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ASTM E834-09(2015)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Determining Vacuum Chamber Gaseous Environment Using a Cold Finger

Standard Practice for Determining Vacuum Chamber Gaseous Environment Using a Cold Finger

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When applied in the case in which there is no test item in the vacuum chamber (such as during bake-out operations), this procedure may be used to evaluate the performance of the vacuum chamber in relation to other data from the same or other chambers given that critical parameters (for example, length of exposure, temperature of the chamber and cold finger, anisotropy, and so forth) can be related.  
5.2 The procedure can be used to evaluate the effects of materials found in the residue on items placed in the vacuum chamber.  
5.3 The procedure can be used to describe the effect of a prior test on the residual gases within a vacuum chamber.  
5.4 By selecting the time at which the coolant is introduced into the cold finger, the environment present during a selected portion of a test can be characterized. This can be used to determine the relative efficacy of certain vacuum chamber procedures such as bake-out.  
5.5 The procedure may be used to define the outgassed products of a test item that condense on the cold finger.  
5.6 The procedure may be used in defining the relative cleanliness of a vacuum chamber.  
5.7 In applying the results of the procedure to the vacuum chamber in general, consideration must be given to the anisotropy of the molecular fluxes within the chamber.  
5.8 The procedure is sensitive to both the partial pressures of the gases that form the condensibles and the time of exposure of the cold finger at coolant temperatures.  
5.9 The procedure is sensitive to any losses of sample that may occur during the various transfer operations and during that procedure wherein the solvent is evaporated by heating it on a steam bath.
Note 1: Reactions between solvent and condensate can occur and would affect the analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a technique for collecting samples of materials that are part of the residual gas environment of an evacuated vacuum chamber. The practice uses a device designated as a “cold finger” that is placed within the environment to be sampled and is cooled so that constituents of the environment are retained on the cold-finger surface.  
1.2 The practice covers a method for obtaining a sample from the cold finger and determining the weight of the material removed from the cold finger.  
1.3 The practice contains recommendations as to ways in which the sample may be analyzed to identify the constituents that comprise the sample.  
1.4 By determining the species that constitute the sample, the practice may be used to assist in defining the source of the constituents and whether the sample is generally representative of samples similarly obtained from the vacuum chamber itself.  
1.5 This practice covers alternative approaches and usages to which the practice can be put.  
1.6 The degree of molecular flux anisotropy significantly affects the assurance with which one can attribute characteristics determined by this procedure to the vacuum chamber environment in general.  
1.7 The temperature of the cold finger significantly affects the quantity and species of materials collected.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 8.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2015
ICS
23.160 - Vacuum technology
Technical Committee
E21 - Space Simulation and Applications of Space Technology
Drafting Committee
E21.05 - Contamination
Current Stage
Ref Project

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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E834 − 09 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Practice for
Determining Vacuum Chamber Gaseous Environment Using
a Cold Finger
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E834; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
warning statements, see Section 8.
1.1 This practice covers a technique for collecting samples
of materials that are part of the residual gas environment of an
2. Referenced Documents
evacuated vacuum chamber. The practice uses a device desig-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
nated as a “cold finger” that is placed within the environment
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
to be sampled and is cooled so that constituents of the
ASTM Test Methods
environment are retained on the cold-finger surface.
1.2 The practice covers a method for obtaining a sample
3. Terminology
fromthecoldfingeranddeterminingtheweightofthematerial
3.1 pretest cold finger sample residue mass, M—themassof
removed from the cold finger. i
material collected from the cold finger during the pretest
1.3 The practice contains recommendations as to ways in
operation and as measured by the techniques specified in
which the sample may be analyzed to identify the constituents
Section 9. The mass is based on a sample volume of 50 mL.
that comprise the sample.
3.2 posttest stock sample residue mass, M—the mass of
f
1.4 By determining the species that constitute the sample,
residue in a sample collected from the cold finger during the
the practice may be used to assist in defining the source of the
posttest operation and as measured by the technique specified
constituentsandwhetherthesampleisgenerallyrepresentative
in Section 9.The mass is based on a sample volume of 50 mL.
of samples similarly obtained from the vacuum chamber itself.
3.3 pretest stock sample residue mass, S—the mass of
i
1.5 This practice covers alternative approaches and usages
residue in a sample of the solvent (used to obtain the pretest
to which the practice can be put.
cold finger sample) as measured by the technique specified in
Section 9. The mass is based on a sample volume of 50 mL.
1.6 The degree of molecular flux anisotropy significantly
3.4 posttest stock sample residue mass, S— the mass of
affects the assurance with which one can attribute characteris-
f
tics determined by this procedure to the vacuum chamber residue in a sample of the solvent (used to obtain the posttest
cold finger sample) as measured by the technique specified in
environment in general.
Section 9. The mass is based on a sample volume of 50 mL.
1.7 The temperature of the cold finger significantly affects
3.5 cold finger—the device that is used in collecting the
the quantity and species of materials collected.
sample of the residual gases in an evacuated vacuum chamber
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
(see Fig. 1).
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.6 CFR—theresiduecollectedbythecoldfingerduringthe
standard.
vacuum exposure given in milligrams.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Summary of Practice
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 The cold-finger technique provides a method for char-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
acterizing the ambiance in a vacuum chamber when the
chamber is being operated with or without a test item.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E21 on Space
Simulation andApplications of SpaceTechnology and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E21.05 on Contamination. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published November 2015. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E834–09. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E0834-09R15. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E834 − 09 (2015)
4.6 Both the pretest and posttest samples are placed in
previouslycleanedandweighedevaporatingdishes.Thedishes
containing the samples are placed on a steam bath and the
solvent is evaporated. The dishes containing the residue are
then weighed using an analytical balance. The samples of the
solvent are similarly handled and any residue weighed. The
differences of mass between the pretest residue and posttest
residue is then determined (corrected if necessary for any
significantresiduefoundinthesolvent);thisdifferenceinmass
is taken as the residue collected by the cold finger during its
exposure to the vacuum environment, CFR.
4.7 Analytical procedures such as infrared spectroscopy or
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry may be used to iden-
tify those species that constitute the residue.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 When applied in the case in which there is no test item
in the vacuum chamber (such as during bake-out operations),
this procedure may be used to evaluate the performance of the
vacuum chamber in relation to other data from the same or
other chambers given that critical parameters (for example,
lengthofexposure,temperatureofthechamberandcoldfinger,
FIG. 1 Typical Cold Finger Assembly anisotropy, and so forth) can be related.
5.2 The procedure can be used to evaluate the effects of
materials found in the residue on items placed in the vacuum
chamber.
4.2 In use, the cold finger is installed in the vacuum
5.3 The procedure can be used to describe the effect of a
chamber in such a location as to be exposed to fluxes
prior test on the residual gases within a vacuum chamber.
representative of those in the general ambiance. (Chamber
5.4 By selecting the time at which the coolant is introduced
conditions that will exist under vacuum conditions must be
into the cold finger, the environment present during a selected
considered so as to assess the effects of molecular flux
portion of a test can be characterized. This can be used to
anisotropy.)
determine the relative efficacy of certain vacuum chamber
4.3 The cold finger is cleaned before the vacuum exposure
procedures such as bake-out.
and a sample of any residue on the surface is obtained. The
5.5 The procedure may be used to define the outgassed
pretestcleaningandsamplingprocedureconsistsof(a)heating
products of a test item that condense on the cold finger.
the cold finger and scrubbing it with a solution of laboratory
detergent and water; (b) rinsing the cold finger with deminer-
5.6 The procedure may be used in defining the relative
alized or distilled water; (c) rinsing the cold finger with
cleanliness of a vacuum chamber.
isolpropanl as the solvent; (d) obtaining a sample of any
5.7 In applying the results of the procedure to the vacuum
residue contained in a second rinse with solvent; and (e)
chamber in general, consideration must be given to the
obtaining a sample of the solvent.
anisotropy of the molecular fluxes within the chamber.
4.4 Thevacuumchamberisthensealedandevacuated;after
5.8 The procedure is sensitive to both the partial pressures
−6
reachingapressureoflessthan1mPa(8×10 torr),acoolant
of the gases that form the condensibles and the time of
is flowed through the cold finger so that materials in the
exposure of the cold finger at coolant temperatures.
ambient environment can adhere to the surface. Generally,
5.9 The procedure is sensitive to any losses of sample that
liquid nitrogen is used as the coolant. Other coolants may be
may occur during the various transfer operations and during
used provided that the coolant temperature is controlled and
that procedure wherein the solvent is evaporated by heating it
reported. This coolant flow is continued until the chamber
on a steam bath.
pressure rises to greater than 80 kPa (600 torr) as the chamber
isbeingreturnedtoroomambientconditionsusingdrygaseous
NOTE 1—Reactions between solvent and condensate can occur and
nitrogen. (Warning—Too rapid a repressurization may dis-
would affect the analysis.
lodge some of the condensate.)
6. Apparatus
4.5 As soon as possible after the chamber door is opened,
the solvent is poured over the cold finger and a sample 6.1 The apparatus used in this procedure is termed a cold
containing any residue from the cold finger is collected. A finger. Fig. 1 is a drawing of the cold finger. The cold finger
second sample of the solvent is obtained if the solvent is taken consists of a stainless steel cylinder approximately 50 mm in
from a container different than that used under 4.3. diameter and 100 mm high. The base of the cylinder is
E834 − 09 (2015)
extended to form a lip or trap annulus approximately 10 mm 9.2.1 Pour approximately 100 mL of solvent over the cold
highwithadiameterof75mmsothatfluidpouredoverthetop finger. (Do not splash alcohol on the chamber shroud.) Pour at
of the cylinder and running down the sides can be captured.A such a rate that the trap annulus is filled to overflowing. Catch
small drain is provided in this lip and the fluid can drain this fluid in a basin or similar container and discard it.
throughthisapertureintoareceptacle.Twotubesenterthecold
9.2.2 Pour50mLofthesolventoverthecoldfinger.Donot
finger through the base, one providing the inlet and the other overflow the trap annulus. Catch the solvent directly with a
theoutletforthecoolant.Temperaturesshallbemonitored.The clean sample bottle. Label this bottle Pretest Sample.
coolant recommended in this pract
...


This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E834 − 09 E834 − 09 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Practice for
Determining Vacuum Chamber Gaseous Environment Using
a Cold Finger
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E834; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers a technique for collecting samples of materials that are part of the residual gas environment of an
evacuated vacuum chamber. The practice uses a device designated as a “cold finger” that is placed within the environment to be
sampled and is cooled so that constituents of the environment are retained on the cold-finger surface.
1.2 The practice covers a method for obtaining a sample from the cold finger and determining the weight of the material
removed from the cold finger.
1.3 The practice contains recommendations as to ways in which the sample may be analyzed to identify the constituents that
comprise the sample.
1.4 By determining the species that constitute the sample, the practice may be used to assist in defining the source of the
constituents and whether the sample is generally representative of samples similarly obtained from the vacuum chamber itself.
1.5 This practice covers alternative approaches and usages to which the practice can be put.
1.6 The degree of molecular flux anisotropy significantly affects the assurance with which one can attribute characteristics
determined by this procedure to the vacuum chamber environment in general.
1.7 The temperature of the cold finger significantly affects the quantity and species of materials collected.
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 8.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
3. Terminology
3.1 pretest cold finger sample residue mass, M —the mass of material collected from the cold finger during the pretest operation
i
and as measured by the techniques specified in Section 9. The mass is based on a sample volume of 50 mL.
3.2 posttest stock sample residue mass, M —the mass of residue in a sample collected from the cold finger during the posttest
f
operation and as measured by the technique specified in Section 9. The mass is based on a sample volume of 50 mL.
3.3 pretest stock sample residue mass, S —the mass of residue in a sample of the solvent (used to obtain the pretest cold finger
i
sample) as measured by the technique specified in Section 9. The mass is based on a sample volume of 50 mL.
3.4 posttest stock sample residue mass, S — the mass of residue in a sample of the solvent (used to obtain the posttest cold finger
f
sample) as measured by the technique specified in Section 9. The mass is based on a sample volume of 50 mL.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E21 on Space Simulation and Applications of Space Technology and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E21.05 on Contamination.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009Oct. 1, 2015. Published December 2009November 2015. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 20042009
as E834 – 04.E834 – 09. DOI: 10.1520/E0834-09.10.1520/E0834-09R15.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E834 − 09 (2015)
3.5 cold finger—the device that is used in collecting the sample of the residual gases in an evacuated vacuum chamber (see Fig.
1).
3.6 CFR—the residue collected by the cold finger during the vacuum exposure given in milligrams.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 The cold-finger technique provides a method for characterizing the ambiance in a vacuum chamber when the chamber is
being operated with or without a test item.
4.2 In use, the cold finger is installed in the vacuum chamber in such a location as to be exposed to fluxes representative of those
in the general ambiance. (Chamber conditions that will exist under vacuum conditions must be considered so as to assess the effects
of molecular flux anisotropy.)
4.3 The cold finger is cleaned before the vacuum exposure and a sample of any residue on the surface is obtained. The pretest
cleaning and sampling procedure consists of (a) heating the cold finger and scrubbing it with a solution of laboratory detergent
and water; (b) rinsing the cold finger with demineralized or distilled water; (c) rinsing the cold finger with isolpropanl as the
solvent; (d) obtaining a sample of any residue contained in a second rinse with solvent; and (e) obtaining a sample of the solvent.
−6
4.4 The vacuum chamber is then sealed and evacuated; after reaching a pressure of less than 1 mPa (8 × 10 torr), a coolant
is flowed through the cold finger so that materials in the ambient environment can adhere to the surface. Generally, liquid nitrogen
is used as the coolant. Other coolants may be used provided that the coolant temperature is controlled and reported. This coolant
flow is continued until the chamber pressure rises to greater than 80 kPa (600 torr) as the chamber is being returned to room
ambient conditions using dry gaseous nitrogen. (Warning—Too rapid a repressurization may dislodge some of the condensate.)
4.5 As soon as possible after the chamber door is opened, the solvent is poured over the cold finger and a sample containing
any residue from the cold finger is collected. A second sample of the solvent is obtained if the solvent is taken from a container
different than that used under 4.3.
4.6 Both the pretest and posttest samples are placed in previously cleaned and weighed evaporating dishes. The dishes
containing the samples are placed on a steam bath and the solvent is evaporated. The dishes containing the residue are then weighed
using an analytical balance. The samples of the solvent are similarly handled and any residue weighed. The differences of mass
between the pretest residue and posttest residue is then determined (corrected if necessary for any significant residue found in the
solvent); this difference in mass is taken as the residue collected by the cold finger during its exposure to the vacuum environment,
CFR.
4.7 Analytical procedures such as infrared spectroscopy or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry may be used to identify
those species that constitute the residue.
FIG. 1 Typical Cold Finger Assembly
E834 − 09 (2015)
5. Significance and Use
5.1 When applied in the case in which there is no test item in the vacuum chamber (such as during bake-out operations), this
procedure may be used to evaluate the performance of the vacuum chamber in relation to other data from the same or other
chambers given that critical parameters (for example, length of exposure, temperature of the chamber and cold finger, anisotropy,
and so forth) can be related.
5.2 The procedure can be used to evaluate the effects of materials found in the residue on items placed in the vacuum chamber.
5.3 The procedure can be used to describe the effect of a prior test on the residual gases within a vacuum chamber.
5.4 By selecting the time at which the coolant is introduced into the cold finger, the environment present during a selected
portion of a test can be characterized. This can be used to determine the relative efficacy of certain vacuum chamber procedures
such as bake-out.
5.5 The procedure may be used to define the outgassed products of a test item that condense on the cold finger.
5.6 The procedure may be used in defining the relative cleanliness of a vacuum chamber.
5.7 In applying the results of the procedure to the vacuum chamber in general, consideration must be given to the anisotropy
of the molecular fluxes within the chamber.
5.8 The procedure is sensitive to both the partial pressures of the gases that form the condensibles and the time of exposure of
the cold finger at coolant temperatures.
5.9 The procedure is sensitive to any losses of sample that may occur during the various transfer operations and during that
procedure wherein the solvent is evaporated by heating it on a steam bath.
NOTE 1—Reactions between solvent and condensate can occur and would affect the analysis.
6. Apparatus
6.1 The apparatus used in this procedure is termed a cold finger. Fig. 1 is a drawing of the cold finger. The cold finger consists
of a stainless steel cylinder approximately 50 mm in diameter and 100 mm high. The base of the cylinder is extended to form a
lip or trap annulus approximately 10 mm high with a diameter of 75 mm so that fluid poured over the top of the cylinder and
running down the sides can be captured. A small drain is provided in this lip and the fluid can drain through this aperture into a
receptacle. Two tubes enter the cold finger through the base, one providing the inlet and the other the outlet for the coolant.
Temperatures shall be monitored. The coolant recommended in this practice is liquid nitrogen. The apparatus should be thoroughly
cleaned after the manufacture.
6.2 Containers must not react with the solvents. Glass, austenitic stainless steels, or PTFE generally are acceptable.
7. Reagents
7.1 Spectroscopic grade isopropanol is isopropyl alcohol having a gas chromatograph (
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When applied in the case in which there is no test item in the vacuum chamber (such as during bake-out operations), this procedure may be used to evaluate the performance of the vacuum chamber in relation to other data from the same or other chambers given that critical parameters (for example, length of exposure, temperature of the chamber and cold finger, anisotropy, and so forth) can be related.  
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5.4 By selecting the time at which the coolant is introduced into the cold finger, the environment present during a selected portion of a test can be characterized. This can be used to determine the relative efficacy of certain vacuum chamber procedures such as bake-out.  
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5.7 In applying the results of the procedure to the vacuum chamber in general, consideration must be given to the anisotropy of the molecular fluxes within the chamber.  
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1.1 This practice covers a technique for collecting samples of materials that are part of the residual gas environment of an evacuated vacuum chamber. The practice uses a device designated as a “cold finger” that is placed within the environment to be sampled and is cooled so that constituents of the environment are retained on the cold-finger surface.  
1.2 The practice covers a method for obtaining a sample from the cold finger and determining the weight of the material removed from the cold finger.  
1.3 The practice contains recommendations as to ways in which the sample may be analyzed to identify the constituents that comprise the sample.  
1.4 By determining the species that constitute the sample, the practice may be used to assist in defining the source of the constituents and whether the sample is generally representative of samples similarly obtained from the vacuum chamber itself.  
1.5 This practice covers alternative approaches and usages to which the practice can be put.  
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1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 8.  
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1.2 Appendix X1 contains additional sources of information that may be helpful to the user of this guide.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4991-07(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Leakage Testing of Empty Rigid Containers by Vacuum Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Containers may be pressurized in accordance with this test method without modification to the closure or to the body of the container. This test method may be used for testing rigid containers intended for the transportation of some liquids by air in accordance with the ICAO TIs or in accordance with the UN TDG.  
5.2 This test method establishes the point at which leakage commences, with a limit of approximately 95 kPa (13.8 psi) differential. See Test Method D3078 for flexible packages.  
5.3 This test method may not be suitable for some packages, such as packages with paper cap seals, where the test fluid may rapidly deteriorate the packaging.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing of empty containers for resistance to leakage under differential pressure conditions such as those which can occur during air transport. It is suitable for testing rigid containers intended for the transportation of some hazardous liquids in accordance with the United Nations Recommendations On The Transport Of Dangerous Goods (UN TDG) and the International Civil Aviation Organization Technical Instructions For The Safe Transport Of Dangerous Goods By Air (ICAO TIs).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E834-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Vacuum Chamber Gaseous Environment Using a Cold Finger

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When applied in the case in which there is no test item in the vacuum chamber (such as during bake-out operations), this procedure may be used to evaluate the performance of the vacuum chamber in relation to other data from the same or other chambers given that critical parameters (for example, length of exposure, temperature of the chamber and cold finger, anisotropy, and so forth) can be related.  
5.2 The procedure can be used to evaluate the effects of materials found in the residue on items placed in the vacuum chamber.  
5.3 The procedure can be used to describe the effect of a prior test on the residual gases within a vacuum chamber.  
5.4 By selecting the time at which the coolant is introduced into the cold finger, the environment present during a selected portion of a test can be characterized. This can be used to determine the relative efficacy of certain vacuum chamber procedures such as bake-out.  
5.5 The procedure may be used to define the outgassed products of a test item that condense on the cold finger.  
5.6 The procedure may be used in defining the relative cleanliness of a vacuum chamber.  
5.7 In applying the results of the procedure to the vacuum chamber in general, consideration must be given to the anisotropy of the molecular fluxes within the chamber.  
5.8 The procedure is sensitive to both the partial pressures of the gases that form the condensibles and the time of exposure of the cold finger at coolant temperatures.  
5.9 The procedure is sensitive to any losses of sample that may occur during the various transfer operations and during that procedure wherein the solvent is evaporated by heating it on a steam bath.
Note 1: Reactions between solvent and condensate can occur and would affect the analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a technique for collecting samples of materials that are part of the residual gas environment of an evacuated vacuum chamber. The practice uses a device designated as a “cold finger” that is placed within the environment to be sampled and is cooled so that constituents of the environment are retained on the cold-finger surface.  
1.2 The practice covers a method for obtaining a sample from the cold finger and determining the weight of the material removed from the cold finger.  
1.3 The practice contains recommendations as to ways in which the sample may be analyzed to identify the constituents that comprise the sample.  
1.4 By determining the species that constitute the sample, the practice may be used to assist in defining the source of the constituents and whether the sample is generally representative of samples similarly obtained from the vacuum chamber itself.  
1.5 This practice covers alternative approaches and usages to which the practice can be put.  
1.6 The degree of molecular flux anisotropy significantly affects the assurance with which one can attribute characteristics determined by this procedure to the vacuum chamber environment in general.  
1.7 The temperature of the cold finger significantly affects the quantity and species of materials collected.  
1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 8.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E595-15(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Total Mass Loss and Collected Volatile Condensable Materials from Outgassing in a Vacuum Environment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method evaluates, under carefully controlled conditions, the changes in the mass of a test specimen on exposure under vacuum to a temperature of 125 °C and the mass of those products that leave the specimen and condense on a collector at a temperature of 25 °C.  
5.2 The 24 h test time does not represent actual outgassing from years of operation, so a higher test temperature shorter time was selected to allow material comparisons with no intent to predict actual outgassing in service. The test temperature of 125 °C was assumed to be significantly above the expected operating temperature in service. If expected operating temperatures exceed 65 to 70 °C the test temperature should be increased. It is suggested that test temperature be at least 30 °C higher than expected maximum service temperature in order to provide material comparisons for TML and CVCM.  
5.3 Comparisons of material outgassing properties are valid at 125 °C sample temperature and 25°C collector temperature only. Samples tested at other temperatures may be compared only with other materials which were tested at that same temperature.  
5.4 The measurements of the collected volatile condensable material are also comparable and valid only for similar collector geometry and surfaces at 25 °C. Samples have been tested at sample temperatures from 50 to 400 °C and at collector temperatures from 1 to 30 °C by this test technique. Data taken at nonstandard conditions must be clearly identified and should not be compared with samples tested at 125 °C sample temperature and 25 °C collector temperature.  
5.5 The simulation of the vacuum of space in this test method does not require that the pressure be as low as that encountered in interplanetary flight (for example, 10−12 Pa (10−14  torr)). It is sufficient that the pressure be low enough that the mean free path of gas molecules be long in comparison to chamber dimensions.  
5.6 This method of screening materials is considered a conservativ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a screening technique to determine volatile content of materials when exposed to a vacuum environment. Two parameters are measured: total mass loss (TML) and collected volatile condensable materials (CVCM). An additional parameter, the amount of water vapor regained (WVR), can also be obtained after completion of exposures and measurements required for TML and CVCM.  
1.2 This test method describes the test apparatus and related operating procedures for evaluating the mass loss of materials being subjected to 125 °C at less than 7 × 10−3 Pa (5 × 10−5 torr) for 24 h. The overall mass loss can be classified into noncondensables and condensables. The latter are characterized herein as being capable of condensing on a collector at a temperature of 25°C.  
Note 1: Unless otherwise noted, the tolerance on 25 and 125 °C is ±1 °C and on 23 °C is ±2 °C. The tolerance on relative humidity is ±5 %.  
1.3 Many types of organic, polymeric, and inorganic materials can be tested. These include polymer potting compounds, foams, elastomers, films, tapes, insulations, shrink tubings, adhesives, coatings, fabrics, tie cords, and lubricants. The materials may be tested in the “as-received” condition or prepared for test by various curing specifications.  
1.4 This test method is primarily a screening technique for materials and is not necessarily valid for computing actual contamination on a system or component because of differences in configuration, temperatures, and material processing.  
1.5 The criteria used for the acceptance and rejection of materials shall be determined by the user and based upon specific component and system requirements. Historically, TML of 1.00 % and CVCM of 0.10 % have been used as screening levels for rejection of spacecraft materials.  
1.6 The use of materials that are deemed acceptable in accordance with this test method does not ensure that the system or component will rem...

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ASTM E2734/E2734M-10(2018)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Dimensions of Knife-Edge Flanges

SCOPE
1.1 This standard specifies the dimensions of knife-edge style flanges and their associated gaskets used in vacuum systems for pressures ranging from 105 Pa to 10-11 Pa. Such flanges are widely used throughout vacuum technology applications in semiconductor processing tools, surface analysis systems, space simulation systems, and general research requiring vacuum.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6152/D6152M-12(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for SEBS-Modified Mopping Asphalt Used in Roofing

ABSTRACT
This specification covers SEBS (styrene-ethylenebutylene-styrene)-modified mopping asphalt intended for use in built-up roof construction, construction of some modified bitumen systems, construction of bituminous vapor retarder systems, and for adhering insulation boards used in various types of roofing systems. This specification is intended as a material specification and issues regarding the suitability of specific roof constructions or application techniques are beyond its scope. The specified tests and property values are intended to establish minimum properties. In place system design criteria or performance attributes are factors beyond the scope of this specification. The base asphalt shall be prepared from crude petroleum and the SEBS-modified asphalt shall incorporate sufficient SEBS as the primary polymeric modifier. The SEBS modified asphalt shall be homogeneous and free of water and shall conform to the prescribed physical properties including (1) softening point before and after heat exposure, (2) softening point change, (3) flash point, (4) penetration before and after heat exposure, (5) penetration change, (6) solubility in trichloroethylene, (7) tensile elongation, (8) elastic recovery, and (9) low temperature flexibility. The sampling and test methods to determine compliance with the specified physical properties, as well as the evaluation for stability during heat exposure are detailed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers SEBS (styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene)-modified asphalt intended for use in built-up roof construction, construction of some modified bitumen systems, construction of bituminous vapor retarder systems, and for adhering insulation boards used in various types of roof systems.  
1.2 This specification is intended as a material specification. Issues regarding the suitability of specific roof constructions or application techniques are beyond its scope.  
1.3 The specified tests and property values used to characterize SEBS-modified asphalt are intended to establish minimum properties. In-place system design criteria or performance attributes are factors beyond the scope of this specification.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5643/D5643M-06(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Coal Tar Roof Cement, Asbestos Free

ABSTRACT
This specification covers coal tar roof cement suitable for trowel application in coal tar roofing and flashing systems. The chemical composition of coal tar roof cement shall conform to the requirements prescribed. The water, non-volatile matter, insoluble matter, behaviour at 60 deg. C, adhesion to wet surfaces, and flash point shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers coal tar roof cement suitable for trowel application in coal tar roofing and flashing systems.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D396-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

ABSTRACT
This specification covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades include the following: Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 for use in domestic and small industrial burners; Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel; Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 (Heavy) for use in commercial/industrial burners; and Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 for use in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. The grades of fuel oil shall be homogeneous hydrocarbon oils, free from inorganic acid, and free from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter. Grades containing residual components shall remain uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The grades of fuel oil shall conform to the limiting requirements prescribed for: (1) flash point, (2) water and sediment, (3) physical distillation or simulated distillation, (4) kinematic viscosity, (5) Ramsbottom carbon residue, (6) ash, (7) sulfur, (8) copper strip corrosion, (9) density, and (10) pour point. The test methods for determining conformance to the specified properties are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel.  
1.1.2 Grades B6–B20 S5000, B6–B20 S500, and B6–B20 S15 are middle distillate fuel/biodiesel blends for use in domestic and small industrial burners.  
1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.  
1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.  
Note 1: For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
Note 2: A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.  
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the industry.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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