ASTM ISO/ASTM52701-13(2020)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ISO/ASTM 52701:2013 (Reapproved 2020)(E)
Standard Guide for
Performance Characterization of Dosimeters and Dosimetry
Systems for Use in Radiation Processing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 52701; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
1. Scope 2. Referenced documents
1.1 This guide provides guidance on determining the per- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
formance characteristics of dosimeters and dosimetry systems E170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
used in radiation processing. Dosimetry
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
1.2 This guide describes the influence quantities that might
E1026 Practice for Using the Fricke Dosimetry System
affect the performance of dosimeters and dosimetry systems
E1325 Terminology Relating to Design of Experiments
and that should be considered during dosimeter/dosimetry
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
system characterization.
51205 Practice for Use of a Ceric-Cerous Sulfate Dosimetry
1.3 Usersofthisguidearedirectedtoexistingstandardsand
System
literature for procedures to determine the effects from indi-
51261 Practice for Calibration of Routine Dosimetry Sys-
vidualinfluencequantitiesandfromcombinationsofmorethan
tems for Radiation Processing
one influence quantity.
51707 Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for
1.4 Guidance is provided regarding the roles of the
Radiation Processing
manufacturers, suppliers, and users in the characterization of
52628 Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing
dosimeters and dosimetry systems.
2.3 Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM)
1.5 This guide does not address how the dosimeter/
Reports:
dosimetry system characterization information is to be used in JCGM 100:2008, GUM 1995, with minor corrections,
radiation processing applications or in the calibration of
Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the Expres-
dosimetry systems. sion of Uncertainty in Measurement
NOTE 1—For guidance on the use of dosimeter/dosimetry system
JCGM 100:2008, VIM , International vocabulary of metrol-
characterization information for the selection and use of a dosimetry 4
ogy – Basis and general concepts and associated terms
system, the user is directed to ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.
2.4 International Commission on Radiation Units and Mea-
NOTE 2—For guidance on the use of dosimeter/dosimetry system
characterization information for dosimetry system calibration, the user is surements (ICRU) Reports
directed to ISO/ASTM Practice 51261.
Report 80 Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation Process-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the ing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Report 85a Fundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Radiation
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3. Terminology
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1 Definitions:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For
Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Document produced byWorking Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation Metrology (JCGM/WG 1). Available free of charge at the BIPM website (http://
Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.01 on Dosimetry, www.bipm.org).
and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3. Document produced byWorking Group 2 of the Joint Committee for Guides in
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2020. Published November 2020. Originally Metrology (JCGM/WG 2). Available free of charge at the BIPM website (http://
published asASTM E2701-09. Last previousASTM edition E2701-09. The present www.bipm.org).
International Standard ISO/ASTM 52701-2013(20)(E) replaces ASTM E2701-09 Available from the International Commission on Radiation Units and
and is a reapproval of the last previous edition ISO/ASTM 52701-2013(E). Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
© ISO/ASTM International 2020 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52701:2013 (2020)(E)
and detailed descriptions of the radiation-induced interactions are given in
3.1.1 calibration curve—expression of the relation between
ICRU Report 80.
indication and corresponding measured quantity value. VIM
4.2 Before a material can be considered for use as a
3.1.2 dosimeter—device that, when irradiated, exhibits a
dosimeter, certain characteristics related to manufacture and
quantifiable change that can be related to absorbed dose in a
measurement of its response to ionizing radiation need to be
given material using appropriate measurement instruments and
considered, including:
procedures.
4.2.1 the ability to manufacture batches of the material with
3.1.3 dosimeter batch—quantity of dosimeters made from a
evidence demonstrating a reproducible radiation-induced
specific mass of material with uniform composition, fabricated
change,
in a single production run under controlled, consistent condi-
4.2.2 the availability of instrumentation for measuring this
tions and having a unique identification code.
change, and
3.1.4 dosimeter/dosimetry system characteristization—
4.2.3 the ability to take into account effects of influence
determination of performance characteristics, such as useful
quantities on the dosimeter response and on the measured
dose range, reproducibilty and the effects of influence
absorbed-dose values.
quantities, for a dosimeter/dosimetry system under defined test
conditions. 4.3 Dosimeter/dosimetry system characterization is con-
ducted to determine the performance characteristics for a
3.1.5 dosimeter response—reproducible, quantifiable effect
dosimeter/dosimetry system related to its capability for mea-
produced in the dosimeter by ionizing radiation.
suring absorbed dose. The information obtained from
3.1.5.1 Discussion—The dosimeter response value, ob-
dosimeter/dosimetry system characterization includes the re-
tained from one or more measurements, is used in the estima-
producibility of the measured absorbed-dose value, the useful
tion of the derived absorbed dose. The response value may be
absorbed-dose range, effects of influence quantities, and the
obtained from such measurements as optical absorbance,
conditions under which the dosimeters can be calibrated and
thickness, mass, peak-to-peak distance in EPR spectra, or
used effectively.
electropotential between solutions.
NOTE 4—When dosimetry systems are calibrated under the conditions
3.1.6 dosimetry system—system used for measuring ab-
of use, effects of influence quantities may be minimized or eliminated,
sorbed dose, consisting of dosimeters, measurement instru- because the effects can be accounted for or incorporated into the
calibration method (see ISO/ASTM Practice 51261).
ments and their associated reference standards, and procedures
for the system’s use.
4.4 The influence quantities of importance might differ for
different radiation processing applications and facilities. For
3.1.7 influence quantity—quantity that, in a direct
references to standards describing different applications and
measurement, does not affect the quantity that is actually
facilities, see ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.
measured, but affects the relation between the indication and
the measurement result. VIM
4.5 Classification of a dosimeter as a type I dosimeter or a
3.1.7.1 Discussion—In radiation processing dosimetry, this
type II dosimeter (see ISO/ASTM Practice 52628) is based on
term includes temperature, relative humidity, time intervals,
performance characteristics related to the effects of influence
light, radiation energy, absorbed-dose rate, and other factors
quantities obtained from dosimeter/dosimetry system charac-
that might affect dosimeter response, as well as quantities
terization.
associated with the measurement instrument.
4.6 The dosimeter manufacturer or supplier is responsible
3.1.8 quality system—documented organizational structure,
for providing a product that meets the performance character-
responsibilities,procedures,processesandresourcesforimple-
istics defined in product specifications, certificates of
menting quality management.
conformance, or similar types of documents. Dosimeter speci-
3.2 Definitions of other terms used in this standard that fications should be developed based on dosimeter/dosimetry
pertain to radiation measurement and dosimetry may be found system characterization.
in ASTM Terminology E170. Definitions in ASTM E170 are
4.7 The user has the responsibility for ensuring that the
compatible with ICRU Report 85a; this document, therefore,
dosimetry requirements for the specific applications are met
may be used as an alternative reference. Definitions of other
and that dosimeter/dosimetry system characterization informa-
terms used in this standard that pertain to statistics and design
tion has been considered in:
of experiments may be found in ASTM Terminologies E456
4.7.1 determining the suitability of the dosimeter or dosim-
and E1325, respectively.
etry system for the specific application (see ISO/ASTM Prac-
tice 52628),
4. Significance and use
4.7.2 selecting the calibration method (see ISO/ASTM
4.1 Ionizing radiation produces physical or chemical
Guide 51261),
changes in many materials that can be measured and related to
4.7.3 establishing dosimetry system operational procedures
absorbed dose. Materials with radiation-induced changes that
(see respective dosimetry system practice listed in ISO/ASTM
have been thoroughly studied can be used as dosimeters in
Practice 52628), and
radiation processing.
4.7.4 estimating the uncertainty components in the mea-
NOTE 3—The scientific basis for commonly used dosimetry systems sured dose values (see ISO/ASTM Guide 51707).
© ISO/ASTM International 2020 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52701:2013 (2020)(E)
4.8 Dosimeter/dosimetry system characterization informa- 5.3.1 All dosimeter samples used in the characterization
tion provided by manufacturers or suppliers, or available in the must be representative of dosimeters supplied by the
literature,shouldbereviewedbytheusertodeterminethetests manufacturer/distributor.
that should be performed prior to the use of the dosimeter or
5.3.2 The performance of dosimeter/dosimetry system char-
dosimetry system. Information on performance characteristics
acterization should be conducted in accordance with an experi-
should be verified before using.
mental design that can effectively assess both individual and
combined effects of the influence quantities being tested.
5. Dosimeter/dosimetry system characterization
5.3.3 For performance characterization, dosimeters should
5.1 Performance Characteristics: be irradiated in facilities that can provide highly reproducible
5.1.1 Some examples of performance characteristics of dose rates and well-quantified values of influence quantities.
dosimeters/dosimetrysystemsthatmayaffectthemeasurement
NOTE 6—When studying the effects of irradiation conditions such as
of absorbed dose are given in Table 1.
temperature or relative humidity, the conditions experienced by the
dosimeters must be known within established limits. Dosimeter tempera-
5.2 Measurement Instruments:
tures should be monitored. Reliance should not be placed on monitoring
5.2.1 Prior to conducting performance characterization of
the air temperature and assuming that there is temperature equilibrium.
the dosimeters, it is necessary to establish procedures for the
Difference between dosimeter temperature and air temperature may be
operation of the measurement instruments.
associatedwithdoseandmayintroducebiasinthecharacterizationresults
over the dose range. For studies on the effects of changes of relative
5.2.2 Operating procedures should be developed to control
humidity, the time required for the water and oxygen content of the
and optimize the performance of all measurement instruments
dosimeters to reach equilibrium should be taken into account. It is
and auxiliary systems, including those used for measuring
necessary to validate controlled irradiation conditions to verify that
mass or thickness or used for a post irradiation heat treatment.
specified conditions can be achieved.
5.2.3 The instruments used in a given dosimetry system
5.3.4 An initial calibration curve may be obtained by
with specific dosimeters should be calibrated with evidence of
irradiating dosimeters over a range of absorbed doses at
traceability and be tested to provide evidence of their suitabil-
defined conditions, for example, specified temperature, relative
ity for use with the dosimeters. This should include a determi-
humidity, and absorbed dose rate, and by measuring dosimeter
nation of repeatability and reproducibility for the specific
response under defined measurement conditions. The defined
measurement methods to be used.
conditions for the irradiation should approximate the expected
5.2.4 The influence on measurement values attributable to
range of values to be encountered during use of the dosimetry
rounding error, short term instrument drift, etc. over the
system.
expected range of use should be determined.
NOTE 7—A calibration curve may be developed using a relationship
5.2.5 The performance of accessories such as dosimeter
expressed by response = f (dose).
holders or dosimeter positioning apparatus within the measure-
5.4 Characterization Information:
ment instrument should be determined.
5.4.1 Information on dosimeter and dosimetry system char-
5.2.6 The supplier of the performance characterization in-
acterization carried out by the dosimeter manufacturer or
formation should provide information on all instrumentation
supplier should be documented and made available to potential
used in the characterization, including relevant performance
users.
specifications for the measurement instruments and character-
5.4.2 The user is responsible for the evaluation of the effect
ization results.
of influence quantities or combinations of influence quantities,
NOTE 5—Characterization results are specific to the measurement
or both, on the dosimetry system performance over the full
instruments and measurement parameters used for the tests. Results
range of its intended use.
cannotbeusedwithothermeasurementinstrumentswithoutadequatedata
to support equivalency.
6. Effect of influence quantities
5.2.7 Information obtained during the measurement system
development to determine optimum or recommended
6.1 Influence Quantities to be Considered:
instruments, including precautions to avoid known sources of
6.1.1 All influence quantities that might affect absorbed-
error, should be made available to potential users.
dose determination should be considered. These influence
5.3 Characterization: quantitiesincludethoserelatedtothedosimeterbefore,during,
TABLE 1 Examples of performance characteristics of dosimeters/dosimetry systems
Performance Characteristic Description
Absorbed-dose range Range over which the dosimetry system can be used within a
maximum specified uncertainty
Applicable radiation type and energy X-radiation, gamma radiation, and electron beam
Effect of influence quantities Effects from individual influence quantities (see Table 2) and
from combinations of more than one influence quantity (see
6.6)
Uncertainty Achievable maximum level of uncertainty
Spatial resolution Spatial resolution may be limited by dosimeter size, volume or
area over which measurement is taken
© ISO/ASTM International 2020 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52701:2013 (2020)(E)
andafterirradiationandthoserelatedtothedosimeterresponse ducted periodically, using dosimeters stored under expected
measurements. Table 2 gives examples of some of these extremes of storage conditions, to determine the extent of this
influence quantities. effect.
6.1.2 The influence quantities shown with an asterisk (*) in 6.2.3 Temperature:
Table 2 can be controlled by packaging the dosimeter material 6.2.3.1 The temperature experienced by dosimeters during
under specific conditions of relative humidity in light-tight pre-irradiation storage could affect their response following
gas-impermeable pouches.When the packaging is essential for irradiation;therefore,theeffectoflongtermstorageatdifferent
the performance of the dosimeter, the packaging and the temperatures should be determined.
dosimeter are sometimes collectively referred to as the dosim- 6.2.3.2 Theeffectontheresponseofdosimetersexposedfor
eter. short periods of time to potential extremes of temperatures
6.1.3 If only one influence quantity is suspected to have an should also be determined. Shipment during summer and
effect on dosimeter performance over the range of dose, the winter represent opposing termperature extremes.
individual effect can be studied by varying its value (see 6.2.4 Relative Humidity:
6.2–6.5). 6.2.4.1 Changes in relative humidity during storage or
6.1.4 Duetointeractionsbetweeninfluencequantities,com- shipmentofunirradiatednon-packageddosimetersmightresult
bined effects might differ from the summed individual effects. in changes in oxygen or water content in the dosimeters that
The combined effects of several influence quantities can be may affect dosimeter response. The response of dosimeters
explored and estimated efficiently and effectively when the stored or shipped under extremes of relative humidity should
influencequantitiesaredealtwithsimultaneously(see6.6).For be determined and this effect quantified. Packaging dosimeters
example, use of design of experiments provides a systematic in gas-impermeable pouches may be used to control and
approach to experimentation that considers several influence minimize the influence of relative humidity changes on dosim-
quantities simultaneously (see 6.6.2). eter response. If pouches are used, the packaging materials
should be specified and the packaging effectiveness verified.
6.2 Influence Quantities Related to Pre-Irradiation Condi-
6.2.5 Exposure to Light:
tions:
6.2.5.1 Exposure to light, especially the ultraviolet compo-
6.2.1 Dosimeter Conditioning and Packaging:
nents from fluorescent lights or sunlight, might affect the
6.2.1.1 Response characteristics of some dosimeters can be
dosimeter response. Dosimeters should be exposed to expected
optimized or stabilized by conditioning them prior to irradia-
light conditions to determine the potential effect. If an effect is
tion. Such conditioning involves storage under controlled
found, the dosimeters should be stored, handled, and measured
conditions of temperature and humidity for specific periods of
under controlled conditions or supplied and stored in light-
time. If conditioning is performed to achieve desired level of
protected pouches to prevent such an effect.
oxygen content or water content, the dosimeters should be
packaged and sealed in gas-impermeable pouches to maintain 6.3 Influence Quantities Related to Irradiation—For all the
those conditions. The packaging materials should be specified testing described in this section, the response of the irradiated
and the package evaluated for integrity. dosimeters should be measured under the same measurement
6.2.2 Time since Manufacture: conditionsasusedfortheinitialcalibrationcurve.Theeffectof
6.2.2.1 To determine potential changes in the response for the influence quantity should be determined for both the
both unirradiated and irradiated dosimeters over the life of a dosimeter response and the derived absorbed dose calculated
dosimeter batch, dosimeter response testing should be con- using the initial calibration curve.
TABLE 2 Examples of influence quantities
Category Section, Influence Quantity Conditions to be Considered
Pre-irradiation conditions 6.2.1 Dosimeter conditioning and packaging Conditioning for optimum/stable response
6.2.2 Time since manufacture Gradual changes in dosimeter over prolonged time intervals
6.2.3 Temperature Long-term & short-term effects at extremes of temperature
*
6.2.4 Relative humidity Long-term & short-term effects at extremes of humidity
*
6.2.5 Exposure to light Long-term & short-term effects on dosimeters from light
Condiitons during irradiation 6.3.1 Irradiation temperature Variation of response with temperature
6.3.2 Absorbed-dose rate Variation of response with absorbed-dose rate
6.3.3 Dose fractionation Effect on response when irradiation is interrupted
*
6.3.4 Relative humidity Variation of response with relative humidity
*
6.3.5 Exposure to light Effect of light on response
6.3.6 Radiation energy Variation of response with radiation energy
Post-irradiation conditions 6.4.1 Storage time Variation of response with time between irradiation & measurement
6.4.2 Storage temperature Variation of response with temperature following irradiation
6.4.3 Conditioning treatment Deliberate exposure to a conditioning treatment to obtain stable
response
*
6.4.4 Storage relative humidity Variation of response with relative humidity
*
6.4.5 Exposure to light Effect of light on response
Response measurement conditions 6.5.1 Light Effect of light during measurement
6.5.2 Temperature Effect of temperature during measurement
6.5.3 Relative humidity Effect of relative humidity during measurement
* See 6.1.2.
© ISO/ASTM International 2020 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52701:2013 (2020)(E)
6.3.1 Irradiation Temperature: 6.3.5 Exposure to Light:
6.3.1.1 The effect of irradiation temperature may be deter-
6.3.5.1 The effect on dosimeter response from exposure to
mined by irradiating sets of dosimeters at different tempera-
light during irradiation should be determined by irradiating
tures. The testing should address the full intended dose range
some dosimeters in light-protective packages and some ex-
and anticipated temperature range for the dosimeter material
posed to the light conditions expected during irradiation.
and include more than the minimum and maximum tempera-
6.3.5.2 If a light-protective package is essential for consis-
tures at which the dosimeters might be used.
tentdosimeterperformance,forexample,forafilmsensitiveto
ultraviolet light, then the packaging should be evaluated for
NOTE 8—Testing over a temperature-time profile, rather than at a fixed
temperature, may provide information more appropriate for some radia-
light protection effectiveness.
tion processing applications. For example, with electron beams, the
6.3.6 Radiation Energy:
temperature rise is near adiabatic with dose. If fixed temperatures are not
6.3.6.1 Possible effects of the radiation energy on the
used during the testing, it should be clearly stated whether the test
temperatures are peak temperatures, mean temperatures, or effective
derived dose value should be taken into consideration.
temperatures based on the temperature-time profile.
6.4 Influence Quantities Related to Post-Irradiation
6.3.2 Absorbed-Dose Rate:
Conditions—For all the testing described in this section, the
6.3.2.1 The effect of absorbed-dose rate on the dosimeter
responseoftheirradiateddosimetersshouldbemeasuredunder
responseshouldbedeterminedbyirradiatingsetsofdosimeters
the same measurement conditions as used for the initial
at different absorbed-dose rates. The selected absorbed-dose
calibrationcurve.Theeffectoftheinfluencequantityshouldbe
rate range will depend on the intended type of facility and
determined for both the dosimeter response and the derived
application.
absorbed dose calculated using the initial calibration curve.
NOTE 9—The dosimeter temperature may also change as the absorbed-
6.4.1 Storage Time:
dose rate is varied making it difficult to separate the contribution from the
6.4.1.1 The post-irradiation stability can be determined by
absorbed-doserateandfromthetemperature.Measurestakentocontrolor
measuring the response of the same dosimeter(s) at different
monitor the dosimeter temperature should be documented.
times over a period spanning the shortest and longest time
6.3.2.2 Ifthedosimeterisintendedforusewithphotonsand
expected between irradiation and measurement. If the process
electrons, irradiation response testing of the dosimeter should
of measuring the dosimeter response alters its response or
be performed and evaluated using both photons and electrons.
destroys the dosimeter, it is necessary to irradiate multiple
NOTE 10—For gamma irradiatio
...