ASTM D804-12(2017)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Pine Chemicals, Including Tall Oil and Related Products
Standard Terminology Relating to Pine Chemicals, Including Tall Oil and Related Products
SCOPE
1.1 Although the pine chemical industry has been a continuing producer of chemical products for many centuries, the nature of the industry, its products, and its terminology have changed. In particular, the original practice of recovering pine chemical through the processing of the exudate from pine trees has been supplemented by their extraction by solvent products of the wood pulping industry. For many years the industry was known as the Naval Stores industry but that term has gradually been replaced by the more descriptive and meaningful term, Pine Chemicals Industry. Thus, this terminology contains some old terms now mostly of historic value, together with the terms of the modern pine chemical industry.2
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Designation: D804 − 12 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Terminology Relating to
Pine Chemicals, Including Tall Oil and Related Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D804; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope crude stripper oil, n—a by-product of the manufacture of
citrus juice, composed largely of d-limonene and containing
1.1 Although the pine chemical industry has been a con-
up to 1.5 % of aldehydes. (See also d-limonene.)
tinuing producer of chemical products for many centuries, the
nature of the industry, its products, and its terminology have
dipentene, n—chemically defined as the optically inactive
changed. In particular, the original practice of recovering pine
form of the monocyclic terpene hydrocarbon limonene.
chemical through the processing of the exudate from pine trees
DISCUSSION—Commercial dipentenes contain substantial portions of
has been supplemented by their extraction by solvent products
other monocyclic and bicyclic, as well as some oxygenated, terpenes
having closely related boiling ranges. They are generally obtained by
of the wood pulping industry. For many years the industry was
fractional distillation from crude oils recovered in the several commer-
known as the Naval Stores industry but that term has gradually
cial methods of utilizing pine wood, also by isomerization during the
been replaced by the more descriptive and meaningful term,
chemical processing of terpenes. There is no legal requirement under
Pine Chemicals Industry.Thus, this terminology contains some
the Naval Stores Act that the source, origin, or kind of dipentene be
old terms now mostly of historic value, together with the terms
shown in the commercial designation. Consequently, coined trade
of the modern pine chemical industry.
names are sometimes used in selling this product. The four kinds of
commercial dipentene are:
2. Referenced Documents
chemically processed dipentene, n—recovered as a product
or a by-product in connection with the chemical treatment and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
conversion of other terpenes.
D6090 Test Method for Softening Point Resins (Mettler Cup
and Ball Method)
destructively distilled dipentene, n—fromthelighterportions
E28 Test Methods for Softening Point of Resins Derived
of the oil recovered during the destructive distillation of pine
from Pine Chemicals and Hydrocarbons, by Ring-and-
wood.
Ball Apparatus
steam-distilled dipentene, n—fractionated from the crude
oleoresinous extract during the processing of related steam-
3. Terminology
distilled wood naval stores.
abietic acid, commercial grade, n—a product consisting
sulfate dipentene, n—from the crude condensate of the
chiefly of rosin acids in substantially pure form, separated
vapors generated in the digestion of wood in the sulfate paper
either from rosin or tall oil commercially for specific
pulp process.
purposes and in which abietic acid and its isomers are the
principal components. ester gum, n—a resin made from rosin and a polyhydric
alcohol, generally glycerol or pentaerythritol.
colophony, n—a term denoting medium and high grades of
rosin.
gloss oil, n—a solution of limed rosin or limed rosin acids in a
volatile solvent, used chiefly in surface coatings.
d-limonene, n—apurifiedopticallyactiveterpenehydrocarbon
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
recovered from by-products of the citrus industry.
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
DISCUSSION—It is used as a chemical intermediate and as a monomer
Subcommittee D01.34 on Pine Chemicals and Hydrocarbon Resins.
in terpene resins.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originally
approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D804 – 12. DOI:
metallic resinates, n—rosin in which part or all of the rosin
10.1520/D0804-12R17.
Zinkel, D. F., and Russell, J., eds., Naval Stores: Production, Chemistry and
acids have been chemically reacted with those metals that
Utilization, Pulp Chemicals Association, NY, 1989.
give soaps or salts which are water insoluble.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DISCUSSION—Limed rosin, zinc-treated rosin, and the resinates of
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
lead, cobalt, copper, and manganese, are of the greatest industrial
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. importance.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D804 − 12 (2017)
modified rosin, n—rosin that has been treated with heat or oil of turpentine, n—the pharmaceutical name for spirits of
catalysts,orbothwithorwithoutaddedchemicalsubstances, turpentine that conforms to the requirements of the National
so as to cause substantial change in the structure of the rosin Formulary.
acids, as isomerization, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, or
oleoresin, n—pine gum, the nonaqueous secretion of resin
polymerization, usually without substantial effect on the
acids dissolved in a terpene hydrocarbon oil that is produced
carboxyl group.
or exuded from the intercellular resin ducts of a living tree,
DISCUSSION—The following are types of modified rosin:
and is present, together with oxidation products, in the dead
disproportionated (dehydrogenated) rosin, n—rosin that has been
wood of weathered limbs and stumps.
subjected to chemical or physical treatment, or both, so as to cause
substantial simultaneous hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of the
pine needle oil, n—an essential oil of typical fragrance
rosin acids to form their hydrogenated and dehydrogenated counter-
obtained by steam distillation of the leaves (needles) of
parts.
certain species of pine.
heat-treated rosin, n—rosin in which a reduction of acid number and a
DISCUSSION—Some imported oils derived from other conifers are
positive shift in optical rotation has been brought about by controlled
classified as pine needle oil.
heat treatment only, in order to improve its suitability for specific uses.
hydrogenated rosin, n—rosinthathasbeentreatedwithhydrogenunder
pinenes, n—bicyclic terpene hydrocarbons, the principal con-
conditions that cause a partial or complete saturation of the resin acids
stituent of all turpentines and existing therein in two iso-
present, best indicated by a drop in the refractive index. Commercial
meric forms, alpha-pinene and beta-pinene.
hydrogenated rosin is usually only partially saturated.
pine oil, n—a colorless to amber colored volatile oil with
polymerized rosin, n—rosin that has been treated by chemical
characteristic pinaceous odor, consisting principally of iso-
or physical means, or both, in a manner so as to cause the
meric tertiary and secondary cyclic terpene alcohols, with
formationofdimers(andsometrimers)tosuchanextentthat
variable quantities of terpene hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones,
the average molecular weight of such rosin will be measur-
phenols, and phenolic ethers, the amount and character of
ably greater than that of the original rosin. Also known as
which depend on the source and method of manufacture.
“dimerized rosin.”
DISCUSSION—The four commercial kinds of pine oil are:
destructively distilled pine oil, n—obtained from the lighter distillate
monocyclic terpenes, n—a designation sometimes used in the
from the destructive distillation (carbonization) of pine wood.
trade to describe a heterogeneous mixture of monocyclic,
steam-distilled pine oil, n—obtained from the crude oleoresinous
bicyclic, and other related terpene C H hydrocarbons
10 16 extract of pinewood during the processing of related steam-distilled
recovered or removed in the fractionation of certain terpenes
wood naval stores . sulfate pine oil, n—a high boiling fraction obtained
or other essential oils, or as a by-product in the chemical in the refining and fractional distillation of crude sulfate turpentine.
synthetic pine oil, n—obtained by chemical hydration of pinenes to
conversion of pinenes generally sold under trade names.
form monocyclic terpene alcohols, mainly alpha-terpineol.
DISCUSSION—The term “other monocyclic hydrocarbons,” used in
statistical reports of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, covers this
pine tar, n—A product of the destructive distillation of pine
type of material.
wood.
naval stores, n—the current name for chemically reactive oils,
pitch—see tall oil pitch.
resins, tars, and pitches derived from the oleoresin contained
reclaimed, rosin, n—rosin that has been recovered or re-
in, exuded by, or extracted from wood chiefly of the pine
claimed by any means from waste or deteriorated material,
species (Genus Pinus).
provided that the concentration of rosin acids is not below
DISCUSSION—The term naval stores was derived from the use of these
that normal for rosin, and any residual or contaminating
chemical products for the sealing of the hulls of naval vessels in
component from the waste material itself or from any article
colonial times. The term survived for many years and was also used to
describe the products obtained by upgrading oleoresin and crude tall used in the recovery process is not in sufficient quantity to
oil. The term Naval Stores is gradually being replaced by the term Pine
cause the physical or chemical properties of the reclaimed
Chemicals.
product to differ materially from those of rosin.
naval stores act, n—the U. S. Federal regulation (42 Stat
resinates, metallic—See metallic resinates.
1435.7 USC 91–99 and 7CFR 160) establishing the quality
rosin, n—a specific kind of natural resin obtained as a vitreous
standards fro naval stores products.
water-insoluble material from pine oleoresin by removal of
DISCUSSION—It was originally passed by Congress in 1923 and
the volatile oils, or from tall oil by the removal of the fatty
amended in 1951 to include tall oil rosin and sulfate turpentine.
acid components thereof or by the solvent extraction of
macerated pine wood.
neutral content, n—the total amount of material contained in
DISCUSSION—It consists primarily of several diterpenoid isomers of
pine chemicals, such as rosin, tall oil, and their derivatives
tricyclic monocarboxylic acids having the general empirical formula
that do not contain any acidic functionality.
C H O , with small quantities of compounds saponifiable with
20 30 2
DISCUSSION—Neutral content includes unsaponifiable matter and any boiling alcoholic potassium or sodium hydroxide, and some unsaponi-
combined acidic material present as derivatives, such as esters, fiable matter. The three general classifications or kinds of rosin in
anhydrides, or lactones. commerce are:
gum rosin, n—obtained from the oleoresin collected from living trees.
oil of (pine) tar, n—certain heavier fractions of the volatile oil
tall oil rosin, n—obtained by the fractional distillation of tall oil. Such
recovered by distilling pine-tar oil to convert it into pine tar. rosin shall have the characteristic form, appearance, and other physical
D804 − 12 (2017)
and chemical properties normal for other kinds of rosin.
rosin type (sample), n—a sample of rosin, or a mold of
wood rosin, n—obtained from the oleoresin contained in dead wood
thermosetting plastic material, used as an unofficial standard
such as stumps and knots.
in grading rosin.
rosin acids or resin acids, n—principally monocarboxylic DISCUSSION—Such sample shall be so selected, sized, and surface-
finished that it will have the form of an approximate ⁄8-in. (22 mm)
acids with the empirical formula C H —COOH.
19 20
cube with at least two opposite faces having smooth parallel surfaces,
DISCUSSION—It is generally considered that the term “resin acids” is
and shall have a color when viewed through these faces which matches
applicable to all substances having the specified molecular formula
within rather narrow tolerances the color of the corresponding official
whereas the term “rosin acids” is only used when referring to those
Government standard made of glass.
foundinrosins.Theyareclassifiedintotwogroups:theabietictypeand
the pimaric type. Both types and their derivatives are found in wood,
scrape, n—the crystallized pine oleoresin collected from the
gum, and tall oil rosins.
scarified faces of trees being worked for turpentine.
rosin adducts, n—theadditionproductbetweenrosinandanα,
soap skimmings (tall oil), n—the curd, not acidified or
β unsaturated carboxylic acid such as fumaric acid, acrylic
otherwise processed, skimmed from the black liquor of the
acid or maleic anhydride.
alkaline paper pulp industry, from which tall oil is obtained.
rosin based resins, n—resinous products derived from rosin or
rosin adducts through chemical reaction with raw materials
softening point of rosin, n—the temperature at which rosin
such as alcohols (especially polyhydric alcohols), softens sufficiently to flow.
formaldehyde, α,β unsaturated carboxylic acids, phenols
DISCUSSION—Rosin is a glassy-like substance and does not have a
sharp melting point and so softening point is often used for rosin
etc., or combinations of these materials.
characterization. The standard techniques used for measuring the
DISCUSSION—Rosin based resins are used extensively in printing inks
softening point of rosin are the Ring and Ball method and the Cup and
and adhesives.
BallmethodasdescribedinTestMethodsE28andD6090,respectively.
rosin crystallization, n—the formation of rosin acid crystals
spirits of turpentine, n—the volatile oil consisting primarily
within rosin.
DISCUSSION—Solid rosin is a supercooled liquid and is normally
of a number of terpene hydrocarbons of the general formula
transparent. However, when the rosin contains a preponderance of one
C H .
10 16
species of resin acid, crystals of that resin acid can form within the
DISCUSSION—Four kinds of turpentine are now recognized:
rosin giving it a hazy appearance. These crystals create handling
destructively distilled wood turpentine, n—obtained by fractionation of
problems as they cause the rosin to become less brittle and more
certain oils recovered by condensing the vapors formed during the
difficult to break up. Further, the rosin has to be heated well above its
destructive distillation of pine wood.
softening point in order to melt the rosin acid crystals and make the
gum turpentine or gum spirits, n—obtained by distilling the crude
rosin homogeneous again. Non-crystallizing rosin also has far b
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D804 − 12 D804 − 12 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Terminology Relating to
Pine Chemicals, Including Tall Oil and Related Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D804; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Although the pine chemical industry has been a continuing producer of chemical products for many centuries, the nature
of the industry, its products, and its terminology have changed. In particular, the original practice of recovering pine chemical
through the processing of the exudate from pine trees has been supplemented by their extraction by solvent products of the wood
pulping industry. For many years the industry was known as the Naval Stores industry but that term has gradually been replaced
by the more descriptive and meaningful term, Pine Chemicals Industry. Thus, this terminology contains some old terms now mostly
of historic value, together with the terms of the modern pine chemical industry.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D6090 Test Method for Softening Point Resins (Mettler Cup and Ball Method)
E28 Test Methods for Softening Point of Resins Derived from Pine Chemicals and Hydrocarbons, by Ring-and-Ball Apparatus
3. Terminology
abietic acid, commercial grade, n—a product consisting chiefly of rosin acids in substantially pure form, separated either from
rosin or tall oil commercially for specific purposes and in which abietic acid and its isomers are the principal components.
colophony, n—a term denoting medium and high grades of rosin.
crude stripper oil, n—a by-product of the manufacture of citrus juice, composed largely of d-limonene and containing up to 1.5 %
of aldehydes. (See also d-limonene.)
dipentene, n—chemically defined as the optically inactive form of the monocyclic terpene hydrocarbon limonene.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.34 on Pine Chemicals and Hydrocarbon Resins.
Current edition approved June 1, 2012Feb. 1, 2017. Published July 2012February 2017. Originally approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 as
D804 – 07.D804 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/D0804-12.10.1520/D0804-12R17.
Zinkel, D. F., and Russell, J., eds., Naval Stores: Production, Chemistry and Utilization, Pulp Chemicals Association, NY, 1989.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
DISCUSSION—
Commercial dipentenes contain substantial portions of other monocyclic and bicyclic, as well as some oxygenated, terpenes having closely related
boiling ranges. They are generally obtained by fractional distillation from crude oils recovered in the several commercial methods of utilizing pine
wood, also by isomerization during the chemical processing of terpenes. There is no legal requirement under the Naval Stores Act that the source,
origin, or kind of dipentene be shown in the commercial designation. Consequently, coined trade names are sometimes used in selling this product.
The four kinds of commercial dipentene are:
chemically processed dipentene,n—recovered as a product or a by-product in connection with the chemical treatment and
conversion of other terpenes.
destructively distilled dipentene,n—from the lighter portions of the oil recovered during the destructive distillation of pine wood.
steam-distilled dipentene,n—fractionated from the crude oleoresinous extract during the processing of related steam-distilled
wood naval stores.
sulfate dipentene,n—from the crude condensate of the vapors generated in the digestion of wood in the sulfate paper pulp
process.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D804 − 12 (2017)
ester gum, n—a resin made from rosin and a polyhydric alcohol, generally glycerol or pentaerythritol.
gloss oil, n—a solution of limed rosin or limed rosin acids in a volatile solvent, used chiefly in surface coatings.
d-limonene, n—a purified optically active terpene hydrocarbon recovered from by-products of the citrus industry.
DISCUSSION—
It is used as a chemical intermediate and as a monomer in terpene resins.
metallic resinates, n—rosin in which part or all of the rosin acids have been chemically reacted with those metals that give soaps
or salts which are water insoluble.
DISCUSSION—
Limed rosin, zinc-treated rosin, and the resinates of lead, cobalt, copper, and manganese, are of the greatest industrial importance.
modified rosin, n—rosin that has been treated with heat or catalysts, or both with or without added chemical substances, so as to
cause substantial change in the structure of the rosin acids, as isomerization, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, or polymerization,
usually without substantial effect on the carboxyl group.
DISCUSSION—
The following are types of modified rosin:
disproportionated (dehydrogenated) rosin, n—rosin that has been subjected to chemical or physical treatment, or both, so as to cause substantial
simultaneous hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of the rosin acids to form their hydrogenated and dehydrogenated counterparts.
heat-treated rosin, n—rosin in which a reduction of acid number and a positive shift in optical rotation has been brought about by controlled heat
treatment only, in order to improve its suitability for specific uses.
hydrogenated rosin, n—rosin that has been treated with hydrogen under conditions that cause a partial or complete saturation of the resin acids present,
best indicated by a drop in the refractive index. Commercial hydrogenated rosin is usually only partially saturated.
polymerized rosin,n—rosin that has been treated by chemical or physical means, or both, in a manner so as to cause the formation
of dimers (and some trimers) to such an extent that the average molecular weight of such rosin will be measurably greater than
that of the original rosin. Also known as “dimerized rosin.”
monocyclic terpenes, n—a designation sometimes used in the trade to describe a heterogeneous mixture of monocyclic, bicyclic,
and other related terpene C H hydrocarbons recovered or removed in the fractionation of certain terpenes or other essential
10 16
oils, or as a by-product in the chemical conversion of pinenes generally sold under trade names.
DISCUSSION—
The term “other monocyclic hydrocarbons,” used in statistical reports of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, covers this type of material.
naval stores, n—the current name for chemically reactive oils, resins, tars, and pitches derived from the oleoresin contained in,
exuded by, or extracted from wood chiefly of the pine species (Genus Pinus).
DISCUSSION—
The term naval stores was derived from the use of these chemical products for the sealing of the hulls of naval vessels in colonial times. The term
survived for many years and was also used to describe the products obtained by upgrading oleoresin and crude tall oil. The term Naval Stores is
gradually being replaced by the term Pine Chemicals.
naval stores act, n—the U. S. Federal regulation (42 Stat 1435.7 USC 91–99 and 7CFR 160) establishing the quality standards
fro naval stores products.
DISCUSSION—
It was originally passed by Congress in 1923 and amended in 1951 to include tall oil rosin and sulfate turpentine.
neutral content, n—the total amount of material contained in pine chemicals, such as rosin, tall oil, and their derivatives that do
not contain any acidic functionality.
DISCUSSION—
D804 − 12 (2017)
Neutral content includes unsaponifiable matter and any combined acidic material present as derivatives, such as esters, anhydrides, or lactones.
oil of (pine) tar, n—certain heavier fractions of the volatile oil recovered by distilling pine-tar oil to convert it into pine tar.
oil of turpentine, n—the pharmaceutical name for spirits of turpentine that conforms to the requirements of the National
Formulary.
oleoresin, n—pine gum, the nonaqueous secretion of resin acids dissolved in a terpene hydrocarbon oil that is produced or exuded
from the intercellular resin ducts of a living tree, and is present, together with oxidation products, in the dead wood of weathered
limbs and stumps.
pine needle oil, n—an essential oil of typical fragrance obtained by steam distillation of the leaves (needles) of certain species of
pine.
DISCUSSION—
Some imported oils derived from other conifers are classified as pine needle oil.
pinenes, n—bicyclic terpene hydrocarbons, the principal constituent of all turpentines and existing therein in two isomeric forms,
alpha-pinene and beta-pinene.
pine oil, n—a colorless to amber colored volatile oil with characteristic pinaceous odor, consisting principally of isomeric tertiary
and secondary cyclic terpene alcohols, with variable quantities of terpene hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones, phenols, and phenolic
ethers, the amount and character of which depend on the source and method of manufacture.
DISCUSSION—
The four commercial kinds of pine oil are:
destructively distilled pine oil, n—obtained from the lighter distillate from the destructive distillation (carbonization) of pine wood.
steam-distilled pine oil, n—obtained from the crude oleoresinous extract of pinewood during the processing of related steam-distilled wood naval stores
. sulfate pine oil, n—a high boiling fraction obtained in the refining and fractional distillation of crude sulfate turpentine.
synthetic pine oil, n—obtained by chemical hydration of pinenes to form monocyclic terpene alcohols, mainly alpha-terpineol.
pine tar, n—A product of the destructive distillation of pine wood.
pitch—see tall oil pitch.
reclaimed, rosin, n—rosin that has been recovered or reclaimed by any means from waste or deteriorated material, provided that
the concentration of rosin acids is not below that normal for rosin, and any residual or contaminating component from the waste
material itself or from any article used in the recovery process is not in sufficient quantity to cause the physical or chemical
properties of the reclaimed product to differ materially from those of rosin.
resinates, metallic—See metallic resinates.
rosin, n—a specific kind of natural resin obtained as a vitreous water-insoluble material from pine oleoresin by removal of the
volatile oils, or from tall oil by the removal of the fatty acid components thereof or by the solvent extraction of macerated pine
wood.
DISCUSSION—
It consists primarily of several diterpenoid isomers of tricyclic monocarboxylic acids having the general empirical formula C H O , with small
20 30 2
quantities of compounds saponifiable with boiling alcoholic potassium or sodium hydroxide, and some unsaponifiable matter. The three general
classifications or kinds of rosin in commerce are:
gum rosin, n—obtained from the oleoresin collected from living trees. tall oil rosin, n—obtained by the fractional distillation of tall oil. Such rosin
shall have the characteristic form, appearance, and other physical and chemical properties normal for other kinds of rosin.
wood rosin, n—obtained from the oleoresin contained in dead wood such as stumps and knots.
rosin acids or resin acids, n—principally monocarboxylic acids with the empirical formula C H —COOH.
19 20
DISCUSSION—
It is generally considered that the term “resin acids” is applicable to all substances having the specified molecular formula whereas the term “rosin
acids” is only used when referring to those found in rosins. They are classified into two groups: the abietic type and the pimaric type. Both types and
their derivatives are found in wood, gum, and tall oil rosins.
D804 − 12 (2017)
rosin adducts, n—the addition product between rosin and an α, β unsaturated carboxylic acid such as fumaric acid, acrylic acid
or maleic anhydride.
rosin based resins, n—resinous products derived from rosin or rosin adducts through chemical reaction with raw materials such
as alcohols (especially polyhydric alcohols), formaldehyde, α,β unsaturated carboxylic acids, phenols etc., or combinations of
these materials.
DISCUSSION—
Rosin based resins are used extensively in printing inks and adhesives.
rosin crystallization, n—the formation of rosin acid crystals within rosin.
DISCUSSION—
Solid rosin is a supercooled liquid and is normally transparent. However, when the rosin contains a preponderance of one species of resin acid, crystals
of that resin acid can form within the rosin giving it a hazy appearance. These crystals create handling problems as they cause the rosin to become
less brittle and more difficult to break up. Further, the rosin has to be heated well above its softening point in order to melt the rosin acid crystals and
make the rosin homogeneous again. Non-crystallizing rosin also has far better solubility in many solvents and better compatibility with oils and waxes.
The crystallization of rosin can be prevented by changing the rosin acid distribution within the rosin through heat treatment with or without a catalyst.
rosin oil, n—the relatively viscous, oily portion of the condensate obtained when rosin is subjected to dry destructive distillation;
also used to describe specially compounded oils having a rosin oil base.
rosin spirits, n—the relatively light, volatile portion of the condensate obtained in the first stages when rosin is subjected to dry
destructive distillation.
rosin standards, n—the combinations of assembled colored glasses having the colors designated as representative of the
established U.S. grades used in classifying rosin.
DISCUSSION—
The recognized official standards are those developed and issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, or similar standards made of Lovibond glass,
when certified by the same Government agency. The official grades established by or under authority of the Federal Naval Stores Act, for which
standards are provided, are as follows in order of increasing color XC, XB, XA, X, WW, WG, N, M, K, I, H, G, F,
...
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