ASTM D2276-22

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2276 − 06 (Reapproved 2014) D2276 − 22
Designation: 216/97216/05 (2005)
Standard Test Method for
1,2
Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel by Line Sampling
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2276; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particulate contaminant in aviation turbine fuel using a field monitor.
1.2 There are two test methods described. The basic test method is used to evaluate the level of contamination gravimetrically.
The second test method, presented in Appendix X1, describes a color rating technique that is used for rapid qualitative assessment
of changes in contamination level without the time delay required for the gravimetric determinations by stringent laboratory
procedures.
1.3 There are two Annexes and two Appendixes in this test method.
1.3.1 Annex A1 provides some precautionary information regarding the use of the required reagents.
1.3.2 Annex A2 describes a standard practice for obtaining a sample of the particulates present in a flowing stream of aviation
turbine fuel.
1.3.3 Appendix X1 describes a test method for rating the particulate level in an aviation turbine fuel on the basis of the color of
a filter membrane after sampling the fuel in the field.
1.3.4 Appendix X2 provides some safety precautions to avoid static discharge resulting from the accumulation of electrical
charges in the fuel and on the equipment while following the procedures.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM International Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility
of ASTM Subcommittee D02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness. The technically equivalent standard as referenced is under the jurisdiction of the Energy Institute Subcommittee
SC-B-11.
This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committees and accepted by the Cooperating Societies in accordance with established procedures.
Current edition approved June 1, 2014July 1, 2022. Published July 2014September 2022. Originally approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 20062014 as
D2276D2276 – 06 (2014).–06. DOI: 10.1520/D2276-06R14.10.1520/D2276-22.
This test method has been developed through the cooperative effort between ASTM and the Energy Institute, London. ASTM and IP standards were approved by ASTM
and EI technical committees as being technically equivalent but that does not imply both standards are identical.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2276 − 22
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
D5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Aviation Fuels by Laboratory Filtration
D6615 Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine Fuel
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D4175.
3.2 Definitions:Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 membrane color, n—a visual rating of particulate on a filter membrane against ASTM Color Standards.
3.2.2 membrane filter, n—a porous article of closely controlled pore size through which a liquid is passed to separate matter in
suspension.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
RR:D02-1012 contains information on membrane filters that meet the requirements therein.
3.2.3 monitor, n—something that reminds or warns.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—
A plastic holder for a membrane filter held in a field sampling apparatus.
3.2.4 particulate, adj—of or relating to minute separate particles.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—
Solids generally composed of oxides, silicates, and fuel insoluble salts.
3.2.5 volatile fuels, n—relatively wide boiling range volatile distillate.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—
These are identified as Jet B in Specification D6615 or the military grade known as JP-4.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 volatile fuels, n—relatively wide boiling range volatile distillate.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
These are identified as Jet B in Specification D6615 or the military grade known as JP-4.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A known volume of fuel is filtered through a preweighed test membrane filter in a field monitor and the increase in membrane
filter mass determined after washing and drying. The change in mass of a control membrane filter located immediately below the
test membrane filter is also determined. The objective of using a control membrane is to assess whether the fuel itself influences
the weight of a membrane. The particulate contaminant is determined from the increase in mass of the test membrane filter relative
to the control membrane filter.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Supporting data (and a list of suppliers who have provided data indicating their membranes, field monitors, and field monitor castings) have been filed at ASTM
International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1012. Contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org.
D2276 − 22
4.2 This test method employs a field monitor to filter a sample of fuel that is taken in the field by the sampling procedure detailed
in Annex A2.
4.3 For situations where it is not possible to take a field monitor sample, procedures are given in Test Method D5452 for the
determination of particulate contaminant in a fuel sample by laboratory filtration.
4.4 Appendix X1 describes a method for color-rating used filter membranes.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method provides a gravimetric measurement of the particulate matter present in a sample of aviation turbine fuel by
line sampling. The objective is to minimize these contaminants to avoid filter plugging and other operational problems. Although
tolerable levels of particulate contaminants have not yet been established for all points in fuel distribution systems, the total
contaminant measurement is normally of most interest. The Appendix X1 color rating method is useful for fuel system monitoring
purposes. No quantitative relationship exists between gravimetric and color rating test results.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Analytical Balance, single- or double-pan, the precision standard deviation of which must be 0.07 mg or better.
6.2 Oven, of the static type (without fan-assisted air circulation), controllable to 9090 °C 6 5°C.5 °C.
6.3 Petri Dishes, approximately 125 mm in diameter with removable glass supports for membrane filters.
6.4 Forceps, flat-bladed with unserrated, non-pointed tips.
6.5 Vacuum System.
4,5
6.6 Test Membrane Filters, plain, 37-mm37 mm diameter, nominal pore size 0.8 μm (see Note 1).
4,5
6.7 Control Membrane Filters, 37-mm37 mm diameter, nominal pore size 0.8 μm. (Gridded control membrane filters may be
used for purpose of identification.)
NOTE 1—Matched weight membrane filters, 37-mm37 mm diameter, nominal pore size 0.8 μm, may be used as test and control membrane filters if so
desired. Use of matched-weight membrane filters precludes the necessity for carrying out subsequently the procedures detailed in Section 8.
6.8 Dispenser for Flushing Fluid, 0.45-μm0.45 μm membrane filters to be provided in the delivery line (see Fig. 1). Alternatively,
flushing fluid that has been pre-filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane before delivery to the dispenser flask is acceptable.
6.9 Field Monitors, complete with protective plugs and 34-mm34 mm support pads.
6.10 Air Ionizer, for the balance case (see Note 2 and Note 3).
NOTE 2—When using a solid-pan balance, the air ionizer may be omitted provided that, when weighing a membrane filter, it is placed on the pan so that
no part protrudes over the edge of the pan.
NOTE 3—Air ionizers should be replaced within 1 year of manufacture.
6.11 Multimeter/VOM, used for determining whether electrical continuity is 10 Ω or less between 2 points.
All available membrane filters are not suitable for this application. Apparatus considered for this application shall be checked by the user for suitability in accordance
with the requirements of RR:D02-1012, 1994 revision.
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FIG. 1 Apparatus for Filtering and Dispensing Flushing Fluid
6.12 Field Monitor Flushing Apparatus, of the type shown in Fig. 2. It consists of a receiving flask large enough to contain the
flushing fluid and shall be equipped with a side arm to connect to the vacuum system. Reagent resistant tubing shall be arranged
to allow passage of a grounding wire. An assembly of reagent grade resistant tubing and bung fitted with a glass tube shall be
assembled as shown in Fig. 2 to attach to a field monitor.
6.13 Ground/Bond Wire, Nos. 10 through 19, (0.912(0.912 mm to 2.59 mm) bare stranded flexible stainless steel or copper
installed in the flask and grounded as shown in Fig. 2.
7. Reagents
7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all
reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where
such specifications are available. Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high
purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.
7.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated references to water shall be understood to mean reagent water as defined by Type
III of Specification D1193.
7.3 Isopropyl Alcohol, reagent grade. (Warning—Flammable. See A1.1.)
7.4 Liquid Detergent, water-soluble.
7.5 Flushing Fluids:
7.5.1 Petroleum Spirit (also known as petroleum ether or IP Petroleum Spirit 40/60) (Warning—Extremely flammable. Harmful
if inhaled. Vapors are easily ignited by electrostatic discharges, causing flash fire. See A1.2.), having boiling range from 3535 °C
to 60°C.60 °C.
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications,ACS Reagent Chemicals, Specifications and Procedures for Reagents and Standard-Grade Reference
Materials, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for
Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC),
Rockville, MD.
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FIG. 2 Field Monitor Flushing Apparatus
8. Preparation of Test and Control Membrane Filters and Field Monitors Prior to Sampling
8.1 Two 37-mm37 mm membrane filters of nominal pore size 0.8 μm 0.8 μm are required: a test and a control membrane filter.
Matched-weight membrane filters may be used if so desired (see Note 1). If matched-weight membrane filters are used, it is
unnecessary to carry out the procedures detailed in this section because they have been carried out previously by the membrane
filter supplier. The two membrane filters used for each individual test should be identified by marking the petri dishes used as
containers. Glassware used in preparation of membrane filters shall be cleaned as described in Section 10.
8.1.1 Using forceps, place the test and control membrane filters side by side in a clean petri dish. To facilitate handling the
membrane filters should rest on clean glass support rods in the petri dish.
8.1.2 Place the petri dish with its lid slightly ajar, in an oven at 9090 °C 6 5°C5 °C and leave it for 30 min.
8.1.3 Remove the petri dish from the oven and place it near the balance. The petri dish cover should be ajar but still protecting
the membrane filters from contamination from the atmosphere. Allow 30 min for the membrane filters to come to equilibrium with
the ambient air temperature and humidity.
8.1.4 Remove the control membrane filter from the petri dish with forceps, handling by the edge only, and place it centrally on
the weighing pan. Weigh it and return it to the petri dish.
8.1.5 Repeat 8.1.4 for the test membrane filter. Record the membrane filter masses.
8.1.6 Take a clean field monitor, mark for identification, rinse with filtered flushing fluid, and insert a clean support pad.
8.1.7 Using clean forceps, place the weighed control membrane filter centrally on the support pad in the field monitor and place
the weighed test membrane filter on top of the control membrane filter. Assemble the two parts of the field monitor, ensuring that
the membrane filters are firmly clamped inside and the protective plugs are in position.
8.1.8 Record the monitor identification.
9. Sampling and Testing Procedure
9.1 When possible, 3.785 L (1 gal) to 5 L (1.321 gal) of fuel should be passed through the monitor during field sampling. The
sample volume actually employed shall be reported. (Warning—Jet A, combustible. Vapor harmful. See A1.3.) (Warning—Jet
B, extremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled. Vapors may cause flash fire. See A1.4.)
9.2 See Annex A2 for specific details of sampling practices that shall be followed.
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10. Preparation of Flushing Apparatus
10.1 Fig. 2 shows the recommended configuration of the flushing apparatus. Alternative apparatus may be used, provided that it
achieves the same end.
10.1.1 Wash the petri dishes and supports with warm water containing detergent. Then rinse with warm water and finally with
distilled water.
10.1.2 Rinse thoroughly with filtered isopropyl alcohol.
10.1.3 Rinse thoroughly with filtered flushing fluid.
10.1.4 Drain for a few seconds, and then air or oven dry.
10.2 Ensure that all glass and plastic tubing attached to the solvent filtering dispenser is clean by flushing thoroughly with filtered
flushing fluid.
11. Flushing and Weighing Procedure
11.1 Upon receipt of the field monitor in the laboratory, assemble the apparatus shown in Fig. 2 with the field monitor in place
on the stopper of the vacuum flask.
NOTE 4—Take care to ensure that monitors are tightly closed and preferably clamped. Spring paper clips have been found suitable for this purpose.
11.2 Place the tip of the delivery spout of the solvent filtering dispenser in direct contact with the monitor inlet hole. Introduce
filtered flushing fluid.
11.3 Apply vacuum to the flask and allow approximately 250 mL of filtered flushing fluid to pass from the flushing fluid dispenser
through the monitor and into the vacuum flask.
11.4 Remove the flushing fluid dispenser and slowly release the vacuum.
11.5 Remove the monitor from the stopper of the vacuum flask and carefully dismantle it in an upright position.
11.6 Carefully remove the test and control membrane filters, and place side by side on clean glass supports in a clean, covered
petri dish.
NOTE 5—The test and control membrane filters can be removed from the monitor by pushing upwards against the support pad through the outlet orifice
with a thin dowel.
11.7 Dry and reweigh the membrane filters as described in 8.1.2 – 8.1.5, taking care not to disturb the contaminant on the surface
of the test membrane filter.
12. Calculation and Report
12.1 Subtract the initial mass of the test membrane filter, W , from the final mass, W .
1 2
12.2 Subtract the initial mass of the control membrane filter, W , from the final mass, W .
3 4
12.3 Divide the correct mass of contaminant (W − W ) − (W − W ) by the volume of sample filtered and report the result as total
2 1 4 3
contaminant, expressed in milligrams per litre.
NOTE 6—If matched-weight membrane filters have been used for the test (see Note 1), then W = W and the corrected mass of contaminant in 12.3
1 3
becomes W − W .
2 4
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TABLE 1 Statistical Information for Particulate Contaminant
Average Result,
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5 2.0
mg/L
Repeatability 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.16 0.19 0.25 0.33 0.42
Reproducibility 0.18 0.22 0.27 0.31 0.40 0.49 0.62 0.84 1.07
12.4 Report the result to the nearest 0.01 mg/L, and also the sample volume used in the test.
13. Precision and Bias
13.1 The precision of this test method is not known to have been obtained in accordance with currently accepted guidelines in
Committee D02 RR:D02-1007.
13.2 These precision data have been obtained by statistical examination of test results using 5-L5 L samples and were first
published in 1966.
13.3 Repeatability—The difference between successive results obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus under
constant operating conditions on identical test material would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test
method, exceed the following values in only one case in twenty:
Range Repeatability
0.0 to 2.0 mg/L 0.175x + 0.070
0.0 mg ⁄L to 2.0 mg/L 0.175x + 0.070
where x is the average value of two results.
13.4 Reproducibility—The difference between two single and independent results obtained by different operators working in
different laboratories on identical test material would, in the long run, exceed the following values in only one case in twenty:
Range Reproducibility
0.0 to 2.0 mg/L 0.444x + 0.178
0.0 mg ⁄L to 2.0 mg/L 0.444x + 0.178
where x is the average value of two results.
13.5 Typical values are given in Table 1.
NOTE 7—Reproducibility values were determined through cooperative testing by different operators using separate apparatus working at the same location
using identical test material. This procedure was adopted as it is highly improbable, if not impossible, to ensure the obtaining of “identical test material”
when testing at different locations.
13.6 Bias—The procedure given for the determination of particulate contaminant in aviation turbine fuels has no bias since this
property can only be defined in terms of this test method.
14. Keywords
14.1 aviation fuel; color rating; field monitor; gravimetric contaminant; membrane color; membrane filter; particulate
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1197. Contact ASTM Customer
Service at service@astm.org.
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ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
A1.1 Isopropyl Alcohol
A1.1.1 Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flame.
A1.1.2 Keep container closed.
A1.1.3 Use with adequate ventilation.
A1.1.4 Avoid prolonged breathing of vapor or spray mist.
A1.1.5 Avoid contact with eyes and skin.
A1.1.6 Do not take internally.
A1.2 Petroleum Ether
A1.2.1 Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flame.
A1.2.2 Keep container closed.
A1.2.3 Use with adequate ventilation.
A1.2.4 Avoid build-up of vapors and eliminate all sources of ignition, especially nonexplosion-proof electrical apparatus and
heaters.
A1.2.5 Avoid prolonged breathing of vapor or spray mist.
A1.2.6 Avoid prolonged or repeated skin contact.
D2276 − 22
A1.3 Aviation Turbine Fuel (Jet A or A-1, see Specification D1655)
A1.3.1 Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flames.
A1.3.2 Keep container closed.
A1.3.3 Use with adequate ventilation.
A1.3.4 Avoid breathing vapor or spray mist.
A1.3.5 Avoid prolonged or repeated contact with skin.
A1.4 Aviation Turbine Fuel (Jet B, see Specification D6615)
A1.4.1 Keep container closed.
A1.4.2 Use with adequate ventilation.
A1.4.3 Avoid build-up of vapors and eliminate all sources of ignition, especially nonexplosion-proof electrical apparatus and
heaters.
A1.4.4 Avoid breathing vapor or spray mist.
A1.4.5 Avoid prolonged or repeated contact with skin.
A2. SAMPLING AVIATION TURBINE FUEL FOR PARTICULATE CONTAMINATION
A2.1 Scope
A2.1.1 This test method covers taking samples of aviation turbine fuels from fuel handling systems under pressure, through field
monitors, for the determination of particulate contaminant.
A2.2 Summary of Test Method
A2.2.1 A 3.785 to 5-L5 L sample is taken from a flowing line or pipe and passed under line pressure through a field monitor
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containing a preweighed 0.8-μm0.8 μm test membrane filter and a preweighed 0.8-μm0.8 μm control membrane filter. After
filtration the field monitor is returned to a laboratory for analysis.
NOTE A2.1—Examine the monitor carefully to ensure that it is located correctly in its holder (that is, not reversed). The
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