EN ISO 14915-2:2003

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2004
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Software ergonomics for multimedia user interfaces - Part 2: Multimedia navigation and
control (ISO 14915-2:2003)
Software-Ergonomie für Multimedia-Benutzerschnittstellen - Teil 2: Multimedia-
Navigation und Steuerung (ISO 14915-2:2003)
Ergonomie des logiciels pour les interfaces utilisateur multimédias - Partie 2: Navigation
et contrôle multimédias (ISO 14915-2:2003)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 14915-2:2003
ICS:
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
35.200 Vmesniška in povezovalna Interface and interconnection
oprema equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 14915-2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
July 2003
ICS 13.180; 35.200
English version
Software ergonomics for multimedia user interfaces - Part 2:
Multimedia navigation and control (ISO 14915-2:2003)
Ergonomie des logiciels pour les interfaces utilisateur Software-Ergonomie für Multimedia-Benutzerschnittstellen
multimédias - Partie 2: Navigation et contrôle multimédias - Teil 2: Multimedia-Navigation und Steuerung (ISO 14915-
(ISO 14915-2:2003) 2:2003)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 July 2003.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2003 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 14915-2:2003 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

CORRECTED  2003-09-24
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 14915-2:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159
"Ergonomics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 "Ergonomics", the
secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of
an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2004, and conflicting national
standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2004.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of
the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 14915-2:2003 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 14915-2:2003 without any
modifications.
NOTE Normative references to International Standards are listed in Annex ZA (normative).
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their relevant European publications
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the
publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of
any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by
amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to
applies (including amendments).
NOTE Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated
by (mod.), the relevant EN/HD applies.
Publication Year Title EN Year
ISO 9241-12 1998 Ergonomic requirements for office EN ISO 9241-12 1998
work with visual display terminals
(VDTs) - Part 12: Presentation of
information
ISO 9241-13 1998 Ergonomic requirements for office EN ISO 9241-13 1998
work with visual display terminals
(VDTs) - Part 13: User guidance
ISO 9241-15 1997 Ergonomic requirements for office EN ISO 9241-15 1997
work with visual display terminals
(VDTs) - Part 15: Command dialogues
ISO 9241-16 1999 Ergonomic requirements for office EN ISO 9241-16 1999
work with visual display terminals
(VDTs) - Part 16: Direct manipulation
dialogues
ISO 14915-1 2002 Software ergonomics for multimedia EN ISO 14915-1 2002
user interfaces - Part 1: Design
principles and framework
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14915-2
First edition
2003-07-15
Software ergonomics for multimedia user
interfaces —
Part 2:
Multimedia navigation and control
Ergonomie des logiciels pour les interfaces utilisateur multimédias —
Partie 2: Navigation et contrôle multimédias

Reference number
ISO 14915-2:2003(E)
©
ISO 2003
ISO 14915-2:2003(E)
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ii © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved

ISO 14915-2:2003(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. vi
Introduction . vii
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Application of this part of ISO 14915 . 6
4.1 Purpose and intended users of this part of ISO 14915 . 6
4.2 Reporting conformance to this part of ISO 14915 . 6
5 Framework for multimedia navigation and control . 6
5.1 General. 6
5.2 Analysis of content structures . 6
5.2.1 Basic analysis . 6
5.2.2 Structuring multimedia applications. 8
5.3 Navigation-structure design . 8
5.3.1 General. 8
5.3.2 High-level navigation structure . 8
5.3.3 Navigation within presentation segments and media objects . 10
6 Navigation design . 11
6.1 Introduction to navigation. 11
6.1.1 Application structure . 11
6.1.2 Navigation structures . 11
6.1.3 Content structure . 11
6.1.4 Content granularity. 12
6.1.5 Exploration. 12
6.1.6 Complexity. 12
6.1.7 Understanding. 12
6.1.8 User assistance. 12
6.1.9 Determining navigation techniques . 12
6.1.10 Metaphors . 13
6.2 Structures for navigation . 13
6.2.1 Use of appropriate navigation structures. 13
6.2.2 Linear structures. 13
6.2.3 Tree structures . 14
6.2.4 Network structures . 15
7 Common guidance on controls . 16
7.1 Compatibility of media controls . 16
7.2 User accessibility of controls . 16
7.3 Ease of individualization . 16
7.4 Appropriateness of media controls . 16
7.5 Task-dependent sets of controls. 16
7.6 Minimum set of media controls . 17
7.7 Grouping media controls . 17
7.8 Controllability of media objects . 17
7.9 Distinguishable controls . 17
7.10 Presence of hidden controls. 17
7.11 Status of media . 17
7.12 Status of controls. 18
7.13 Inactive controls. 18
ISO 14915-2:2003(E)
7.14 Consistent controls.18
7.15 Ease of access.18
7.16 Feedback on use of controls.18
7.17 Relation of controls.18
7.18 Design of particular controls .19
8 Links .19
8.1 User accessibility of links .19
8.2 Use of links .19
8.2.1 General use of links .19
8.2.2 Use of system-activated links .19
8.2.3 Use of user-activated links.19
8.2.4 Use of fixed links.20
8.2.5 Use of temporal links .20
8.2.6 Duration of temporal links.20
8.2.7 Avoiding temporal-link errors .20
8.2.8 Use of computed links .20
8.2.9 Recognizing computed links.20
8.2.10 Saving computed links .21
8.2.11 Creating user-defined links .21
8.2.12 Multi-user sets of user-defined links.21
8.3 Discriminability of links .21
8.4 Information about links.22
8.4.1 Link-destination content information.22
8.4.2 Link-destination location information.22
8.4.3 Link-duration information.22
8.4.4 Linked-to-media-type information .22
8.4.5 Link-load-time information .23
8.4.6 Link-history cues.23
8.4.7 Multiple sets of link-history cues.23
8.4.8 Time dependence of link-history .23
8.4.9 Default link-history cue.23
8.4.10 Resetting link-history cues .23
8.4.11 Resetting single link-history cues.23
9 Navigation functions.23
9.1 Scope of navigation actions.23
9.1.1 Providing users with navigation information .23
9.1.2 Effect of navigation actions .24
9.1.3 Navigation between and within presentation segments .24
9.1.4 Methods of navigation between presentation segments .24
9.1.5 Navigation involving content chunks within a presentation segment .24
9.1.6 Navigation involving media objects or composite media objects .25
9.2 “Go to beginning” .25
9.3 “Go to previous”.25
9.3.1 Go to previously visited presentation segment .25
9.3.2 Go to previous media object .25
9.3.3 Save current state .26
9.3.4 Go to previous state.26
9.4 “Go to next” .26
9.4.1 Go to next presentation segment within the application .26
9.4.2 Go-to-next-media object within the composite-media object.26
9.5 “Go to end” .26
9.5.1 Exit .26
9.5.2 Go to end of composite-media object.27
9.6 Determine current location.27
9.6.1 Location information.27
9.6.2 Identifying possible navigation pathways .27
9.6.3 Providing context for details.27
9.7 Move .27
9.8 Search.27
iv © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved

ISO 14915-2:2003(E)
9.8.1 Search for other locations. 27
9.8.2 Helping formulate searches for items. 28
9.8.3 Accessing the results of a search. 28
9.9 Tour . 28
10 Controls for coordination of multiple media. 28
10.1 Synchronization of media . 28
10.2 Coordination of media . 28
10.3 Controlling layered media. 28
10.4 Separation of media. 28
10.5 Obscuring media. 29
10.6 Navigating between media. 29
11 Dynamic media. 29
11.1 Dynamic-media controls . 29
11.1.1 Basic dynamic-media controls . 29
11.1.2 Access to dynamic-media controls. 29
11.1.3 “Play” . 29
11.1.4 “Stop”. 30
11.1.5 “Pause” . 30
11.1.6 “Replay”. 30
11.1.7 “Play backward”. 30
11.1.8 “Scan forward”. 31
11.1.9 “Scan backward” . 31
11.1.10 “Fast forward” . 31
11.1.11 “Rewind”. 31
11.1.12 “Record” . 31
11.2 Attributes of controls for dynamic media. 31
11.2.1 Implementing attributes . 31
11.2.2 Direction of play . 31
11.2.3 “Loop”. 32
11.2.4 Controlling the speed of playing . 32
11.2.5 Availability of audio controls. 32
11.2.6 Set volume . 32
11.2.7 Mute. 32
Bibliography . 33

ISO 14915-2:2003(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 14915-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 4,
Ergonomics of human-system interaction.
ISO 14915 consists of the following parts, under the general title Software ergonomics for multimedia user
interfaces:
 Part 1: Design principles and framework
 Part 2: Multimedia navigation and control
 Part 3: Media selection and combination
vi © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved

ISO 14915-2:2003(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 14915 applies to both the presentation of content and interaction techniques for user control
of computer-based multimedia applications in general, including stand-alone and networked-delivered
applications. These applications can vary in size and complexity (e.g. a single web page, a catalogue or an
interactive simulation).
This part of ISO 14915 provides specific guidance related to multimedia navigation and control that relates to
the three aspects inherent in designing multimedia user interfaces identified in ISO 14915-1:
 content design;
 interaction design;
 media design.
Content design is based on the cognitive needs of the various different users and the different tasks involved
in an application. Content design also takes into account various approaches to organize the content to
provide support for different methods of exploring the content.
Interaction design focuses on the presentation of this content to users and the methods that will be provided to
users for them to interact with this content.
Media design focuses on making use of particular media objects to implement the content and interaction
designs.
This part of ISO 14915 is concerned with the navigation between, and control of, various media objects,
presentation segments, and content chunks. Specific guidance on media design is provided in ISO 14915-3.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14915-2:2003(E)

Software ergonomics for multimedia user interfaces —
Part 2:
Multimedia navigation and control
1 Scope
This part of ISO 14915 provides recommendations and requirements for the design of multimedia user
interfaces with respect to the following aspects: design of the organization of the content, navigation and
media-control issues. This part of ISO 14915 is limited to the design of the organization of the content and
does not deal with the design of the content in general. Design issues within a single medium (e.g. the lighting
of a film sequence) are only addressed with respect to the ergonomic issues related to user controls.
This part of ISO 14915 provides
 a framework for the structuring of multimedia applications,
 information and recommendations on the design of navigation structures and navigation mechanisms for
use within multimedia applications, and
 information and recommendations on the design of controls for use within multimedia applications.
It does not specifically address entertainment applications, although some recommendations can also be
applicable to that domain.
ISO 14915 does not address implementation issues. The ergonomic requirements can be realised through
very different mechanisms, e.g. the delivery system, a scripting language or the application.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 9241-12:1998, Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) — Part 12:
Presentation of information
ISO 9241-13, Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) — Part 13: User
guidance
ISO 9241-16:1999, Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) — Part 16:
Direct manipulation dialogues
ISO 14915-1, Software ergonomics for multimedia user interfaces — Part 1: Design principles and framework
ISO/TS 16071, Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Guidance on accessibility for human-computer
interfaces
ISO 14915-2:2003(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14915-1 and the following apply.
3.1
content chunk
unit of content that satisfies a requirement of a specific task for a specific user
NOTE 1 A content chunk can also meet other requirements of one or more tasks for one or more users, either by itself
or in combination with other content chunks.
NOTE 2 A content chunk defines a subtopic that justifies separate consideration by the user. However, designers may
decide whether or not to present one or more content chunks together within a single presentation segment.
EXAMPLE A research report is divided into five content chunks that deal with: background information, methodology,
results, conclusions, and recommendations.
3.2
presentation segment
unit of design which consists of one or more content chunks which together present part of an application
EXAMPLE A Web page is used to present information about some topic.
3.3
media object
component of a multimedia application that is implemented by a single media type
EXAMPLE 1 A text object presenting a discussion about some topic.
EXAMPLE 2 An image object presenting a picture of some person.
EXAMPLE 3 A sound object presenting a song.
3.3.1
composite media object
either a single media object that is used on its own or a combination of media objects which are used together
and presented synchronized with one another and/or automatically linked to one another
NOTE Some objects, such as movies, may naturally contain multiple media.
EXAMPLE 1 A moving image object and a sound object are to be played in synchronization with each other and with a
single set of play, pause, and stop controls to effect the playing of both.
EXAMPLE 2 A series of songs are played one after another with a single set of play, pause, and stop controls to effect
the playing of the entire series.
3.4
navigation techniques
different techniques of implementing navigation which can include: automatic, predetermined, user determined
or adaptive determined
NOTE A combination of these navigation techniques can be used in different parts of a multimedia system.
3.4.1
automatic navigation
navigation where content is presented by the system without user’s input
EXAMPLE Audio is presented automatically along with video.
2 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved

ISO 14915-2:2003(E)
3.4.2
predetermined navigation
navigation where the user has only one choice of where to go next, but where the user has control over when
to go to this next content
EXAMPLE Upon answering question 2 in a quiz, the user is sent to question 3.
3.4.3
user-determined navigation
navigation where the user can choose which content to go to next from a number of options
EXAMPLE The user selects between going into further details in a topic and going on to the next topic.
3.4.4
adaptive determined navigation
navigation where the choices available are determined by the system based on the content and some
combination of: an individual’s history, an individual’s personal characteristics, a group’s social history, and/or
a group’s characteristics
EXAMPLE The system limits the choices presented based on a profile of the user’s interests.
3.5
content structure
〈multimedia applications〉 composed of a number of content chunks that are related together in one or more
logical manners
3.6
navigation structure
〈multimedia application〉 composed of a number of media objects, presentation segments, and navigation
techniques that allow a user to move between related media objects and presentation segments
3.7
basic structures
structures used as the basis for creating all other structures
NOTE The three basic structures are linear structures, tree structures, and network structures.
3.7.1
linear structures
structures that organize their elements in a sequence
NOTE 1 Linear structures may include sequences where media objects are presented in parallel.
NOTE 2 An example of a linear structure of content chunks or presentation segments is illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1 — Example of a linear structure
3.7.2
tree structures
structures that organize their elements in a hierarchical manner, where each component is associated with
only one higher-level component and may be associated with multiple lower-level components
NOTE An example of a tree structure of content chunks or presentation segments is illustrated in Figure 2.
ISO 14915-2:2003(E)
Figure 2 — Example of a tree structure
3.7.3
network structures
structures that organize their elements in a manner where each component may be associated with multiple
other components
NOTE An example of a fully connected structure of content chunks or presentation segments, where all chunks or
presentation segments are connected to all other content chunks or presentation segments, is illustrated in Figure 3. An
example of a partly connected structure of content chunks or presentation segments, where all content chunks or
presentation segments are not necessarily connected to all other content chunks or presentation segments, is illustrated in
Figure 4.
Figure 3 — Example of a fully connected network structure

Figure 4 — Example of a partially connected network structure
4 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved

ISO 14915-2:2003(E)
3.8
control
object, often analogous to physical controls, which allows a user to take some action which manipulates data,
other objects or their attributes
3.8.1
navigation control
control that allows users to navigate within an application
3.9
link
connection, among or within media, which starts with a control and ends at a specified location
3.9.1
system-activated link
link that is activated by some system action
EXAMPLE A link is activated by the completion of some time delay in an automatic slide show.
3.9.2
user-activated link
link that is activated by some user action
EXAMPLE 1 A link is activated by the user placing the cursor over the link and clicking on the left mouse button.
EXAMPLE 2 A link is activated by the user selecting the third choice in a menu of links.
3.9.3
fixed link
permanent link that can be activated whenever the medium containing the link is presented
EXAMPLE 1 The user clicks on a word and is provided with a description of what the word means.
EXAMPLE 2 The user clicks on an animated icon which starts a video presentation.
3.9.4
temporal link
link that is only available for a certain period of time while the medium containing the link is presented
EXAMPLE 1 Links to descriptions of characters are made available only while the characters are visible in a video
sequence.
EXAMPLE 2 A link to descriptive information is available only during the first 20 s of viewing a picture.
3.9.5
computed link
temporary link, created on demand where the location linked to is dynamically determined based on the state
and/or history of the system
EXAMPLE The results of a search include several links to different parts of the application that will be replaced by
the results of any subsequent search.
3.9.6
user-defined link
permanent or temporal link created by a user during the use of an application that is intended to supplement
the links created by the application
EXAMPLE The user creates a bookmark to go directly to a given location within an application.
ISO 14915-2:2003(E)
3.10
cue
cue gives an indication of opportunity for further information
EXAMPLE A small animation on top of a link is used to provide a visual cue indicating the kind of content to be
expected on following the link.
3.11
guided tour
linear navigation structure presenting significant portions of the application usually intended to introduce the
content and capabilities available to the user
NOTE Different tours can be provided to meet different user needs.
4 Application of this part of ISO 14915
4.1 Purpose and intended users of this part of ISO 14915
The following groups are the intended users of this part of ISO 14915:
 user interface and multimedia designers who will apply this part during the development process;
 evaluators responsible for quality assurance who will ensure that products meet the recommendations of
this part;
 potential buyers, in selecting appropriately designed multimedia products;
 designers of multimedia-development tools to be used by user interface and multimedia developers.
4.2 Reporting conformance to this part of ISO 14915
If a product or application is claimed to have met the applicable recommendations in this part of ISO 14915,
the procedure used in establishing requirements for developing and/or evaluating the multimedia user
interface shall be specified. The level of specification of the procedure is a matter of negotiation between the
involved parties. ISO 14915 is a multi-part standard and therefore claims of conformity relate to the individual
parts and not to the International Standard as a whole.
5 Framework for multimedia navigation and control
5.1 General
This clause provides a framework for identifying ergonomic considerations in analysis and design of
navigation and control in multimedia applications.
It provides a basis for analysing content structures, designing navigation structures of presentations, and
developing designs of control
...