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ASTM F2108-17

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Inspection of Transparent Parts by Prism

Standard Practice for Inspection of Transparent Parts by Prism

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Prisms are useful tools for viewing areas otherwise obstructed or hidden from normal viewing. For example, transparency bolt holes, voids, and delaminations that are covered by edge strips or frames can be seen through a prism. The prism, once put against the transparency, with a coupling agent to wet the surfaces, allows viewing of the area below where the prism is placed.
SCOPE
1.1 Aerospace transparencies undergo high stresses induced by flight, environmental, or other factors. The transparency attachment points are especially subject to fatigue. These areas of fatigue are often obstructed or hidden from normal inspection. An inspector, following the techniques described in this practice, shall use a prism to view damage located near transparency bolt holes, voids, and delamination that are hidden by edge strips or frames.  
1.2 The purpose of this practice is to provide acceptable methods for performing prism inspections of transparent materials with specific emphasis on aircraft windscreens and canopies. Caveats and lessons learned from experience are included to assist authors in writing tailored inspection instructions for specific applications.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2017
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
F07 - Aerospace and Aircraft
Drafting Committee
F07.08 - Transparent Enclosures and Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2108 − 17
Standard Practice for
1
Inspection of Transparent Parts by Prism
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2108; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.1.3 edge attachment, n—the means of fastening the side
edges of a transparency to the aircraft structure. Edge attach-
1.1 Aerospace transparencies undergo high stresses induced
ments also include expansion joints and any other connection
by flight, environmental, or other factors. The transparency
between the transparency and the aircraft structure.
attachment points are especially subject to fatigue. These areas
2.1.4 prism, n—a transparent optical element with polished
of fatigue are often obstructed or hidden from normal inspec-
plane faces for the entrance and exit sides. Prisms use
tion. An inspector, following the techniques described in this
refraction or internal reflection or both to change the direction
practice, shall use a prism to view damage located near
of the propagation of light.
transparency bolt holes, voids, and delamination that are
hidden by edge strips or frames.
3. Summary of Practice
1.2 The purpose of this practice is to provide acceptable
3.1 Prism inspections shall be performed with the aid of a
methods for performing prism inspections of transparent ma-
prism and a wetting agent. The wetting agent is between the
terials with specific emphasis on aircraft windscreens and
prism and transparency to ensure good visibility.The examiner
canopies. Caveats and lessons learned from experience are
looks through the prism to see the area of the transparency
included to assist authors in writing tailored inspection instruc-
below the prism. The exam is best done without bright
tions for specific applications.
sunlight, which causes glare. The examiner changes his angle
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of view and inspects the area seen in the prism. A trained eye
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
can detect anomalies such as cracks, delaminations, and voids.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 4.1 Prisms are useful tools for viewing areas otherwise
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- obstructed or hidden from normal viewing. For example,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- transparency bolt holes, voids, and delaminations that are
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the covered by edge strips or frames can be seen through a prism.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- The prism, once put against the transparency, with a coupling
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical agent to wet the surfaces, allows viewing of the area below
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. where the prism is placed.
5. Apparatus
2. Terminology
5.1 Prism—Material shall be of the same hardness as or
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
softer than the transparency to avoid scratches. The angles of
2.1.1 coupler, n—a liquid refractive index-matching agent
theprismshallbesetsoastomaximizetheviewingarea.Inthe
or wetting agent (for example, glycerol) used to create optical
case of a complex shape, the position of the inspector’s head
contact (coupling) between the prism and transparency.
and potential interference problems shall be considered to
2.1.2 delamination, n—the separation of a laminate into its
ensure the inspector can look through the prism at the proper
constituent parts. An edge delamination is open to the lami-
angles. A typical prism is a 30º–60º–90º triangle, although the
nate’s free edge. An internal delamination is contained within
prism does not need to be triangular; a simple rectagon shape
the laminate.
is also suitable.
5.2 Flashlight—A high output, halogen bulb works best.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F07 on Aerospace
5.3 Cover—To allow the inspector to shade the inspection
andAircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F07.08 on Transparent
area if the inspection is done in bright sunlight.
Enclosures and Materials.
Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published June 2017. Originally
6. Reagents
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F2108 - 06. DOI:
10.1520/F2108-17. 6.1 Use glycerol (USPGrade) as a coupler or wetting agent.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoh
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F2108 − 06 (Reapproved 2011) F2108 − 17
Standard Practice for
1
Inspection of Transparent Parts by Prism
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2108; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Aerospace transparencies undergo high stresses induced by flight, environmental, or other factors. The transparency
attachment points are especially subject to fatigue. These areas of fatigue are often obstructed or hidden from normal inspection.
An inspector, following the techniques described in this practice, shall use a prism to view damage located near transparency bolt
holes, voids, and delamination that are hidden by edge strips or frames.
1.2 The purpose of this practice is to provide acceptable methods for performing prism inspections of transparent materials with
specific emphasis on aircraft windscreens and canopies. Caveats and lessons learned from experience are included to assist authors
in writing tailored inspection instructions for specific applications.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Terminology
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2.1.1 coupler, n—a liquid refractive index-matching agent or wetting agent (for example, glycerol) used to create optical contact
(coupling) between the prism and transparency.
2.1.2 delamination, n—the separation of a laminate into its constituent parts. An edge delamination is open to the laminate’s
free edge. An internal delamination is contained within the laminate.
2.1.3 edge attachment, n—the means of fastening the side edges of a transparency to the aircraft structure. Edge attachments
also include expansion joints and any other connection between the transparency and the aircraft structure.
2.1.4 prism, n—a transparent optical element with polished plane faces for the entrance and exit sides. Prisms use refraction or
internal reflection or both to change the direction of the propagation of light.
3. Summary of Practice
3.1 Prism inspections shall be performed with the aid of a prism and a wetting agent. The wetting agent is between the prism
and transparency to ensure good visibility. The examiner looks through the prism to see the area of the transparency below the
prism. The exam is best done without bright sunlight, which causes glare. The examiner changes his angle of view and inspects
the area seen in the prism. A trained eye can detect anomalies such as cracks, delaminations, and voids.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Prisms are useful tools for viewing areas otherwise obstructed or hidden from normal viewing. For example, transparency
bolt holes, voids, and delaminations that are covered by edge strips or frames can be seen through a prism. The prism, once put
against the transparency, with a coupling agent to wet the surfaces, allows viewing of the area below where the prism is placed.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Prism—Material shall be of the same hardness as or softer than the transparency to avoid scratches. The angles of the prism
shouldshall be set so as to maximize the viewing area. In the case of a complex shape, the position of the inspector’s head and
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F07 on Aerospace and Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F07.08 on Transparent
Enclosures and Materials.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011June 1, 2017. Published May 2012June 2017. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F2108 - 06.
DOI: 10.1520/F2108-06R11.10.1520/F2108-17.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2108 − 17
potential interference problems shall b
...

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Standard Practice for Inspection of Transparent Parts by Prism

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Prisms are useful tools for viewing areas otherwise obstructed or hidden from normal viewing. For example, transparency bolt holes, voids, and delaminations that are covered by edge strips or frames can be seen through a prism. The prism, once put against the transparency, with a coupling agent to wet the surfaces, allows viewing of the area below where the prism is placed.
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5.6 For ultrasonic testing of laminate composites and sandwich core materials using conventional UT equipment consult Practice E2580. Consult Practice E114 for ultrasonic testing of materials by the pulse-echo method using straightbeam longitudinal waves introduced by a piezoelectric elemen...
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1.2 In general, ultrasonic testing is a common volumetric method for detection of embedded or subsurface discontinuities. This practice includes general requirements and procedures which may be used for detecting flaws and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities and part anomalies. The types of flaws or discontinuities detected include interply delaminations, foreign object debris (FOD), inclusions, disbond/un-bond, fiber debonding, fiber fracture, porosity, voids, impact damage, thickness variation, and corrosion.  
1.3 Typical test articles include monolithic composite layups such as uniaxial, cross ply and angle ply laminates, sandwich constructions, bonded structures, and filament windings, as well as forged, wrought and cast metallic parts. Two techniques can be considered based on accessibility of the inspection surface: namely, pulse echo inspection for one-sided access and through-transmission for two-sided access. As used in this practice, both require the use of a pulsed straight-beam ultrasonic longitudinal wave followed by observing indications of either the reflected (pulse-echo) or received (through transmission) wave.  
1.4 This practice provides two ultrasonic test procedures. Each has its own merits and requirements for inspection and shall be selected as agreed upon in a contractual document.  
1.4.1 Test Procedure A, Pulse Echo (non-contacting and contacting) is at a minimum a single matrix array transducer transmitting and receiving longitudinal waves in the range of 0.5 MHz to 20 MHz (see Fig. 1). Th...

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ASTM
ASTM E1901-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Detection and Evaluation of Discontinuities by Contact Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This guide provides procedures for the application of contact straight-beam examination for the detection and quantitative evaluation of discontinuities in materials.  
6.2 Although not all requirements of this guide can be applied universally to all examinations, situations, and materials, it does provide basis for establishing contractual criteria between the users, and may be used as a general guide for preparing detailed specifications for a particular application.  
6.3 This guide is directed towards the evaluation of discontinuities detectable with the beam normal to the entry surface. If discontinuities or other orientations are of concern, alternate scanning techniques are required.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the contact ultrasonic examination of bulk materials or parts by transmitting pulsed ultrasonic waves into the material and observing the indications of reflected waves. This guide covers only examinations in which one search unit is used as both transmitter and receiver (pulse-echo). This guide includes general requirements and procedures that may be used for detecting discontinuities, locating depth and distance from a point of reference and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities as compared to a reference standard.  
1.2 This guide complements Practice E114 by providing more detailed procedures for the selection and standardization of the examination system and for evaluation of the indications obtained.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish the appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2446-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Computed Radiography Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 There are several factors affecting the quality of a CR image including the basic spatial resolution of the IP system, geometrical unsharpness, scatter and contrast sensitivity. There are several additional factors (for example, software and scanning parameters) that affect the accurate reading of images on exposed IPs using an optical scanner.  
4.2 This practice is to be used to establish a characterization of CR system by performance levels on the basis of a normalized SNR, interpolated basic spatial detector resolution and EPS. The CR system performance levels in this practice do not refer to any particular manufacturers’ imaging plates. A CR system performance level results from the use of a particular imaging plate together with the exposure conditions, standardized phantom, the scanner type, and software and the scanning parameters. This characterization system provides a means to compare differing CR technologies, as is common practice with film systems, which guides the user to the appropriate configuration, IP, and technique for the application at hand. The performance level selected may not match the imaging performance of a corresponding film class because of the difference in the spatial resolution and scatter sensitivity. Therefore, the user should always use IQIs for proof of contrast sensitivity and basic spatial resolution.  
4.3 The measured performance parameters are presented in a characterization chart. This enables users to select specific CR systems by the different characterization data to find the best system for his specific application.  
4.4 The quality factors can be determined most accurately by the tests described in this practice. Some of the system tests require special tools, which may not be available in user laboratories. Simpler tests are described for quality assurance and long term stability tests in Practice E2445.  
4.5 Manufacturers of industrial CR systems or certification agencies will use this practice. Users of i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the manufacturing characterization of computed radiography (CR) systems, consisting of a particular phosphor imaging plate (IP), scanner, software, scanner operational parameters, and an image display monitor, in combination with specified metal screens for industrial radiography.  
1.2 The practice defines system tests to be used to characterize the systems of different suppliers and make them comparable for users.  
1.3 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers of CR systems or certification agencies to provide quantitative results of CR system characteristics for nondestructive testing (NDT) user or purchaser consumption. Some of these tests require specialized test phantoms to ensure consistency of results among suppliers or manufacturers. These tests are not intended for users to complete, nor are they intended for long term stability tracking and lifetime measurements. However, they may be used for this purpose, if so desired. Practice E2445 describes tests which are intended for users to observe the CR performance and test the long term stability.  
1.4 The CR system performance is described by the basic spatial resolution, contrast, signal and noise parameters, and the equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS). Some of these parameters are used to compare with DDA characterization and film characterization data (see Practice E2597 and Test Method E1815).
Note 1: For film system characterization, the signal is represented by the optical density of 2 (above fog and base) and the noise as granularity. The signal-to-noise ratio is normalized by the aperture (similar to the basic spatial resolution) of the system and is part of characterization. This normalization is given by the scanning circular aperture of 100 µm of the micro-photometer, which is defined in Test Method E1815 for film system characterization.  
1.5 The measurement of CR systems in this practice is restricted ...

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ASTM
ASTM E2663-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Ultrasonic Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of ultrasonic test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize ultrasonic test parameters and results. The ultrasonic test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any ultrasonic inspection data stored in DICONDE format may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of ultrasonic imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339. Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, transfer, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE test results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and data dictionary that are specific to ultrasonic test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from ultrasonic test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the ultrasonic technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard format regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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