ASTM ISO/ASTM51900-09(2017)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
ISO/ASTM 51900:2009 (Reapproved 2017)(E)
Standard Guide for
Dosimetry in Radiation Research on Food and Agricultural
Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51900; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
1. Scope 1.5 The overall uncertainty in the absorbed-dose measure-
ment and the inherent absorbed-dose variation within the
1.1 This guide covers the minimum requirements for dosim-
irradiated sample should be taken into account (see ISO/ASTM
etry needed to conduct research on the effect of radiation on
Guide 51707).
food and agricultural products. Such research includes estab-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
lishment of the quantitative relationship between absorbed
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
dose and the relevant effects in these products. This guide also
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
describes the overall need for dosimetry in such research, and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
in reporting of the results. Dosimetry must be considered as an
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
integral part of the experiment.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
NOTE 1—The Codex Alimentarius Commission has developed an
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
international General Standard and a Code of Practice that address the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
application of ionizing radiation to the treatment of foods and that strongly
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
emphasize the role of dosimetry for ensuring that irradiation will be
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
properly performed (1).
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
NOTE 2—This guide includes tutorial information in the form of Notes.
Researchers should also refer to the references provided at the end of the
standard, and other applicable scientific literature, to assist in the
2. Referenced documents
experimental methodology as applied to dosimetry (2-10).
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 This guide covers research conducted using the follow-
E170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
ing types of ionizing radiation: gamma radiation, X-ray
Dosimetry
(bremsstrahlung), and electron beams.
E925 Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-
Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidth
1.3 This guide describes dosimetry requirements for estab-
does not Exceed 2 nm
lishing the experimental method and for routine experiments. It
E1026 Practice for Using the Fricke Dosimetry System
does not include dosimetry requirements for installation quali-
E2232 Guide for Selection and Use of Mathematical Meth-
fication or operational qualification of the irradiation facility.
ods for Calculating Absorbed Dose in Radiation Process-
These subjects are treated in ISO/ASTM Practices 51204,
ing Applications
51431, 51608, 51649, and 51702.
E2303 Guide for Absorbed-Dose Mapping in Radiation
1.4 This guide is not intended to limit the flexibility of the
Processing Facilities
experimenter in the determination of the experimental meth-
E2304 Practice for Use of a LiF Photo-Fluorescent Film
odology. The purpose of the guide is to ensure that the radiation
Dosimetry System
source and experimental methodology are chosen such that the
E2381 Guide for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing of
results of the experiment will be useful and understandable to
Fluidized Beds and Fluid Streams (Withdrawn 2016)
other scientists and regulatory agencies.
F1355 Guide for Irradiation of Fresh Agricultural Produce as
a Phytosanitary Treatment
F1356 Guide for Irradiation of Fresh, Frozen or Processed
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation
Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.04 on Specialty
Application, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published January 2018. Originally For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
published as ASTM E1900–97. Last previous ASTM edition E1900–97. The present www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For
International Standard ISO/ASTM 51900:2009(17)(E) replaces E1900–09 and is a Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s
reapproval of the last previous edition ISO/ASTM 51900:2009(E). Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
2 4
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the bibliography at the end of this The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
guide. www.astm.org.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 51900:2009 (2017)(E)
Meat and Poultry to Control Pathogens and Other Micro- 2.4 NPL Report:
CIRM 29 : Guidelines for Calibration of Dosimeters for Use
organisms
F1640 Guide for Selection and Use of Contact Materials for in Radiation Processing, Sharpe, P., and Miller, A.,
August, 1999
Foods to Be Irradiated
F1736 Guide for Irradiation of Finfish and Aquatic Inverte-
3. Terminology
brates Used as Food to Control Pathogens and Spoilage
Microorganisms
3.1 Definitions:
F1885 Guide for Irradiation of Dried Spices, Herbs, and
3.1.1 absorbed dose (D)—quantity of ionizing radiation
Vegetable Seasonings to Control Pathogens and Other
energy imparted per unit mass of a specified material. The SI
Microorganisms
unit of absorbed dose is the gray (Gy), where 1 gray is
equivalent to the absorption of 1 joule per kilogram of the
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
specified material (1 Gy = 1 J/kg). The mathematical relation-
51204 Practice for Dosimetry in Gamma Irradiation Facili-
ship is the quotient of dε¯ by dm, where dε¯ is the mean
ties for Food Processing
incremental energy imparted by ionizing radiation to matter of
51205 Practice for Use of a Ceric-Cerous Sulfate Dosimetry
incremental mass dm.
System
51261 Guide for Selection and Calibration of Dosimetry
D 5 dε¯/dm (1)
Systems for Radiation Processing
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The discontinued unit for absorbed
51275 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Film Dosimetry
dose is the rad (1 rad = 100 erg/g = 0.01 Gy). Absorbed dose is
System
sometimes referred to simply as dose.
51276 Practice for Use of a Polymethylmethacrylate Dosim-
3.1.2 absorbed-dose mapping—measurement of absorbed
etry System
dose within an irradiated product to produce a one-, two- or
51310 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Optical Wave-
three-dimensional distribution of absorbed dose, thus rendering
guide Dosimetry System
a map of absorbed-dose values.
51431 Practice for Dosimetry in Electron Beam and X-ray
˙
3.1.3 absorbed-dose rate D—absorbed dose in a material
(Bremsstrahlung) Irradiation Facilities for Food Process-
per incremental time interval, that is, the quotient of dD by dt
ing
(see ICRU 60).
51538 Practice for Use of the Ethanol-Chlorobenzene Do-
˙
simetry System
D 5 dD/dt (2)
51540 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Liquid Dosimetry
-1
Unit: Gy · s
System
3.1.4 accredited dosimetry calibration laboratory—
51607 Practice for Use of the Alanine-EPR Dosimetry Sys-
dosimetry laboratory with formal recognition by an accrediting
tem
organization that the dosimetry laboratory is competent to
51608 Practice for Dosimetry in an X-ray (Bremsstrahlung)
carry out specific activities which lead to the calibration or
Facility for Radiation Processing
calibration verification of dosimetry systems in accordance
51649 Practice for Dosimetry in Electron Beam Facility for
with documented requirements of the accrediting organization.
Radiation Processing at Energies between 300 keV and 25
MeV
3.1.5 bremsstrahlung—broad-spectrum electromagnetic ra-
51650 Practice for Use of Cellulose Triacetate Dosimetry
diation emitted when an energetic charge particle is influenced
Systems
by a strong electric or magnetic field, such as that in the
51702 Practice for Dosimetry in a Gamma Irradiation Facil-
vicinity of an atomic nucleus.
ity for Radiation Processing
3.1.6 charged-particle equilibrium—condition in which the
51707 Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for
kinetic energy of charged particles, excluding rest mass,
Radiation Processing
entering an infinitesimal volume of the irradiated material
51818 Guide for Dosimetry in an Electron Beam Facility for
equals the kinetic energy of charged particles emerging from it.
Radiation Processing at Energies Between 80 and 300 keV
3.1.7 dose uniformity ratio—ratio of the maximum to the
51956 Practice for Use of Thermoluminescence Dosimetry
minimum absorbed dose within the irradiated product.
(TLD) Systems for Radiation Processing
52116 Practice for Dosimetry for a Self-Contained Dry 3.1.8 dosimeter—device that, when irradiated, exhibits a
quantifiable change that can be related to absorbed dose in a
Storage Gamma Irradiator
given material using appropriate measurement instruments and
2.3 International Commission on Radiation Units and Mea-
procedures.
surements (ICRU) Reports:
3.1.9 dosimeter response—reproducible, quantifiable radia-
ICRU 60 Fundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing
tion effect produced in the dosimeter by a given absorbed dose.
Radiation
3.1.10 dosimetry system—system used for determining ab-
sorbed dose, consisting of dosimeters, measurement instru-
5 ments and their associated reference standards, and procedures
Available from the International Commission on Radiation Units and
Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. for the system’s use.
© ISO/ASTM International 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 51900:2009 (2017)(E)
3.1.11 electron equilibrium—charged-particle equilibrium 3.1.21 X-radiation—ionizing electromagnetic radiation,
when the charged particles are electrons set in motion by which includes both bremsstrahlung and the characteristic
photons irradiating the material. See charged-particle equilib- radiation emitted when atomic electrons make transitions to
rium. more tightly bound states.
3.1.12 reference-standard dosimeter—dosimeter of high 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
metrological quality, used as a standard to provide measure-
3.2.1 residual—difference between the observed value and
ments traceable to measurements made using primary-standard
the value calculated by the regression model.
dosimeters.
3.2.2 target dose—absorbed dose intended for the volume of
3.1.13 repeatability (of results of measurements)— close-
interest within the irradiated sample.
ness of the agreement between the results of successive
NOTE 3—Definitions of other terms used in this standard that pertain to
measurements of the same measurand carried out subject to all
radiation measurement and dosimetry may be found in ASTM Terminol-
of the following conditions; the same measurement procedure,
ogy E170. Definitions in Terminology E170 are compatible with ICRU 60;
the same observer, the same measuring instrument, used under
that document, therefore, may be used as an alternative reference.
the same conditions, the same location, and repetition over a
short period of time.
4. Significance and use
3.1.13.1 Discussion—These conditions are called “repeat-
4.1 This guide is intended to provide direction on dosimetry
ability conditions.” Repeatability may be expressed quantita-
for experiments in food and agricultural research, and on the
tively in terms of the dispersion characteristics of the results.
reporting of dosimetry results. Research concerning the effec-
3.1.14 reproducibility (of results of measurements)—
tiveness of irradiation of food and agricultural products to
closeness of agreement between the results of measurements of
achieve a defined benefit involves very different absorbed-dose
the same measurand, where the measurements are carried out
specifications from one study and one product to another. For
under changed conditions such as differing: principle or
example, the absorbed dose required to sterilize fruit flies is
method of measurement, observer, measuring instrument,
much lower than the doses required to inactivate some bacterial
location, conditions of use, and time. pathogens in meat, or to decontaminate spices.
3.1.14.1 Discussion—A valid statement of reproducibility NOTE 4—Examples of the relevant effects of irradiation include
reduction of viable food-borne bacteria, viruses and parasites and phy-
requires specification of the conditions that were changed for
tosanitary treatment (such as disinfestation of fruits and vegetables),
the measurements. Reproducibility may be expressed quanti-
prevention of sprouting, delay of ripening, and changes in product
tatively in terms of the dispersion characteristics of the results.
chemistry and quality. Further discussion of these effects is outside the
In this context, results of measurement are understood to be
scope of this guide. Refer to ASTM Guides F1355, F1356, F1736 and
F1885.
corrected results.
4.2 Proper reporting of the irradiation aspect is important
3.1.15 routine dosimeter—dosimeter calibrated against a
since the degree of biological effect may be a function of
primary-, reference-, or transfer-standard dosimeter and used
various factors such as the radiation source, the absorbed-dose
for routine absorbed-dose measurement.
rate, energy of the incident radiation, environmental effects
3.1.16 simulated product—material with radiation attenua-
during irradiation, and the type of incident radiation. This
tion and scattering properties similar to those of the product,
guide attempts to highlight the information, including the
material or substance to be irradiated.
methodology and results of the absorbed-dose measurements,
3.1.17 traceability—property of the result of a measurement
necessary for an experiment to be repeatable by other research-
or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated
ers.
references, usually national or international standards, through
NOTE 5—Factors that may influence the response of agricultural
an unbroken chain of comparisons all having stated uncertain- products to ionizing radiation include genus, species, variety, vigor, life
stage, initial quality, state of ripeness, temperature, moisture content, pH,
ties.
packaging, shipping, and storage conditions. Although these factors are
3.1.18 transfer-standard dosimeter—dosimeter, often a
not discussed in this guide, they should be considered when planning
experiments (see ASTM Guides F1355, F1356, F1640, F1736 and F1885.
reference-standard dosimeter, suitable for transport between
different
...