ASTM D2709-22

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Designation: D2709 − 16 D2709 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the volume of free water and sediment (as a percentage of the sample) that is
2 2
suspended in the bulk fuel in middle distillate fuels with viscosities in the range of 1.0 mm /s to 4.1 mm /s at 40 °C (1.0 cSt to
3 3
4.1 cSt at 104 °F) and densities in the range of 770 kg ⁄m to 900 kg ⁄m at 15 °C.
NOTE 1—Fuels corresponding to Specification D396 Grades No. 1 and 2, D975 Grades No. 1-D and 2-D, Specification D2880 Grades No. 0-GT, 1-GT
and 2-GT, and Specification D3699 Grades No. 1-K and 2-K and similar middle distillate fuels and blendstocks will usually fall in this viscosity and
density range. Test Method D1796 is intended for higher viscosity fuel oils.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.2.1 Exception—The non-SI values are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel
D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
D3699 Specification for Kerosine
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.14 on Stability Stability, Cleanliness and CleanlinessCompatibility of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved April 1, 2016July 1, 2022. Published May 2016August 2022. Originally approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 20112016 as
ɛ1
D2709 – 96 (2011)D2709 – 16. . DOI: 10.1520/D2709-16.10.1520/D2709-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
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D2709 − 22
TABLE 1 Rotation Speeds Applicable for Centrifuges
of Various Diameters of Swing
A
Diameter of Swing B
r/min at 800
rcf
in. cm
12 30.5 2160
13 33.0 2080
14 35.6 2000
15 38.1 1930
16 40.6 1870
17 43.2 1820
18 45.7 1770
19 48.3 1720
20 50.8 1680
21 53.3 1640
22 55.9 1600
23 58.4 1560
24 61.0 1530
A
Measured between tips of opposite tubes when in rotating position.
B
“r ⁄min” is the correct SI symbol for the former term “rpm.”
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D4175.
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 free water, n—water in excess of that soluble in the fuel liquid sample (fuel) at the temperature of the test and usually
appearing in the fuel liquid sample (fuel) as a haze, cloudiness,haze (cloudiness), droplets, or water layer.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
Note that when there is a water layer in a biodiesel fuel blend, there can be water-soluble components present in the free water.
3.3 Abbreviations:
3.3.1 rcf—relative centrifugal force.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A 100 mL sample of the undiluted fuel is centrifuged at a relative centrifugal force (see 6.2) of 800 for 10 min at 21 °C to 32 °C
(70 °F to 90 °F) in a specified centrifuge tube. After centrifugation, the volume of free water and sediment that has settled into the
tip of the centrifuge tube is read to the nearest 0.005 mL and reported as the volumetric percent water and sediment by centrifuge.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method is used as an indication of free water and sediment suspended as haze, cloudiness, or droplets in middle
distillate fuels such as Grades No. 1 and 2 fuel oil (Specification D396), Grades No. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel (Specification D975),
and Grades No. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels (Specification D2880), similar fuels and blendstocks used to make these
fuels.
5.2 Appreciable amounts of free water and sediment in a fuel oil tend to cause fouling of fuel-handling facilities and to give trouble
in the fuel system of a burner or engine. An accumulation of sediment in storage tanks and on filter screens can obstruct the flow
of oil from the tank to the combustor. Free water in middle distillate fuels can cause corrosion of tanks and equipment, and if
detergent is present, the water can cause emulsions or a hazy appearance. Free water can support microbiological growth at
fuel-water interfaces in fuel systems.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Centrifuge, capable of spinning one or more pairs of filled centrifuge tubes at a speed which can be controlled to give a relative
centrifugal force (rcf) of 800 6 60 at the tip of the tubes. The revolving head, trunnion rings, and trunnion cups, including the
cushions, shall be soundly constructed to withstand the maximum centrifugal force capable of being delivered by the power source.
The trunnion cups and cushions shall support the tubes when the centrifuge is in motion. The centrifuge shall be enclosed by a
metal shield or case strong enough to eliminate danger if any breakage occurs.
D2709 − 22
6.2 The data in Table 1 may be used to determine the centrifuge speed setting required for the centrifuge to meet relative
centrifugal force requirements for this method and was developed using the following equations:
r/min 5 265 =rcf/d (1)
where:
rcf = relative centrifugal force, and
d = diameter of swing, in inches, measured between tips of opposite tubes when in rotating position or
r/min 5 422=rcf/d (2)
where:
rcf = relative centrifugal force, and
d = diameter of swing, in centimetres, measured betwe
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