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ASTM D7215-08

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Calculated Flash Point from Simulated Distillation Analysis of Distillate Fuels

Standard Test Method for Calculated Flash Point from Simulated Distillation Analysis of Distillate Fuels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The flash point temperature is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties that must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.
Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials. Consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications.
Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable materials in a relatively non-volatile or non-flammable material.
In cases where Test Method D 2887 data are available, that is, for determination of boiling range distribution or calculation of other physical properties, this test method provides a calculation method for flash point without performing an additional analysis. Table 1 shows the ranges for the IBP, 5%, and 10% results for each equation.
In the case where the flash point of a fuel has been initially established, the calculated flash point is useful as a flash point check on subsequent samples of that fuel, provided its source and mode of manufacture remain unchanged.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculated flash point formula, which represents a means for directly estimating the flash point temperature of distillate fuels from Test Method D 2887 data. The value computed from the equation is termed the “calculated flash point.” The calculated flash point formula is applicable to diesel fuel samples based on a correlation to Test Method D 93 over the range from 47 to 99°C, and to jet fuel samples based on a correlation to Test Method D 56 and Test Method D 3828 over the range from 35 to 67°C.
1.2 The calculated flash point formula is valid for diesel and jet fuels with an IBP between 90 and 162°C (194 and 324°F), Test Method D 2887 5% recovery temperature between 136 and 207°C (277 and 405°F), and Test Method D 2887 10% recovery temperature between 142 and 222°C (288 and 432°F). For each flash point test method (Test Method D 56, Test Method D 93, and Test Method D 3828) a separate equation has been established. See 4.4 for a detailed overview of the simulated distillation IBP, 5%, and 10% ranges per equation.
1.3 A calculated diagnostic parameter, not exceeding a given threshold value, is a prerequisite for acceptance of the calculated flash point.
1.4 The diagnostic parameter MSPEX (Mean Summed Prediction Error) checks the sample compliance, based on reconstruction of TIBP, T5%, and T10% of the sample, via a calculation procedure. A value for MSPEX not exceeding the threshold level of 1.9°C is a prerequisite for accepting the calculated flash point, CFP.
Note 1—It is important to note that calculated flash point results, at this time, are not recognized by regulatory organizations in verifying conformance to applicable regulations.
Note 2—The calculated flash point derived from simulated distillation data depends upon the accuracy of determination of the IBP temperature and the 5% and 10% recovery temperatures.
Note 3—If the user's specification requires a defined flash point test method other than this test method, neither this test method nor any other test method should be substituted for the prescribed test method without obtaining comparative data and an agreement from the specifier.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2008
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0K - Correlative Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7215-08(2013) - Standard Test Method for Calculated Flash Point from Simulated Distillation Analysis of Distillate Fuels
Effective Date
01-May-2013

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ASTM D7215-08 - Standard Test Method for Calculated Flash Point from Simulated Distillation Analysis of Distillate FuelsASTM D7215-08 - Standard Test Method for Calculated Flash Point from Simulated Distillation Analysis of Distillate Fuels
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ASTM D7215-08 - Standard Test Method for Calculated Flash Point from Simulated Distillation Analysis of Distillate Fuels
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7215 − 08
StandardTest Method for
Calculated Flash Point from Simulated Distillation Analysis
of Distillate Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7215; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
obtaining comparative data and an agreement from the specifier.
1. Scope
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
1.1 This test method covers the calculated flash point
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
formula, which represents a means for directly estimating the
only.
flash point temperature of distillate fuels from Test Method
D2887 data. The value computed from the equation is termed
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the “calculated flash point.” The calculated flash point formula
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
is applicable to diesel fuel samples based on a correlation to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Test Method D93 over the range from 47 to 99°C, and to jet
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
fuel samples based on a correlation to Test Method D56 and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Test Method D3828 over the range from 35 to 67°C.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 The calculated flash point formula is valid for diesel and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
jet fuels with an IBP between 90 and 162°C (194 and 324°F),
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
TestMethodD28875%recoverytemperaturebetween136and
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
207°C(277and405°F),andTestMethodD288710%recovery
Closed Cup Tester
temperaturebetween142and222°C(288and432°F).Foreach
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
flash point test method (Test Method D56, Test Method D93,
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
and Test Method D3828) a separate equation has been estab-
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-
lished. See 4.4 for a detailed overview of the simulated
troleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
distillation IBP, 5%, and 10% ranges per equation.
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed
1.3 A calculated diagnostic parameter, not exceeding a
Cup Tester
given threshold value, is a prerequisite for acceptance of the
D6708 Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement
calculated flash point.
of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that
1.4 The diagnostic parameter MSPE (Mean Summed
Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material
X
Prediction Error) checks the sample compliance, based on
3. Terminology
reconstruction of T ,T , and T of the sample, via a
IBP 5% 10%
calculation procedure. A value for MSPE not exceeding the
3.1 Definitions:
X
threshold level of 1.9°C is a prerequisite for accepting the
3.1.1 diesel fuel, n—fuel for diesel engines, as described in
calculated flash point, CFP.
Specification D975.
NOTE1—Itisimportanttonotethatcalculatedflashpointresults,atthis
3.1.2 flash point, n—lowest temperature, corrected to a
time, are not recognized by regulatory organizations in verifying confor-
pressure of 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg), at which application of an
mance to applicable regulations.
ignition source causes the vapors of a specimen of the sample
NOTE 2—The calculated flash point derived from simulated distillation
data depends upon the accuracy of determination of the IBP temperature
to ignite under specified conditions of test.
and the 5% and 10% recovery temperatures.
3.1.3 jet fuel (kerosene type), n—aviation turbine fuel as
NOTE 3—If the user’s specification requires a defined flash point test
described in Specification D1655.
method other than this test method, neither this test method nor any other
test method should be substituted for the prescribed test method without
3.1.4 simulated distillation, n— distillation, simulated by
gas chromatography, to obtain a boiling range distribution.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
D02.04.0K on Correlative Methods. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published March 2008. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D7215-08. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7215 − 08
TABLE 1 Overview
IBP 5% 10%
Min temp Max temp Min temp Max temp Min temp Max temp
Test Method D93 Diesel 103°C (217°F) 163°C (326°F) 144°C (291°F) 210°C (410°F) 159°C (318°F) 236°C (457°F)
Test Method D56 Jet Fuel 101°C (213°F) 136°C (277°F) 135°C (275°F) 169°C (337°F) 141°C (285°F) 183°C (362°F)
Test Method D3828 Jet Fuel 101°C (213°F) 136°C (277°F) 135°C (275°F) 169°C (337°F) 141°C (285°F) 183°C (362°F)
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 5.3 Compute the sample compliance mean sum of predic-
3.2.1 calculated flash point (CFP), n—flash point calculated tion errors of the recovery temperatures, MSPE of the
X
using this test method from the IBP, 5%, and 10% recovery specimen according to Eq 4:
temperature obtained from simulated distillation according to
MSPE
X
Test Method D2887.
2 2 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
@ #
5 = T 2 T 1@T 2 T # 1@T 2 T # @°C#
3.2.2 mean sum of prediction errors of variable X (MSPE ), IBP IBP 5% 5% 10% 10%
X
n—mean of summed prediction errors of the predictor
(4)
variables, that is, the recovery temperatures.
where T ,T , and T refer to the experimental sample
IBP 5% 10%
boiling point temperatures.
3.2.3 partial least squares (PLS) regression, n—extension
of the multiple linear regression model, specifying a linear
5.4 Compare MSPE to the critical value of 1.9°C. If
X
relationship between a dependent variable and a set of predic-
MSPE exceeds this critical value, then the sample is not
X
tor variables.
suitable for calculation of flash point according to this test
method. Do not proceed with this test method.
4. Significance and Use
6. Calculation
4.1 The flash point temperature is one measure of the
tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture 6.1 Calculation of the CFP using the appropriate Eq 5-7:
with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one 6.1.1 For correlation to Test Method D56:
of a number of properties that must be considered in assessing
CFP 5255.510.164·T 10.095·T 10.453·T @°C# (5)
D56 IBP 5% 10%
the overall flammability hazard of a material.
6.1.2 For correlation to Test Method D93:
4.2 Flash point is used in shipping
...

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ASTM
ASTM D7566-24a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture of aviation turbine fuel that consists of conventional and synthetic blending components.  
1.2 See Appendix X2 for an expanded description of the procedure for the production and blending of synthetic blend components.  
1.3 This specification applies only at the point of batch origination, as follows:  
1.3.1 Aviation turbine fuel manufactured, certified, and released to all the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566), meets the requirements of Specification D1655 and shall be regarded as Specification D1655 turbine fuel. Duplicate testing is not necessary; the same data may be used for both D7566 and D1655 compliance. Once the fuel is released to this specification (D7566) the unique requirements of this specification are no longer applicable: any recertification shall be done in accordance with Table 1 of Specification D1655.  
1.3.2 Any location at which blending of synthetic blending components specified in Annex A1 (FT SPK), Annex A2 (HEFA SPK), Annex A3 (SIP), Annex A4 synthesized paraffinic kerosine plus aromatics (SPK/A), Annex A5 (ATJ), Annex A6 catalytic hydrothermolysis jet (CHJ), Annex A7 (HC-HEFA SPK), or Annex A8 (ATJ-SKA) with D1655 fuel (which may on the whole or in part have originated as D7566 fuel) or with conventional blending components takes place shall be considered batch origination in which case all of the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566) apply and shall be evaluated. Short form conformance test programs commonly used to ensure transportation quality are not sufficient. The fuel shall be regarded as D1655 turbine fuel after certification and release as described in 1.3.1.  
1.3.3 Once a fuel is redesignated as D1655 aviation turbine fuel, it can be handled in the same fashion as the equivalent refined D1655 aviation turbine fuel.  
1.4 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for aviation turbine fuel that contain synthesized hydrocarbons and lists acceptable additives for use in civil operated engines and aircrafts. Specification D7566 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103, and IATA Guidance Material for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Management.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.7 While aviation turbine fuels defined by Table 1 of this specification can be used in applications other than aviation turbine engines, requirements for such other applications have not been considered in the development of this specification.  
1.8 Synthetic blending components and blends of synthetic blending components with conventional petroleum-derived fuels in this specification have been evaluated and approved in accordance with the principles established in Practice D4054.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This internati...

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ASTM
ASTM D1655-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for reciprocating aviation turbine engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation fuel for civil use: Jet A; and Jet A-1. The fuels shall be sampled and tested appropriately to examine their conformance to detailed requirements as to composition, volatility, fluidity, combustion, corrosion, thermal stability, contaminants, and additives.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for Jet A and Jet A-1 aviation turbine fuel and lists acceptable additives for use in civil and military operated engines and aircraft. Specification D1655 was developed initially for civil applications, but has also been adopted for military aircraft. Guidance information regarding the use of Jet A and Jet A-1 in specialized applications is available in the appendix.  
1.3 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.  
1.4 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.5 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.  
1.6 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. However, other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6371-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Cold Filter Plugging Point of Diesel and Heating Fuels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The CFPP of a fuel is suitable for estimating the lowest temperature at which a fuel will give trouble-free flow in certain fuel systems.  
5.2 In the case of diesel fuel used in European light duty trucks, the results are usually close to the temperature of failure in service except when the fuel system contains, for example, a paper filter installed in a location exposed to the weather or if the filter plugging temperature is more than 12 °C below the cloud point value in accordance with Test Method D2500, D5771, D5772, or D5773. Domestic heating installations are usually less critical and often operate satisfactorily at temperatures somewhat lower than those indicated by the test results.  
5.3 The difference in results obtained from the sample as received and after heat treatment at 45 °C for 30 min can be used to investigate complaints of unsatisfactory performance under low temperature conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) temperature of diesel and domestic heating fuels using either manual or automated apparatus.
Note 1: This test method is technically equivalent to test methods IP 309 and EN 116.  
1.2 The manual apparatus and automated apparatus are both suitable for referee purposes.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to distillate fuels, including those containing a flow-improving or other additive, intended for use in diesel engines and domestic heating installations.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific warning statements, see Section 7.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2156-09(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means of controlling smoke production in home heating equipment to an acceptable level. Excessive smoke density adversely affects efficiency by heat-exchanger fouling.  
5.2 The range of smoke densities covered by this test method is that which has been found particularly pertinent to home-heating application. It is more sensitive to small amounts of smoke than several other smoke tests as indicated in the following comparison:    
Smoke Spot
Number  
Icham, percent
Transmission  
Ringelman
Smoke Number  
0  
100  
0  
2  
95  
0  
4  
80  
0  
6  
54  
0  
8  
18  
0  
9  
0  
0  
9  
0  
0 to 5
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of smoke density in the flue gases from burning distillate fuels. It is intended primarily for use with home heating equipment burning kerosine or heating oils. It can be used in the laboratory or in the field to compare fuels for clean burning or to compare heating equipment.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Arbitrary and relative units are also used.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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