Long test wagon
Distance between running gear centres 2a* [m] ≤ 7 ≥ 9 ≤ 7 ≥ 13 Acceptable range of torsional coefficient of vehicle body ct*[kNmm2/rad] 0,5 × 1010 . 8 × 1010 0,5 × 1010 . 8 × 1010 0,5 × 1010 . 8 × 1010 0,5 × 1010. 8 × 1010
In addition, 2 axle wagons for speeds ≥ 100 km/h shall be tested in loaded condition also in sections of test zone 2 with clearances given by a gauge ≥ 1 450 mm in combination with wheelsets having distances between active faces at the minimum operation limit.
If the design parameters and the operation parameters require the application of the normal measuring method, it is nevertheless acceptable to perform such tests with one of the vehicles based on measurements of lateral acceleration. In that case, it shall be demonstrated that a relationship exists between accelerations and the sum of the guiding forces on the vehicle tested according to the normal measuring method and a related limit value shall be established. NOTE 2 This requirement is an extension of the application of the simplified measuring method, using information gathered with vehicle tested according to the normal measuring method. NOTE 3 This requirement is intended to be transferred to the test conditions in EN 14363. 5.2.2 Certification The compliance of new types of bogies or running gear with the requirements of this standard shall be documented in the 'declaration of conformity' with this standard. This declaration shall include: an unequivocal and unique name for the running gear; range of parameters of the running gear (see 5.3); detailed technical description of the interface between vehicle body and running gear (see 5.4); range of parameters of car bodies to be used together with the running gear (see 5.5); wear limits which are essential to sustain an acceptable running behaviour (maintenance rules are outside the scope of this document). Examples for such information can be found in Annex C to Annex L, where these are given for already accepted running gear. 5.3 Range of running gear parameters for dispensation from on-track tests The functional details of the running gear relevant to the running behaviour during on-track tests according to EN 14363 (for axle loads above 22,5 t also according to EN 15687) shall be specified in the acceptance SIST EN 16235:2014
Minimum Maximum Vertical eigenfrequency (see Annex C) νz=0,9
νz,tested in load range 1,12.===νz,tested in load range Vertical damping
nominal characteristics of tested running gear
Lateral and longitudinal suspension characteristics
nominal characteristics of tested running gear
Distance between centres of axle bearings (suspension base) 2bz 2bz, tested – 100 mm 2bz, tested + 170 mm Nominal wheel diameter D Dtested – 90 mm Dtested + 90 mm
Nominal parameter
Minimum Maximum Bogie axle distance (between outer axles of the bogie) 2a+ 2a+tested 2a+tested + 0,2 m Vertical eigenfrequency (see Annex C) νz 0,90 νz,tested in full range between tare and loaded condition 1,12.=νz,tested in full range between tare and loaded condition Vertical damping
nominal characteristics of tested running gear
Axle guiding longitudinal
nominal characteristics of tested running gear
Axle guiding lateral
nominal characteristics of tested running gear
Lateral secondary suspension characteristics
nominal characteristics of tested running gear
Distance between centres of axle bearings (suspension base) 2bz 2bz, tested – 100 mm 2bz, tested + 170 mm Yaw moment of bogiea
M*z 0,80 M*z,tested 1,20 M*z,tested Moment of inertia of whole bogie (around z-axis) I*zz - 1,10 I*zz,tested Nominal wheel diameter D Dtested – 90 mm Dtested + 90 mm Nominal height of centre pivot relative to centre of wheelset hcp hcp,tested – 150 mm hcp,tested + 50 mm a For a friction based yaw resistance torque measured at two specified loads typical for tare and loaded condition. For other systems, appropriate parameters shall be used to control stability and safety against derailment in tare condition and maximum guiding force in loaded conditions.
5.4 Description of the interface between running gear and vehicle body A description of the physical interface between running gear and vehicle body shall include: the yaw characteristics of the running gear; range of vertical characteristics of side bearers (if applicable); range of characteristics of secondary suspension (stiffnesses, hysteresis/damping)(if applicable); drawings.
The functional details of the vehicle body relevant to the running behaviour during on-track tests according to EN 14363 (for axle loads above 22,5 t also according to EN 15687) shall be specified in the acceptance process. Table 4 gives an indication of which parameter shall be available for acceptance purposes.
Table 4 — Accepted parameter range for vehicles (including articulated wagons and permanently coupled units) equipped with a running gear which was tested successfully according to 5.2
Minimum Maximum Distance between wheelsets (non bogie vehicles) 2a* Lowest value of either 6 m or 2a*tested Highest value of either 10 m or 2a*tested Distance between bogie centres (bogie vehicles) 2a* Lowest value of either 6,5 m or 2a*tested 2a*tested + 3 m Centre of gravity height of tare wagon hcg, tare - 1,2 hcg,tare,tested, max Centre of gravity height of loaded wagon hcg, loaded
1,2 hcg,loaded,tested, maxb=Coefficient of height of centre of gravity – loaded vehicle a χ - χ loaded,tested,max · (1 + 0,8 (λ' – 1)) with λ' – factor for track loading parameters (see 3.10) Torsional coefficient per vehicle body ct* > 0,5 × 1010 kNmm2/rad - Mean axle load of the tare wagon (non-bogie wagon) Pmean,tare If
Pmean, tare, tested ≤ 6,75 t: Lowest value of either 5,75 t
or Pmean,tare,tested else
0,85 · Pmean,tare,tested - Mean axle load of the tare wagon (bogie wagon) Pmean,tare If
Pmean, tare, tested ≤ 4,7 t: Lowest value of either 4 t
or Pmean,tare,tested else
0,85 · Pmean,tare,tested - Maximum axle load P - 1,05 . Ptested Mass distribution coefficient (tare and loaded vehicle) Φ - 1,2 . Φtested a For evaluation of χ (see Clause 3) use:== Iadm = 130 mm for axle loads ≤ 225 kN and
Iadm = 100 mm for axle loads > 225 kN and up to 250 kN. b It was originally intended to replace this requirement by the requirement for χ. As this is not reasonable for high λ' values or low axle loads, it is intended to develop a less restrictive requirement for the future when more information is available. SIST EN 16235:2014
Key a distance between suspension brackets; the distance between suspension brackets shall be the length of the spring + 300 mm b distance between centres of the link pins c longitudinal clearance d lateral clearance e distance between centres of axle bearings (suspension base) between 1 900 mm and 2 170 mm f double link g leaf spring h axle guard Figure 1 — Double link suspension, overview The clearance between axle box and axle guard shall be: laterally ≥ 20 mm; longitudinally = min (3 × 2a*/1 000; 22,5 mm). 6.2.2.2 Assembly double link The link assembly as described in Annex D is the key part of the double link suspension according to this standard. SIST EN 16235:2014
20,0 t d 22,5 t d Lower limit for vertical eigenfrequency νzl a 1,5 Hz b 1,85 Hz c Upper limit for vertical eigenfrequency νzu a 4,0 Hz b 3,4 Hz c Range of damping
12 % to 15 % 7 % to 10 % f Range of diameter of spring eye di
36 mm 36 mm to 41 mm a Calculated with nominal stiffness according to the definition in Annex C.
b A maximum manufacturing tolerance of 8 % for the stiffness is required. c A maximum manufacturing tolerance of 7 % for the stiffness is required. d The strength of the springs and the maximum vertical deflection is not in the scope of this standard.
e Existing springs which fulfil these requirements are given in Annex E. f For operation in UK clamping is required in order to increase damping to 12 % <
< 17 %.
6.2.2.4 Component axle guard The axle guard of the established double link suspension according to this standard shall comply with a range of characteristics defined by Figure 2 and Table 6. Characteristics of existing solutions which fulfil these requirements are given in Annex F. SIST EN 16235:2014
Key X force Fy in kN Y stiffness Ky in kN/mm Figure 2 — Definition of values describing the range for lateral stiffness of axle guards for dispensation from on-track tests according to EN 14363 Table 6 — Range of lateral characteristic for axle guards of double link suspension for dispensation from on-track tests according to EN 14363
Axle guard Lower limit for nominal lateral stiffness b Kyl a 1,20 kN/mm c Upper limit for nominal lateral stiffness in first stage b Kyu1
2,50 kN/mm c Upper limit for nominal lateral stiffness in second stage b
Kyu2 a 3,70 kN/mm c Minimum force at break point between stages b Fy1 a 16,8 kN c a Measured at a height of 70 mm above the centre line of the axle, the wagon being tare and new condition (i.e. approx. 380 mm below the bottom edge of the side beam in the case of wheel diameters between 920 mm and 1 000 mm). b For an axle guard with a linear characteristic the stiffness of first and second stage is the same and the break point is not relevant. c The strength of the axle guards as well as the minimum and maximum lateral deflection are not in the scope of this standard.
Height of centre of gravity of laden wagon Torsional coefficient of wagon body (ct*) Mass of wagon in tare condition
min. max.
max. min. min. t
m m - mm mm 1010 kNmm2/rad t 20 8,0 10,0 0,55 920 or 840 2 500 0,5 11,5 22,5 8,0 10,0 0,55 920 2 380 0,5 11,5
6.2.3 Long link suspension "Niesky 2" 6.2.3.1 General An example for a long link suspension "Niesky 2" according to this standard is shown in Figure 3 and described by characteristics relevant to running dynamics in 6.2.3.2 and 6.2.3.3 and the operational and design limitations in 6.2.3.4. The existing versions of accepted components are given in Annex G. SIST EN 16235:2014
Key a distance between suspension brackets: the distance between suspension brackets shall be the length of the spring + 300 mm b distance between centres of the link pins c longitudinal clearance d lateral clearance
e distance between centres of axle bearings (suspension base) = between 1 900 mm and 2 170 mm f long link g leaf spring h axle guard Figure 3 — Long link suspension "Niesky 2", overview The clearance between axle box and axle guard shall be: laterally ≥ 20 mm; longitudinally = min (3 × 2a*/1 000; 22,5 mm). 6.2.3.2 Assembly long link The link assembly as described in normative Annex G is the key part of the long link suspension "Niesky 2" according to this standard. SIST EN 16235:2014
Mass distribution coefficient Φ=for tare wagons Nominal wheel diameter
Height of centre of gravity of laden wagon Torsional coefficient of wagon body (ct*) Mass of wagon in tare condition
min. max.
max. min. min. t
m m - mm mm 1010 kNmm2/rad t 20 8,0 10,0 0,55 920 or 840 2 500 0,5 11,5 20 6,0 8,0 0,55 920 or 840 2 500 4,0 11,5 22,5 8,0 10,0 0,55 920 2 380 0,5 11,5 22,5 6,0 8,0 0,55 920 2 380 4,0 11,5
6.2.4 Suspension "S 2000"
6.2.4.1 General An example of a "S 2000" suspension according to this standard is shown in Figure 4 and described by characteristics relevant to running dynamics in 6.2.4.2 and the operational and design limitations in 6.2.4.3. SIST EN 16235:2014
Key 1 bracket 2 axle box 3 spring cap 4 damping link (dry friction) 5 coil spring 6 articulation stirrup 7 axle damper friction pad 8 axle damper plunger a distance between suspension brackets = 810 mm b lateral clearance c longitudinal clearance d distance between centres of axle bearings (suspension base) = between 1 900 mm and 2 170 mm Figure 4 — Suspension "S 2000", overview The clearance between axle box and bracket shall be: laterally ≥ 20 mm; longitudinally = min (3 × 2a*/1 000; 22,5 mm). 6.2.4.2 Component spring and double Lenoir damping system The Lenoir damping system provides a load dependent friction damping between axle box and bracket in vertical and lateral direction: Both springs of the suspension are guided by a spring cap on their upper end which has a longitudinal freedom relative to the bogie frame. The frame is partly supported by this spring cap SIST EN 16235:2014
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