ASTM D4283-98
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Viscosity of Silicone Fluids
Standard Test Method for Viscosity of Silicone Fluids
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the kine- matic viscosity of silicone fluids for polish applications.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 4283 – 98
Standard Test Method for
Viscosity of Silicone Fluids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4283; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4.2 Constant Temperature Bath,of25 6 0.2 °C.
4.3 Cleaning Solution for Viscometers, such as toluene,
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the kine-
alcoholic KOH.
matic viscosity of silicone fluids for polish applications.
4.4 Fluid Standards, for calibrating viscometers.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.5 Stopwatch.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and
5. Preparation of Sample—
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
5.1 After charging the fluid to the selected viscometer and
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
placing it in the constant temperature bath, keep in bath for a
2. Referenced Documents minimum of 15 min to reach the proper temperature level.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
6. Calibration
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
6.1 Viscometer Constant (F)—Consult the manufacturer’s
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
2 instructions for calibrating individual viscometers.
Viscosity)
7. Procedure
3. Significance and Use
7.1 Follow manufacturer’s directions for using their vis-
3.1 The viscosity of silicone fluids is typically measured by
cometers.
kinematic viscosity. Test Method D 445 describes the basics
and background for this measurement. The purpose of this test
8. Calculation
method is to set forth specific conditions and recommend
8.1 Calculate the viscosity of silicone fluids as follows:
apparatus for measuring viscosity of silicone fluids.
Efflux Time ~s!3 Viscometer Constant ~F!5 Viscosity ~cSt!
4. Apparatus
9. Precision and Bias
4.1 Viscometer Recommend
...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The viscosity of silicone fluids is typically measured by kinematic viscosity. Test Method D445 describes the basics and background for this measurement. The purpose of this test method is to set forth specific conditions and recommend apparatus for measuring viscosity of silicone fluids.
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the kinematic viscosity of silicone fluids for polish applications.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
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1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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5.1 This test method measures a lubricant's ability to protect hypoid final drive axles from abrasive wear, adhesive wear, plastic deformation, and surface fatigue when subjected to low-speed, high-torque conditions. Lack of protection can lead to premature gear or bearing failure, or both.
5.2 This test method is used, or referred to, in specifications and classifications of rear-axle gear lubricants such as:
5.2.1 Specification D7450.
5.2.2 American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication 1560.
5.2.3 SAE J308.
5.2.4 SAE J2360.
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1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the L-37-1 test, describes a test procedure for evaluating the load-carrying capacity, wear performance, and extreme pressure properties of a gear lubricant in a hypoid axle under conditions of low-speed, high-torque operation.3
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as National Pipe threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source supply equipment specification.
1.2.1.1 The drawing in Annex A6 is in inch-pound units.
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5.1 This test method was developed to evaluate the oxidation resistance performance of engine oils in turbocharged and intercooled four-cycle diesel engines equipped with EGR and running on ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. Obtain results from used oil analysis and component measurements before and after test.
5.2 The test method may be used for engine oil specification acceptance when all details of the procedure are followed.
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1.1 This test method covers an engine test procedure for evaluating diesel engine oils for oxidation performance characteristics in an engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and running on ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel.2 This test method is commonly referred to as the Volvo T-13.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 Exception—Where there is no direct SI equivalent, such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, and single source supply equipment specifications.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A10 for specific safety precautions.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to evaluate the viscosity increase and soot concentration (loading) performance of engine oils in turbocharged and intercooled four-cycle diesel engines equipped with EGR. Obtain results from used oil analysis.
5.2 The test method can be used for engine oil specification acceptance when all details of the procedure are followed.
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1.1 This test method covers an engine test procedure for evaluating diesel engine oils for performance characteristics in a diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation, including viscosity increase and soot concentrations (loading).2 This test method is commonly referred to as the Mack T-11.
1.1.1 This test method also provides the procedure for running an abbreviated length test, which is commonly referred to as the T-11A. The procedures for the T-11A are identical to the T-11 with the exception of the items specifically listed in Annex A7. Additionally, the procedure modifications listed in Annex A7 refer to the corresponding section of the T-11 procedure.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source supply equipment specification.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Final drive axles are often subjected to severe service where they encounter high speed shock torque conditions, characterized by sudden accelerations and decelerations. This severe service can lead to scoring distress on the ring gear and pinion surface. This test method measures anti-scoring properties of final drive lubricants.
5.2 This test method is used or referred to in the following documents:
5.2.1 American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication 1560.7
5.2.2 SAE J308 and SAE J2360.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the anti-scoring properties of final drive axle lubricating oils when subjected to high-speed and shock conditions. This test method is commonly referred to as the L-42 test.2
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, and single source equipment suppliers.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fluid analysis is one of the pillars in determining fluid and equipment conditions. The results of fluid analysis are used for planning corrective maintenance activities, if required.
5.2 The objective of a proper fluid sampling process is to obtain a representative fluid sample from critical location(s) that can provide information on both the equipment and the condition of the lubricant or hydraulic fluid.
5.3 The additional objective is to reduce the probability of outside contamination of the system and the fluid sample during the sampling process.
5.4 The intent of this guide is to help users in obtaining representative and repeatable fluid samples in a safe manner while preventing system and fluid sample contamination.
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1.1 This guide is applicable for collecting representative fluid samples for the effective condition monitoring of steam and gas turbine lubrication and generator cooling gas sealing systems in the power generation industry. In addition, this guide is also applicable for collecting representative samples from power generation auxiliary equipment including hydraulic systems.
1.2 The fluid may be used for lubrication of turbine-generator bearings and gears, for sealing generator cooling gas as well as a hydraulic fluid for the control system. The fluid is typically supplied by dedicated pumps to different points in the system from a common or separate reservoirs. Some large steam turbine lubrication systems may also have a separate high pressure pump to allow generation of a hydrostatic fluid film for the most heavily loaded bearings prior to rotation. For some components, the lubricating fluid may be provided in the form of splashing formed by the system components moving through fluid surfaces at atmospheric pressure.
1.3 Turbine lubrication and hydraulic systems are primarily lubricated with petroleum based fluids but occasionally also use synthetic fluids.
1.4 For large lubrication and hydraulic turbine systems, it may be beneficial to extract multiple samples from different locations for determining the condition of a specific component.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard.
1.5.1 The values given in parentheses are for information only.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to evaluate automotive engine oils for protection of engines against bearing weight loss.
5.2 This test method is also used to evaluate the SIG capabilities of multiviscosity-graded oils.
5.3 Correlation of test results with those obtained in automotive service has not been established.
5.4 Use—The Sequence VIII test method is useful for engine oil specification acceptance. It is used in specifications and classifications of engine lubricating oils, such as the following:
5.4.1 Specification D4485.
5.4.2 API Publication 1509 Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System.7
5.4.3 SAE Classification J304.
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1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of automotive engine oils (SAE grades 0W, 5W, 10W, 20, 30, 40, and 50, and multi-viscosity grades) intended for use in spark-ignition gasoline engines. The test procedure is conducted using a carbureted, spark-ignition Cooperative Lubrication Research (CLR) Oil Test Engine (also referred to as the Sequence VIII test engine in this test method) run on unleaded fuel. An oil is evaluated for its ability to protect the engine and the oil from deterioration under high-temperature and severe service conditions. The test method can also be used to evaluate the viscosity stability of multi-viscosity-graded oils. Companion test methods used to evaluate engine oil performance for specification requirements are discussed in the latest revision of Specification D4485.
1.2 Correlation of test results with those obtained in automotive service has not been established. Furthermore, the results obtained in this test are not necessarily indicative of results that will be obtained in a full-scale automotive spark-ignition or compression-ignition engine, or in an engine operated under conditions different from those of the test. The test can be used to compare one oil with another.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 Exceptions—The values stated in inch-pounds for certain tube measurements, screw thread specifications, and sole source supply equipment are to be regarded as standard.
1.3.1.1 The bearing wear in the text is measured in grams and described as weight loss, a non-SI term.
1.4 This test method is arranged as follows:
Subject
Section
Introduction
Scope
1
Referenced Documents
2
Terminology
3
Summary of Test Method
4
Before Test Starts
4.1
Power Section Installation
4.2
Engine Operation (Break-in)
4.3
Engine Operation (Test/Samples)
4.4
Stripped Viscosity
4.5
Test Completion (BWL)
4.6
Significance and Use
5
Evaluation of Automotive oils
5.1
Stay in Grade Capabilities
5.2
Correlation of Results
5.3
Use
5.4
Apparatus
6
Test Engineering, Inc.
6.1
Fabricated or Specially Prepared Items
6.2
Instruments and Controls
6.3
Procurement of Parts
6.4
Reagents and Materials
7
Reagents
7.1
Cleaning Materials
7.2
Expendable Power Section-Related Items
7.3
Power Section Coolant
7.4
Reference Oils
7.5
Test Fuel
7.6
Test Oil Sample Requirements
8
Selection
8.1
Inspection
8.2
Quantity
8.3
Preparation of Apparatus
9
Test Stand Preparation
9.1
Conditioning Test Run on Power Section
9.2
General Power Section Rebuild Instructions
9.3
Reconditioning of Power Section After Each Test
9.4
Calibration
10
Power Section and Test Stand Calibration
10.1
Instrumentation Calibration
10.2
Calibration of AFR Measurement Equipment
10.3
Calibration of Torque Wrenches
10.4
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The linear flame propagation rate of a sample is a property that is relevant to the overall assessment of the flammability or relative ignitability of fire resistance lubricants and hydraulic fluids. It is intended to be used as a bench-scale test for distinguishing between the relative resistance to ignition of such materials. It is not intended to be used for the evaluation of the relative flammability of flammable, extremely flammable, or volatile fuels, solvents, or chemicals.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear flame propagation rates of lubricating oils and hydraulic fluids supported on the surfaces of and impregnated into ceramic fiber media. Data thus generated are to be used for the comparison of relative flammability.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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5.2 The determination of the saturates, aromatics, and polar compounds and further analysis of the fractions produced is often used as a research method to aid understanding of oil effects in rubber and other uses.
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for classifying oil samples of initial boiling point of at least 260 °C (500 °F) into the hydrocarbon types of polar compounds, aromatics and saturates, and recovery of representative fractions of these types. This classification is used for specification purposes in rubber extender and processing oils.
Note 1: See Test Method D2226.
1.2 This test method is not directly applicable to oils of greater than 0.1 % by mass pentane insolubles. Such oils can be analyzed after removal of these materials, but precision is degraded (see Appendix X1).
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to assist the user, in particular the power-plant operations and maintenance departments, to maintain effective lubrication of all parts of the turbine and guard against the onset of problems associated with oil degradation and contamination. The values of the various test parameters mentioned in this practice are purely indicative. In fact, for proper interpretation of the results, many factors, such as type of equipment, operation workload, design of the lubricating oil circuit, and top-up level, should be taken into account.
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1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effective monitoring of mineral turbine oils in service in steam and gas turbines, as individual or combined cycle turbines, used for power generation. This practice includes sampling and testing schedules to validate the condition of the lubricant through its life cycle and by ensuring required improvements to bring the present condition of the lubricant within the acceptable targets. This practice is not intended for condition monitoring of lubricants for auxiliary equipment; it is recommended that the appropriate practice be consulted (see Practice D6224).
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