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ASTM E354-21

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys

Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods for the chemical analysis of metals and alloys are primarily intended as referee methods to test such materials for compliance with compositional specifications, particularly those under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys. It is assumed that all who use these test methods will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory under appropriate quality control practices such as those described in Guide E882.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of high-temperature, electrical, magnetic, and other similar iron, nickel, and cobalt alloys having chemical compositions within the following limits:    
Element  
Composition Range, %  
Aluminum  
0.005  
to  
18.00  
Beryllium  
0.001  
to  
0.05  
Boron  
0.001  
to  
1.00  
Calcium  
0.002  
to  
0.05  
Carbon  
0.001  
to  
1.10  
Chromium  
0.10  
to  
33.00  
Cobalt  
0.10  
to  
75.00  
Columbium (Niobium)  
0.01  
to  
6.0  
Copper  
0.01  
to  
10.00  
Iron  
0.01  
to  
85.00  
Magnesium  
0.001  
to  
0.05  
Manganese  
0.01  
to  
3.0  
Molybdenum  
0.01  
to  
30.0  
Nickel  
0.10  
to  
84.0  
Nitrogen  
0.001  
to  
0.20  
Phosphorus  
0.002  
to  
0.08  
Silicon  
0.01  
to  
5.00  
Sulfur  
0.002  
to  
0.10  
Tantalum  
0.005  
to  
10.0  
Titanium  
0.01  
to  
5.00  
Tungsten  
0.01  
to  
18.00  
Vanadium  
0.01  
to  
3.25  
Zirconium  
0.01  
to  
2.50  
1.2 The test methods in this standard are contained in the sections indicated below:    
Sections  
Aluminum, Total, by the 8-Quinolinol Gravimetric Method (0.20 %
to 7.00 %)  
100 – 107  
Carbon, Total, by the Combustion-Thermal Conductivity Method—Discontinued 1986  
124 – 134  
Carbon, Total, by the Combustion Gravimetric Method (0.05 % to
1.10 %)—Discontinued 2014  
79 – 89  
Chromium by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method
(0.006 % to 1.00 %)  
165 – 174  
Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate Oxidation—Titration Method
(0.10 % to 33.00 %)  
175 – 183  
Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate-Oxidation Titrimetric Method—
Discontinued 1980  
116 – 123  
Cobalt by the Ion-Exchange-Potentiometric Titration Method (2 %
to 75 %)  
53 – 60  
Cobalt by the Nitroso-R-Salt Spectrophotometric Method (0.10 %
to 5.0 %)  
61 – 70  
Copper by Neocuproine Spectrophotometric Method (0.01 % to
10.00 %)  
90 – 99  
Copper by the Sulfide Precipitation-Electrodeposition Gravimetric
Method (0.01 % to 10.00 %)  
71 – 78  
Iron by the Silver Reduction Titrimetric Method (1.0 % to 50.0 %)  
192 –199  
Manganese by the Metaperiodate Spectrophotometric Method
(0.05 % to 2.00 %)  
9 – 18  
Molybdenum by the Ion Exchange—8-Hydroxyquinoline Gravi-
metric Method (1.5 % to 30 %)  
184 – 191  
Molybdenum by the Thiocyanate Spectrophotometric Method
(0.01 % to 1.50 %)  
153 – 164  
Nickel by the Dimethylglyoxime Gravimetric Method (0.1 % to
84.0 %)  
135 – 142  
Phosphorus by the Molybdenum Blue Spectrophotometric Method
(0.002 % to 0.08 %)  
19 – 30  
Silicon by the Gravimetric Method (0.05 % to 5.00 %)  
46 – 52    
Sulfur by the Gravimetric Method—Discontinued
1988  
Former 30 – 36  
Sulfur by the Combustion-Iodate Titration Method (0.005 % to
0.1 %)—Discontinued 2014  
37 – 45  
Sulfur by the Chromatographic Gra...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
28-Feb-2021
ICS
77.140.40 - Steels with special magnetic properties
Technical Committee
E01 - Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
Drafting Committee
E01.01 - Iron, Steel, and Ferroalloys
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E354-21 - Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt AlloysASTM E354-21 - Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys
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REDLINE ASTM E354-21 - Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt AlloysREDLINE ASTM E354-21 - Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E354 − 21
Standard Test Methods for
Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical,
1
Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E354; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate Oxidation—Titration Method
175 – 183
(0.10 % to 33.00 %)
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of
Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate-Oxidation Titrimetric Method—
116 – 123
high-temperature, electrical, magnetic, and other similar iron, Discontinued 1980
Cobalt by the Ion-Exchange-Potentiometric Titration Method (2 %
nickel, and cobalt alloys having chemical compositions within
53 – 60
to 75 %)
the following limits:
Cobalt by the Nitroso-R-Salt Spectrophotometric Method (0.10 %
61 – 70
to 5.0 %)
Composition
Element
Copper by Neocuproine Spectrophotometric Method (0.01 % to
Range, %
90 – 99
10.00 %)
Copper by the Sulfide Precipitation-Electrodeposition Gravimetric
Aluminum 0.005 to 18.00
71 – 78
Method (0.01 % to 10.00 %)
Beryllium 0.001 to 0.05
Iron by the Silver Reduction Titrimetric Method (1.0 % to 50.0 %) 192 –199
Boron 0.001 to 1.00
Manganese by the Metaperiodate Spectrophotometric Method
Calcium 0.002 to 0.05
9 – 18
(0.05 % to 2.00 %)
Carbon 0.001 to 1.10
Molybdenum by the Ion Exchange—8-Hydroxyquinoline Gravi-
Chromium 0.10 to 33.00
184 – 191
metric Method (1.5 % to 30 %)
Cobalt 0.10 to 75.00
Molybdenum by the Thiocyanate Spectrophotometric Method
Columbium (Niobium) 0.01 to 6.0
153 – 164
(0.01 % to 1.50 %)
Copper 0.01 to 10.00
Nickel by the Dimethylglyoxime Gravimetric Method (0.1 % to
Iron 0.01 to 85.00
135 – 142
84.0 %)
Magnesium 0.001 to 0.05
Phosphorus by the Molybdenum Blue Spectrophotometric Method
Manganese 0.01 to 3.0
19 – 30
(0.002 % to 0.08 %)
Molybdenum 0.01 to 30.0
Silicon by the Gravimetric Method (0.05 % to 5.00 %) 46 – 52
Nickel 0.10 to 84.0
Sulfur by the Gravimetric Method—Discontinued
Nitrogen 0.001 to 0.20
Former 30 – 36
1988
Phosphorus 0.002 to 0.08
Sulfur by the Combustion-Iodate Titration Method (0.005 % to
Silicon 0.01 to 5.00
37 – 45
0.1 %)—Discontinued 2014
Sulfur 0.002 to 0.10
Sulfur by the Chromatographic Gravimetric Method—Discontinued
Tantalum 0.005 to 10.0
108 – 115
1980
Titanium 0.01 to 5.00
Tin by the Solvent Extraction–Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Tungsten 0.01 to 18.00
143 – 152
Method (0.002 % to 0.10 %)
Vanadium 0.01 to 3.25
Zirconium 0.01 to 2.50
1.3 Methods for the determination of carbon and sulfur not
1.2 The test methods in this standard are contained in the
included in this standard can be found in Test Methods E1019.
sections indicated below:
1.4 Some of the composition ranges given in 1.1 are too
Sections
broad to be covered by a single method and therefore this
Aluminum, Total, by the 8-Quinolinol Gravimetric Method (0.20 %
standard contains multiple methods for some elements. The
100 – 107
to 7.00 %)
user must select the proper method by matching the informa-
Carbon, Total, by the Combustion-Thermal Conductivity Method—
124 – 134
Discontinued 1986 tion given in the Scope and Interference sections of each
Carbon, Total, by the Combustion Gravimetric Method (0.05 % to
79–89 method with the composition of the alloy to be analyzed.
1.10 %)—Discontinued 2014
Chromium by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method
165 – 174
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
(0.006 % to 1.00 %)
as standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on
Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and are the direct safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of Subcommittee E01.01 on Iron, Steel, and Ferroalloys.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Current edition approved March 1, 2021. Published April 2021. Originally
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E354 – 14. DOI:
10.1520/E0354-21. mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E354 − 21
Specific hazards statements are given in Section 6 and in 4. Significance and Use
special “Warning” paragraphs throughout these test methods.
4.1 These test methods for the chemica
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E354 − 14 E354 − 21
Standard Test Methods for
Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical,
1
Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E354; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of high-temperature, electrical, magnetic, and other similar iron, nickel, and
cobalt alloys having chemical compositions within the following limits:
Element Composition Range, %
Aluminum 0.005 to 18.00
Beryllium 0.001 to 0.05
Boron 0.001 to 1.00
Calcium 0.002 to 0.05
Carbon 0.001 to 1.10
Chromium 0.10 to 33.00
Cobalt 0.10 to 75.00
Columbium (Niobium) 0.01 to 6.0
Copper 0.01 to 10.00
Iron 0.01 to 85.00
Magnesium 0.001 to 0.05
Manganese 0.01 to 3.0
Molybdenum 0.01 to 30.0
Nickel 0.10 to 84.0
Nitrogen 0.001 to 0.20
Phosphorus 0.002 to 0.08
Silicon 0.01 to 5.00
Sulfur 0.002 to 0.10
Tantalum 0.005 to 10.0
Titanium 0.01 to 5.00
Tungsten 0.01 to 18.00
Vanadium 0.01 to 3.25
Zirconium 0.01 to 2.50
1.2 The test methods in this standard are contained in the sections indicated below:
Sections
Aluminum, Total, by the 8-Quinolinol Gravimetric Method (0.20 %
to 100
7.00 %)
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and are the direct responsibility
of Subcommittee E01.01 on Iron, Steel, and Ferroalloys.
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2014March 1, 2021. Published November 2014April 2021. Originally approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 20062014
as E354 – 93 (2006).E354 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/E0354-14.10.1520/E0354-21.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E354 − 21
Aluminum, Total, by the 8-Quinolinol Gravimetric Method (0.20 %
to 100 – 107
7.00 %)
Carbon, Total, by the Combustion-Thermal Conductivity Method Discontinued
Carbon, Total, by the Combustion-Thermal Conductivity Method—
124 – 134
Discontinued 1986
Carbon, Total, by the Combustion Gravimetric Method (0.05 % to
Discontinued
1.10 %)
Carbon, Total, by the Combustion Gravimetric Method (0.05 % to
79 – 89
1.10 %)—Discontinued 2014
Chromium by the Atomic Absorption Method (0.006
165
% to 1.00 %)
Chromium by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method
165 – 174
(0.006 % to 1.00 %)
Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate Oxidation—Titration Method
175 – 183
(0.10 % to 33.00 %)
Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate-Oxidation Titrimetric Method
Discontinued
Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate-Oxidation Titrimetric Method—
116 – 123
Discontinued 1980
Cobalt by the Ion-Exchange-Potentiometric Titration Method (2 %
to 53
75 %)
Cobalt by the Ion-Exchange-Potentiometric Titration Method (2 %
53 – 60
to 75 %)
Cobalt by the Nitroso-R-Salt Spectrophotometric Method (0.10 %
61 – 70
to 5.0 %)
Copper by Neocuproine Spectrophotometric Method (0.01 % to
90
10.00 %)
Copper by Neocuproine Spectrophotometric Method (0.01 % to
90 – 99
10.00 %)
Copper by the Sulfide Precipitation-Electrodeposition Gravimetric
71 – 78
Method (0.01 % to 10.00 %)
Iron by the Silver ReductionTitrimetric Method (1.0 % to 50.0 %) 192
Iron by the Silver Reduction Titrimetric Method (1.0 % to 50.0 %) 192 –199
Manganese by the Periodate Spectrophotometric Method
9
(0.05 % to 2.00 %)
Manganese by the Metaperiodate Spectrophotometric Method
9 – 18
(0.05 % to 2.00 %)
Molybdenum by the Ion Exchange—8-Hydroxyquinoline Gravi-
184 – 191
metric Method (1.5 % to 30 %)
Molybdenum by the Spectrophotometric Method
153
(0.01 % to 1.50 %)
Molybdenum by the Thiocyanate Spectrophotometric Method
153 – 164
(0.01 % to 1.50 %)
Nickel by the Dimethylglyoxime Gravimetric Method (0.1 % to
135 – 142
84.0 %)
Phosphorus by the Molybdenum Blue Spectrophotometric Method
19
(0.002 % to 0.08 %)
Phosphorus by the Molybdenum Blue Spectrophotometric Method
19 – 30
(0.002 % to 0.08 %)
Silicon by the Gravimetric Method (0.05 % to 5.00 %) 46 – 52
Sulfur by the Gravimetric Method
Discontinued
Sulfur by the Gravimetric Method—Discontinued
Former 30 – 36
1988
Sulfur by the Combustion-Iodate Titration Method (0.005 % to
Discontinued
0
...

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ASTM
ASTM E354-21e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods for the chemical analysis of metals and alloys are primarily intended as referee methods to test such materials for compliance with compositional specifications, particularly those under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys. It is assumed that all who use these test methods will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory under appropriate quality control practices such as those described in Guide E882.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of high-temperature, electrical, magnetic, and other similar iron, nickel, and cobalt alloys having chemical compositions within the following limits:    
Element  
Composition Range, %  
Aluminum  
0.005  
to  
18.00  
Beryllium  
0.001  
to  
0.05  
Boron  
0.001  
to  
1.00  
Calcium  
0.002  
to  
0.05  
Carbon  
0.001  
to  
1.10  
Chromium  
0.10  
to  
33.00  
Cobalt  
0.10  
to  
75.00  
Columbium (Niobium)  
0.01  
to  
6.0  
Copper  
0.01  
to  
10.00  
Iron  
0.01  
to  
85.00  
Magnesium  
0.001  
to  
0.05  
Manganese  
0.01  
to  
3.0  
Molybdenum  
0.01  
to  
30.0  
Nickel  
0.10  
to  
84.0  
Nitrogen  
0.001  
to  
0.20  
Phosphorus  
0.002  
to  
0.08  
Silicon  
0.01  
to  
5.00  
Sulfur  
0.002  
to  
0.10  
Tantalum  
0.005  
to  
10.0  
Titanium  
0.01  
to  
5.00  
Tungsten  
0.01  
to  
18.00  
Vanadium  
0.01  
to  
3.25  
Zirconium  
0.01  
to  
2.50  
1.2 The test methods in this standard are contained in the sections indicated below:    
Sections  
Aluminum, Total, by the 8-Quinolinol Gravimetric Method (0.20 %
to 7.00 %)  
100 – 107  
Carbon, Total, by the Combustion-Thermal Conductivity Method—Discontinued 1986  
124 – 134  
Carbon, Total, by the Combustion Gravimetric Method (0.05 % to
1.10 %)—Discontinued 2014  
79 – 89  
Chromium by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method
(0.006 % to 1.00 %)  
165 – 174  
Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate Oxidation—Titration Method
(0.10 % to 33.00 %)  
175 – 183  
Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate-Oxidation Titrimetric Method—
Discontinued 1980  
116 – 123  
Cobalt by the Ion-Exchange-Potentiometric Titration Method (2 %
to 75 %)  
53 – 60  
Cobalt by the Nitroso-R-Salt Spectrophotometric Method (0.10 %
to 5.0 %)  
61 – 70  
Copper by Neocuproine Spectrophotometric Method (0.01 % to
10.00 %)  
90 – 99  
Copper by the Sulfide Precipitation-Electrodeposition Gravimetric
Method (0.01 % to 10.00 %)  
71 – 78  
Iron by the Silver Reduction Titrimetric Method (1.0 % to 50.0 %)  
192 –199  
Manganese by the Metaperiodate Spectrophotometric Method
(0.05 % to 2.00 %)  
9 – 18  
Molybdenum by the Ion Exchange—8-Hydroxyquinoline Gravi-
metric Method (1.5 % to 30 %)  
184 – 191  
Molybdenum by the Thiocyanate Spectrophotometric Method
(0.01 % to 1.50 %)  
153 – 164  
Nickel by the Dimethylglyoxime Gravimetric Method (0.1 % to
84.0 %)  
135 – 142  
Phosphorus by the Molybdenum Blue Spectrophotometric Method
(0.002 % to 0.08 %)  
19 – 30  
Silicon by the Gravimetric Method (0.05 % to 5.00 %)  
46 – 52    
Sulfur by the Gravimetric Method—Discontinued
1988  
Former 30 – 36  
Sulfur by the Combustion-Iodate Titration Method (0.005 % to
0.1 %)—Discontinued 2014  
37 – 45  
Sulfur by the Chromatographic Gra...

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Standard Specification for Magnetic Pure Iron

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for mill-cast and wrought magnetic pure iron containing no more than 0.0060 % carbon and a typical total iron content of 99.9 %. The magnetic characteristics exhibited by magnetic pure iron are made possible by the absence of alloying elements during production.  
1.2 This specification also covers magnetic pure iron supplied in a form and condition which allows for subsequent heat treatment to achieve desired magnetic characteristics.  
1.3 Magnetic pure iron may be supplied in forms including hot-rolled strip, sheet, plate, bar, billet, and slab; cold-rolled strip and sheet; mill-cast slab and bloom; forgings; and drawn wire and rod.  
1.4 This specification does not cover cast parts or iron powders capable of being processed into magnetic components. Please refer to the following ASTM standards for information regarding powdered metal materials and magnetic components: Specifications A811, A839, and A904.  
1.5 This specification does not cover material that contains constituent elements sufficient to increase the carbon content above 0.0060 % or to decrease the iron content below 99.9 %. Refer to Specification A848 for properties of low carbon magnetic iron.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6.1 There are selected values presented in two units, both of which are acceptable SI units. These are differentiated by the word “or,” as in “g/cm3, or, (kg/m3).”  
1.7 Acceptance values may be generated by an independent party. This specification accepts reports from producers or intermediate suppliers.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E354-21e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods for the chemical analysis of metals and alloys are primarily intended as referee methods to test such materials for compliance with compositional specifications, particularly those under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys. It is assumed that all who use these test methods will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory under appropriate quality control practices such as those described in Guide E882.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of high-temperature, electrical, magnetic, and other similar iron, nickel, and cobalt alloys having chemical compositions within the following limits:    
Element  
Composition Range, %  
Aluminum  
0.005  
to  
18.00  
Beryllium  
0.001  
to  
0.05  
Boron  
0.001  
to  
1.00  
Calcium  
0.002  
to  
0.05  
Carbon  
0.001  
to  
1.10  
Chromium  
0.10  
to  
33.00  
Cobalt  
0.10  
to  
75.00  
Columbium (Niobium)  
0.01  
to  
6.0  
Copper  
0.01  
to  
10.00  
Iron  
0.01  
to  
85.00  
Magnesium  
0.001  
to  
0.05  
Manganese  
0.01  
to  
3.0  
Molybdenum  
0.01  
to  
30.0  
Nickel  
0.10  
to  
84.0  
Nitrogen  
0.001  
to  
0.20  
Phosphorus  
0.002  
to  
0.08  
Silicon  
0.01  
to  
5.00  
Sulfur  
0.002  
to  
0.10  
Tantalum  
0.005  
to  
10.0  
Titanium  
0.01  
to  
5.00  
Tungsten  
0.01  
to  
18.00  
Vanadium  
0.01  
to  
3.25  
Zirconium  
0.01  
to  
2.50  
1.2 The test methods in this standard are contained in the sections indicated below:    
Sections  
Aluminum, Total, by the 8-Quinolinol Gravimetric Method (0.20 %
to 7.00 %)  
100 – 107  
Carbon, Total, by the Combustion-Thermal Conductivity Method—Discontinued 1986  
124 – 134  
Carbon, Total, by the Combustion Gravimetric Method (0.05 % to
1.10 %)—Discontinued 2014  
79 – 89  
Chromium by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method
(0.006 % to 1.00 %)  
165 – 174  
Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate Oxidation—Titration Method
(0.10 % to 33.00 %)  
175 – 183  
Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate-Oxidation Titrimetric Method—
Discontinued 1980  
116 – 123  
Cobalt by the Ion-Exchange-Potentiometric Titration Method (2 %
to 75 %)  
53 – 60  
Cobalt by the Nitroso-R-Salt Spectrophotometric Method (0.10 %
to 5.0 %)  
61 – 70  
Copper by Neocuproine Spectrophotometric Method (0.01 % to
10.00 %)  
90 – 99  
Copper by the Sulfide Precipitation-Electrodeposition Gravimetric
Method (0.01 % to 10.00 %)  
71 – 78  
Iron by the Silver Reduction Titrimetric Method (1.0 % to 50.0 %)  
192 –199  
Manganese by the Metaperiodate Spectrophotometric Method
(0.05 % to 2.00 %)  
9 – 18  
Molybdenum by the Ion Exchange—8-Hydroxyquinoline Gravi-
metric Method (1.5 % to 30 %)  
184 – 191  
Molybdenum by the Thiocyanate Spectrophotometric Method
(0.01 % to 1.50 %)  
153 – 164  
Nickel by the Dimethylglyoxime Gravimetric Method (0.1 % to
84.0 %)  
135 – 142  
Phosphorus by the Molybdenum Blue Spectrophotometric Method
(0.002 % to 0.08 %)  
19 – 30  
Silicon by the Gravimetric Method (0.05 % to 5.00 %)  
46 – 52    
Sulfur by the Gravimetric Method—Discontinued
1988  
Former 30 – 36  
Sulfur by the Combustion-Iodate Titration Method (0.005 % to
0.1 %)—Discontinued 2014  
37 – 45  
Sulfur by the Chromatographic Gra...

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ASTM
ASTM A804/A804M-04(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Sheet-Type Test Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Materials Evaluation—These test methods were developed to supplement the testing of Epstein specimens for applications involving the use of flat, sheared laminations where the testing of Epstein specimens in either the as-sheared or stress-relief-annealed condition fails to provide the most satisfactory method of predicting magnetic performance in the application. As a principal example, the test methods have been found particularly applicable to the control and evaluation of the magnetic properties of thermally flattened, grain-oriented electrical steel (Condition F5, Specification A876) used as lamination stock for cores of power transformers. Inasmuch as the test methods can only be reliably used to determine unidirectional magnetic properties, the test methods have limited applicability to the testing of fully processed nonoriented electrical steels as normally practiced (Specification A677).  
4.2 Specification Acceptance—The reproducibility of test results and the accuracy relative to the 25-cm [250-mm] Epstein method of test are considered such as to render the test methods suitable for materials specification testing.  
4.3 Interpretation of Test Results—Because of specimen size, considerable variation in magnetic properties may be present within a single specimen or between specimens that may be combined for testing purposes. Also, variations may exist in test values that are combined to represent a test lot of material. Test results reported will therefore, in general, represent averages of magnetic quality and in certain applications, particularly those involving narrow widths of laminations, deviations in magnetic performance from those expected from reported data may occur at times. Additionally, application of test data to the design or evaluation of a particular magnetic device must recognize the influence of magnetic circuitry upon performance and the possible deterioration in magnetic properties arising from construction of the device.  
4.4 ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of specific core loss and peak permeability of single layers of sheet-type specimens tested with normal excitation at a frequency of 50 or 60 Hz.  
Note 1: These test methods have been applied only at the commercial power frequencies, 50 and 60 Hz, but with proper instrumentation and application of the principles of testing and calibration embodied in the test methods, they are believed to be adaptable to testing at frequencies ranging from 25 to 400 Hz.  
1.2 These test methods use calibration procedures that provide correlation with the 25-cm [250-mm] Epstein test.  
1.3 The range of test magnetic flux densities is governed by the properties of the test specimen and by the available instruments and other equipment components. Normally, nonoriented electrical steels can be tested over a range from 8 to 16 kG [0.8 to 1.6 T] for core loss. For oriented electrical steels, the normal range extends to 18 kG [1.8 T]. Maximum magnetic flux densities in peak permeability testing are limited principally by heating of the magnetizing winding and tests are limited normally to a maximum ac magnetic field strength of about 150 Oe [12 000 A/m].  
1.4 These test methods cover two alternative procedures as follows:
Test Method 1—Sections 6 – 12
Test Method 2—Sections 13 – 19  
1.4.1 Test Method 1 uses a test fixture having (1) two windings that encircle the test specimen, and (2) a ferromagnetic yoke structure that serves as the flux return path and has low core loss and low magnetic reluctance.  
1.4.2 Test Method 2 uses a test fixture having (1) two windings that encircle the test specimen, (2) a third winding located inside the other two windings and immediately adjacent to one surface of the test specimen, and (3) a ferromagnetic yoke structure which serves as the flux-return path and has low magnetic reluctance.  
1.5 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu a...

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ASTM
ASTM E570-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Flux Leakage Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Tubular Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice outlines a procedure for examining ferromagnetic tubular products using the flux leakage method. If properly applied, this method is capable of detecting the presence and location of significant longitudinally or transversely oriented discontinuities, such as pits, scabs, slivers, gouges, roll-ins, laps, seams, cracks, holes, and improper welds in ferromagnetic tubes under inspection. In addition, the severity of a discontinuity may be estimated and a rejection level set with respect to the magnitude of the electromagnetic indication produced by the discontinuity.  
5.2 The response from natural discontinuities can be significantly different from the response for artificial discontinuities, such as drilled holes or notches of equivalent depth. For this reason, sufficient work should be done to determine the conditions necessary to detect and mark natural discontinuities whose characteristics will adversely affect the serviceability of the tube, in order to establish acceptance criteria between the supplier and purchaser.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the application and standardization of equipment using the flux leakage test method for detection of outer surface and inner surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic steel tubular products (Note 1) of uniform cross section, such as seamless and welded tubing. While this method may be sensitive to subsurface discontinuities, it is not the primary method used to identify these types of discontinuities. A secondary method, such as Ultrasonic Testing, should be considered for assessment of these types of discontinuities.
Note 1: The term “tube” or “tubular product” will be used to refer to both pipe and tubing.  
1.2 This practice is intended for use on tubular products having outside diameters from approximately 1/2 to 24 in. (12.7 to 610 mm) with wall thicknesses to 1/2 in. (12.7 mm). These techniques have been used for other sizes, however, and may be so specified upon contractual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.  
1.3 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria; they must be specified by the using parties.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A726-18(Specification)
Standard Specification for Cold-Rolled Magnetic Lamination Quality Steel, Semiprocessed Types

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard requirements for semi-processed cold-rolled magnetic lamination quality steels. These steels shall be made by the basic-oxygen or electric-furnace method and shall be processed by hot rolling, pickling, cold rolling, annealing, and temper rolling. Magnetic lamination steels shall have low-carbon contents and may have manganese, phosphorus, silicon, and aluminum additions to enhance punchability and to improve magnetic characteristics by increasing the electrical resistivity. There are no fixed chemical requirements for these steels only the requirement to meet the specified magnetic properties. These steels must be heat treated by the user to develop the specified magnetic properties. This specification covered steels with thicknesses of 0.0185 in. ( 0.47 mm), 0.022 in. (0.56 mm), 0.025 in. (0.64 mm), 0.028 in. (0.71 mm) and 0.031 in. (0.79 mm). For a given thickness there are three or more core loss types distinguished by maximum allowable core loss after a specified quality development anneal. Magnetic testing shall be done after the specified quality development anneal and shall use the Epstein test method. Magnetic testing shall be done at a test frequency of 60 Hz and a maximum flux density of 15 kG (1.5 T). Test methods to determine the magnetic and mechanical properties are listed. Other typical magnetic and physical properties are listed for reference.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cold-rolled carbon sheet steel used for magnetic applications. These products, commonly called “cold-rolled magnetic lamination steel” (CRML) are usually intended for applications in which the stamped laminations or assembled core structures for electrical equipment are annealed to develop the desired core loss and permeability characteristics.  
1.2 This steel is produced to maximum specific core-loss values and is intended primarily for commercial power frequency (50- and 60-Hz) applications in magnetic devices. Specific core-loss and permeability characteristics in conformance with this specification are developed through heat treatment by the user.  
1.3 Non-guaranteed core-loss types, usually made to controlled chemical compositions, are available but are not covered by this specification.  
1.4 Higher quality core-loss types are low carbon, silicon-iron, or silicon-aluminum-iron alloys containing up to about 2.5 % silicon and less than 1 % aluminum. These steels are usually given a critical reduction on a temper-mill to yield specified magnetic properties after a suitable lamination anneal. These products, typically called semiprocessed magnetic lamination steel, are classified by the ASTM Code Letter D in accordance with Practice A664.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A838-18(Specification)
Standard Specification for Free-Machining Ferritic Stainless Soft Magnetic Alloy Bar for Relay Applications

ABSTRACT
This specification covers nominally 17.5% Cr free-machining ferritic stainless soft magnetic alloy produced or supplied expressly in cold-finished bar form for use in magnetic cores and other parts requiring a corrosion-resistant, high permeability, low-coercivity steel. This specification does not cover either cast parts or parts produced by powder metallurgy techniques. Two specific alloy types are covered distinguished by different silicon levels. Required measurements include chemical analysis and dc magnetic property measurement. The magnetic properties depend both on the grade and the dimensions. Apart from the requirements, the specification contains useful appendices discussing the magnetic testing of these alloys and typical magnetic and physical properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers free-machining ferritic stainless soft magnetic alloy produced or supplied expressly in cold-finished bar form for use in magnetic cores and other parts requiring a high permeability, low-coercivity stainless steel.  
1.1.1 This specification does not cover either cast parts or parts produced by powder metallurgy techniques.  
1.2 Two specific alloy types are covered. The primary constituents are shown in Table 1. These types have corrosion resistance similar to AISI Type 430F and Type 430F, Specification A582/A582M.  
1.3 This specification covers only these alloy types supplied in cold-finished bars in cross-sectional shapes such as rounds, squares, hexagons, and octagons with diameters (diagonals) greater than or equal to 6.35 mm (0.250 in.) and less than or equal to 41.5 mm (1.63 in.).2  
1.4 Certain cold-finished round bar products are capable of being supplied mill annealed to required magnetic properties such as low coercivity. The size range that can be mill annealed is from 6.35 to 41.5 mm (0.250 to 1.63 in.). Other products of these alloys cannot be mill annealed to produce equivalently low coercivity; hence, the final machined parts should be heat treated as recommended by the producer.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1312-18(Practice)
Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Examination of Ferromagnetic Cylindrical Bar Product Above the Curie Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this practice is to describe a procedure for in-line-eddy-current examination of hot cylindrical bars in the range of diameters listed in 1.2 for large and repetitive discontinuities that may form during processing.  
5.2 The discontinuities in bar product capable of being detected by the electromagnetic method are listed in 1.3.1. The method is capable of detecting surface and some subsurface discontinuities that are typically in the order of 0.030 in. (0.75 mm) and deeper, but some shallower discontinuities might also be found.  
5.3 Discontinuities that are narrow and deep, but short in length, are readily detectable by both probe and encircling coils because they cause abrupt flux changes. Surface and subsurface discontinuities (if the electromagnetic frequency provides sufficient effective depth of penetration) can be detected by this method.  
5.3.1 Discontinuities such as scratches or seams that are continuous and uniform for the full length of cut length bars or extend for extensive linear distances in coiled product may not always be detected when encircling coils are used. These are more detectable with probe coils by intercepting the discontinuity in their rotation around the circumference.  
5.3.2 The orientation and type of coil are important parameters in coil design because they influence the detectability of discontinuities.  
5.4 The eddy current method is sensitive to metallurgical variations that occur as a result of processing, thus all received signals above the alarm level are not necessarily indicative of defective product.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for eddy current examination of hot ferromagnetic bars above the Curie temperature where the product is essentially nonmagnetic, but below 2100 °F (1149 °C).  
1.2 This practice is intended for use on bar products having diameters of 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) to 8 in. (203 mm) at linear throughput speeds up to 24 000 ft/min (122 m/sec). Larger or smaller diameters may be examined by agreement between the using parties.  
1.3 The purpose of this practice is to provide a procedure for in-line eddy current examination of bars during processing for the detection of major or gross surface discontinuities.  
1.3.1 The types of discontinuities capable of being detected are commonly referred to as: slivers, laps, seams, roll-ins (scale, dross, and so forth), and mechanical damage such as scratches, scores, or indentations.  
1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria. They must be specified by agreement between the using parties.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This practice does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this practice to establish appropriate safety, health, environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A848-17(Specification)
Standard Specification for Low-Carbon Magnetic Iron

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard requirements for wrought low-carbon iron having a carbon content of 0.015% or less with the remainder of the analysis being substantially iron. These alloys are not electrical steels such as are described in Specifications A 726 and A 840 but are instead primarily used in dc magnetic applications and are produced in a wide variety of mill forms such as forging billet and cold finished bar and wire as well as strip. Two alloy types are covered: Type 1 is a low-phosphorus grade and Type 2 contains a phosphorus addition to improve machinability. Apart from chemical requirements, alloy produced to this specification must exhibit guaranteed maximum values of coercive field strength when heat treated according to this specification. This specification has several useful appendices dealing with typical magnetic, physical and mechanical properties, heat treatment and magnetic aging.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for wrought low-carbon iron typically having a carbon content of 0.015 % or less with the remainder of the chemical composition being substantially iron.  
1.1.1 Two alloy types are covered: Type 1 is a low-phosphorous grade and Type 2 contains a phosphorous addition to improve machinability.  
1.2 This specification also covers alloys supplied by a producer or converter in the form and condition suitable for fabrication into parts which will be subsequently heat treated to create the desired magnetic characteristics. It covers alloys supplied in the form of forging billets, hot-rolled products, and cold-finished bar, wire, and strip.  
1.3 This specification does not cover iron powders capable of being processed into magnetic components. Please refer to the following ASTM Standards for information regarding powdered metal materials and magnetic components: Specifications A811, A839, and A904.  
1.4 This specification does not cover flat-rolled, low-carbon electrical steels. Please refer to Specification A726 for information regarding these materials.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A1101-16(Specification)
Standard Specification for Sintered and Fully Dense Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) Permanent Magnets

ABSTRACT
This specification covers technically important, commercially available, magnetically hard sintered and fully dense neodymium iron boron (Nd2Fe14B, NdFeB, or ‘Neo’ permanent magnets. These materials are available in a wide range of compositions with a commensurately large range of magnetic properties. Neodymium iron boron magnets have approximate magnetic properties of residual magnetic induction from 1.08 T (10 800 G) up to 1.5 T (15 000 G) and intrinsic coercive field strength of 875 kA/m (11 000 Oe) to above 2785 kA/m (35 000 Oe). Special grades and isotropic (un-aligned) magnets can have properties outside these ranges.
This specification provides guidance for the chemical composition of neodymium iron boron magnets as well as their physical and mechanical properties, magnetic properties (maximum energy product, residual induction, coercive field strength, intrinsic coercive field strength), workmanship, finish, and appearance. It also includes requirements for sampling, certification, and packaging and package marking.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers technically important, commercially available, magnetically hard sintered and fully dense neodymium iron boron (Nd2Fe14B, NdFeB, or “Neo”) permanent magnets. These materials are available in a wide range of compositions with a commensurately large range of magnetic properties. The numbers in the Nd2Fe14B name indicate the approximate atomic ratio of the key elements.  
1.2 Neodymium iron boron magnets have approximate magnetic properties of residual magnetic induction, Br, from 1.08 T (10 800 G) up to 1.5 T (15 000 G) and intrinsic coercive field strength, HcJ, of 875 kA/m (11 000 Oe) to above 2785 kA/m (35 000 Oe). Special grades and isotropic (un-aligned) magnets can have properties outside these ranges (see Appendix X4). Specific magnetic hysteresis behavior (demagnetization curve) can be characterized using Test Method A977/A977M.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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