ASTM D2098-21

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it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2098 − 13 D2098 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Dynamic Water Resistance of Shoe Upper Leather by the
Dow Corning Leather Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2098; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dynamic water resistance of shoe upper leather by means of the Dow Corning
Tester. It has been revised to show the state of the art in the equipment used in testing. It is applicable to all types of shoe upper
leather. This test method does not apply to wet blue. blue or wet white.
1.2 Initial water penetration and water absorption can be measured.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1610 Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Products for Testing
D2099 Test Method for Dynamic Water Resistance of Shoe Upper Leather by the Maeser Water Penetration Tester
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This test method is intended to estimate the water resistance of shoe upper leather. The flex imparted to the leather is a
magnification of the flex given the vamp of the shoe in actual wear.
NOTE 1—There is an indication that this test method cannot be used interchangeably for specification purposes with Test Method D2099.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D31 on Leather and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.03 on Footwear. This test method
was developed in cooperation with the American Leather Chemists Assn.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013Dec. 1, 2021. Published November 2013January 2022. Originally approved in 1962 as D2098–62T. Last previous edition approved
in 20122013 as D2098–04(2012).D2098–13. DOI: 10.1520/D2098-13.10.1520/D2098-21.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
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D2098 − 21
4. Apparatus
4.1 Balance, sensitive to 0.01 g.
4.2 Dow Corning Leather Tester, as shown in Fig. 1, or its equivalent. The essential features of the machine are as follows:
4.2.1 A specimen holder made of two vertical clamps. Each clamp shall have two stainless steel arms (7.5(7.5 in. by 0.50.5 in. by
0.5 in. (190.5(190.5 mm by 12.712.7 mm by 12.7 mm)), one arm fixed, the other moveable. One clamp shall be mounted on a
horizontal reciprocating shaft, that is, attached by a connecting link to a motor driven eccentric, which turns at 6060 r r/min. ⁄min.
The bottom of the clamps shall be in the same horizontal plane. In one rotation of the eccentric, the minimum distance between
clamps shall be 1.50 6 0.01 in. (38.16 0.25 mm) 1.50 in. 6 0.01 in. (38.1 mm 6 0.25 mm) (inside measurement) and the
maximum distance between clamps 2.502.50 in. 6 0.01 in. (63.5(63.5 mm 6 0.25 mm) 0.25 mm) (inside measurement).
4.2.2 Water Tank made of stainless steel or other noncorrosive material. It shall be of such a size that it can be placed around the
clamps, and of such a depth that when in position for use, the top of the pan is at least 2.5 in. (63.5 mm) above the bottom of the
clamps, and the bottom of the pan is at least 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) (12.7 mm) below the bottom of the clamps.
4.2.3 Two systems shall be used to record the number of cycles through which the specimen is flexed. One shall be a mechanical
reset counter connected to the movable clamp. The other system shall be electrical (see electrical. Fig. 2). The resistance across
the electrodes shall be 75007500 ohms 6 500 ohms. The sensing electrode shown is inside a leather specimen filled with
stainless-steel balls. The common electrode is in a salt solution which is in continuous contact with the specimen during flexing.
Switch S when manually closed starts an electrical impulse counter actuated by a micro switch, EC, which makes contact once
on each flex. This records the total number of flexes until initial water penetration. Initial water penetration is detected by a current
leakage from the high electrode through the specimen to the common electrode in the conducting solution. This causes the
induction relay to operate, stopping the counter. (Warning—WarningIt—It is essential that the electrical circuit be converted to
110 volts, 110 volts, not to exceed 28 volts 28 volts across the electrode. Specimen should be put in position or removed only when
the electrode circuit is not energized.) For newer testing machines please use manufacturers’ operating directions.
5. Reagents and Materials
5.1 Magnetic Balls, stainless steel, diameter ⁄8 in. (3 mm (3 mm optional) 400 series. The steel balls must be clean and free of
grease, oil, silicone, or rust and have a resistance less than 7500 ohms 7500 ohms before using.
5.1.1 To clean, immerse stainless steel balls in mild acid, 5 % Nitric. Rinse in running tap water for 33 min to 5 min and allow
to air dry.
FIG. 1 Dow Corning Leather Tester
D2098 − 21
5.2 Rubber Gaskets or Adhesives for sealing the specimen.
5.3 Magnet, to facilitate removal of the stainless steel balls.
5.4 Sodium Chloride Solution (1 g/L)—Dissolve 1 g 1 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) in distilled water and dilute to 1 L.1 L.
6. Test Specimen
6.1 The test specimen shall be 3.943.94 in. by 3.54 6 0.01 in. (100 by 90 6 .25 mm) 3.54 in. 6 0.01 in. (100 mm by 90 mm 6
0.25 mm) with the backbone direction parallel to the 3.54 in. (90 mm) 3.54 in. (90 mm) side.
7. Preparation of Apparatus
7.1 The electrode should be inserte
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