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ASTM F3109-16

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Verification of Multi-Axis Force Measuring Platforms

Standard Test Method for Verification of Multi-Axis Force Measuring Platforms

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Multi-axis force measuring platforms are used to measure the ground reaction forces produced at the interface between a subject's foot or shoe and the supporting ground surface. These platforms are used in various settings ranging from research laboratories to healthcare facilities. The use of force platforms has become particularly important in gait analysis where clinical evaluations have become a billable clinical service.  
5.2 Of particular importance is the application of force platforms in the treatment of cerebral palsy (CP) (1, 2).3 An estimated 8,000 to 10,000 infants born each year will develop CP (3) while today’s affected population is over 764,000 patients (4). Quantitative gait analysis, using force platforms and motion capture systems, provide a valuable tool in evaluating the pathomechanics of children with CP. This type of mechanical evaluation provides a quantitative basis for treating neuromuscular conditions. In other words, surgical decisions are in part guided by information gained from the use of force platform measurements (5, 6).  
5.3 Another application is treatment of spina bifida. According to the Gait and Clinical Movement Analysis Society (GCMAS) (7), an instrumented gait analysis is the Standard of Expert Care for children with gait abnormalities secondary to spina bifida. The main objective of diagnostic gait analysis is to define the pathological consequences of neural tube defects as they relate to gait. The use of instrumented gait analysis allows physicians to determine which surgical or non-surgical interventions would provide the best outcome.  
5.4 More recently force platforms have been used for pre- and post-surgical evaluation of TKA (total knee arthroplasty) and THA (total hip arthroplasty) patients. Such data provides an objective measure of the mechanical outcome of the surgical procedure.  
5.5 In addition to the clinical applications there are numerous medical and human performance research activities which re...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard specifies procedures for performance verification of multi-axis force platforms commonly used for measuring ground reaction forces during gait, balance and other activities.  
1.1.1 This standard provides a method to quantify the relationship between applied input force and force platform output signals across the manufacturer’s defined spatial working surface and specified force operating range.  
1.1.2 This standard provides definitions of the critical parameters necessary to quantify the behavior of multi-axis force measuring platforms and the methods to measure the parameters.  
1.1.3 This standard presents methods for the quantification of spatially distributed errors and absolute measuring performance of the force platform at discrete spatial intervals and discrete force levels on the working surface of the platform.  
1.1.4 This standard further defines certain important derived parameters, notably COP (center of pressure) and methods to quantify and report the measuring performance of such derived parameters at spatial intervals and force levels across the working range of the force platform.  
1.1.5 This standard defines the requirements for a report suitable to characterize the force platform’s performance and provide traceable documentation to be distributed by the manufacturer or calibration facility to the users of such platforms.  
1.1.6 Dynamic characteristics and applications where the force platform is incorporated in other equipment, such as instrumented treadmills and stairs, are beyond the scope of this standard.  
1.1.7 This standard is written for purposes of multi-axis force platform verification; however the methods and procedures are applicable to calibration of force platforms by manufacturers.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other metric and inch-pound values are regarded as equivalent when required.  
1.3 This standard does not...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jul-2016
ICS
17.100 - Measurement of force, weight and pressure
Technical Committee
F04 - Medical and Surgical Materials and Devices
Drafting Committee
F04.15 - Material Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM F3109-16 - Standard Test Method for Verification of Multi-Axis Force Measuring PlatformsASTM F3109-16 - Standard Test Method for Verification of Multi-Axis Force Measuring Platforms
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ASTM F3109-16 - Standard Test Method for Verification of Multi-Axis Force Measuring Platforms
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F3109 −16
Standard Test Method for
1
Verification of Multi-Axis Force Measuring Platforms
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3109; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This standard specifies procedures for performance
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
verification of multi-axis force platforms commonly used for
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
measuring ground reaction forces during gait, balance and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
other activities.
1.1.1 This standard provides a method to quantify the
2. Referenced Documents
relationship between applied input force and force platform
2
output signals across the manufacturer’s defined spatial work-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ing surface and specified force operating range.
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1.1.2 This standard provides definitions of the critical pa-
E74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments
rameters necessary to quantify the behavior of multi-axis force
for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines
measuring platforms and the methods to measure the param-
eters.
3. Terminology
1.1.3 This standard presents methods for the quantification
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
of spatially distributed errors and absolute measuring perfor-
3.1.1 center of pressure (COP), n—the spatial point in a
mance of the force platform at discrete spatial intervals and
system at which a single equivalent force balances the sum of
discrete force levels on the working surface of the platform.
both the distributed forces and the distributed moments acting
1.1.4 Thisstandardfurtherdefinescertainimportantderived
on the system.
parameters, notably COP (center of pressure) and methods to
quantify and report the measuring performance of such derived
3.1.2 COP error, n—difference between the COP x-y posi-
parameters at spatial intervals and force levels across the tion reported by the force platform (or calculated from the
working range of the force platform.
force platform outputs) and the actual x-y location of the
1.1.5 This standard defines the requirements for a report
applied Fz verification force.
suitable to characterize the force platform’s performance and
3.1.3 crosstalk or crosstalk error, n—sensitivity of an un-
provide traceable documentation to be distributed by the
loaded output channel corresponding to an unloaded axis when
manufacturer or calibration facility to the users of such
a force or a moment is applied to a different axis.
platforms.
3.1.4 force platform origin, n—the position on the force
1.1.6 Dynamic characteristics and applications where the
platform, specified by the manufacturer, where x, y, and z = 0.
force platform is incorporated in other equipment, such as
The origin serves as a reference position for the COP x and
instrumented treadmills and stairs, are beyond the scope of this
COP y locations, locations for uniaxial forces applied during
standard.
verification, and for calculating output moments due to input
1.1.7 This standard is written for purposes of multi-axis
forces. The origin may be at a different x-y-z position from the
force platform verification; however the methods and proce-
force platform’s geometric center. The force platform origin is
dures are applicable to calibration of force platforms by
sometimes called the electro-mechanical origin.
manufacturers.
3.1.5 Fx and Fy, n—forces orthogonal to Fz, assigned per
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Fig. 1 which follows the right-hand coordinate system (“right-
standard. Other metric and inch-pound values are regarded as
hand rule”) convention for directionality.
equivalent when required.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F04 on Medical
2
and Surgical Materials and Devices and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
F04.15 on Material Test Methods. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2016. Published September 2016. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F3109-16. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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5.1 Multi-axis force measuring platforms are used to measure the ground reaction forces produced at the interface between a subject's foot or shoe and the supporting ground surface. These platforms are used in various settings ranging from research laboratories to healthcare facilities. The use of force platforms has become particularly important in gait analysis where clinical evaluations have become a billable clinical service.  
5.2 Of particular importance is the application of force platforms in the treatment of cerebral palsy (CP) (1, 2).3 An estimated 8000 to 10 000 infants born each year will develop CP (3) while today’s affected population is over 764 000 patients (4). Quantitative gait analysis, using force platforms and motion capture systems, provides a valuable tool in evaluating the pathomechanics of children with CP. This type of mechanical evaluation provides a quantitative basis for treating neuromuscular conditions. In other words, surgical decisions are in part guided by information gained from the use of force platform measurements (5, 6).  
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1.1 This standard recommends practices for performance verification of multi-axis force platforms commonly used for measuring ground reaction forces during gait, balance, and other activities.  
1.1.1 This standard provides a method to quantify the relationship between applied input force and force platform output signals across the manufacturer’s defined spatial working surface and specified force operating range.  
1.1.2 This standard provides definitions of the critical parameters necessary to quantify the behavior of multi-axis force measuring platforms and the methods to measure the parameters.  
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5.1 Multi-axis force measuring platforms are used to measure the ground reaction forces produced at the interface between a subject's foot or shoe and the supporting ground surface. These platforms are used in various settings ranging from research laboratories to healthcare facilities. The use of force platforms has become particularly important in gait analysis where clinical evaluations have become a billable clinical service.  
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SCOPE
1.1 Purpose. The purpose of this test method is to provide standard test methods for characterizing the “explosibility” of dust clouds in two ways, first by determining if a dust is “explosible,” meaning a cloud of dust dispersed in air is capable of propagating a deflagration, which could cause a flash fire or explosion; or, if explosible, determining the degree of “explosibility,” meaning the potential explosion hazard of a dust cloud as characterized by the dust explosibility parameters, maximum explosion pressure, Pmax; maximum rate of pressure rise, (dP/dt)max; and explosibility index, KSt.  
1.2 Limitations. Results obtained by the application of the methods of this standard pertain only to certain combustion characteristics of dispersed dust clouds. No inference should be drawn from such results relating to the combustion characteristics of dusts in other forms or conditions (for example, ignition temperature or spark ignition energy of dust clouds, ignition properties of dust layers on hot surfaces, ignition of bulk dust in heated environments, etc.)  
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1....

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SCOPE
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1.1.1 Elastic force-measuring instruments, and  
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Note 1: Verification by deadweight loading is also an acceptable method of verifying the force indication of a testing machine. Tolerances for weights for this purpose are given in Practices E4; methods for calibration of the weights are given in NIST Technical Note 577(1)2, Methods of Calibrating Weights for Piston Gages.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other metric and inch-pound values are regarded as equivalent when required.  
1.3 These practices are intended for the calibration of static force measuring instruments. It is not applicable for dynamic or high speed force calibrations, nor can the results of calibrations performed in accordance with these practices be assumed valid for dynamic or high speed force measurements.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1194-17(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Vapor pressure values can be used to predict volatilization rates (5). Vapor pressures, along with vapor-liquid partition coefficients (Henry's Law constant) are used to predict volatilization rates from liquids such as water. These values are thus particularly important for the prediction of the transport of a chemical in the environment (6).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes procedures for measuring the vapor pressure of pure liquid or solid compounds. No single technique is able to measure vapor pressures from 1 × 10−11 to 100 kPa (approximately 10−10 to 760 torr). The subject of this standard is gas saturation which is capable of measuring vapor pressures from 1 × 10–11 to 1 kPa (approximately 10–10 to 10 torr). Other methods, such as isoteniscope and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are suitable for measuring vapor pressures above 0.1 kPa An isoteniscope (standard) procedure for measuring vapor pressures of liquids from 1 × 10−1 to 100 kPa (approximately 1 to 760 torr) is available in Test Method D2879. A DSC (standard) procedure for measuring vapor pressures from 2 × 10−1 to 100 kPa (approximately 1 to 760 torr) is available in Test Method E1782. A gas-saturation procedure for measuring vapor pressures from 1 × 10−11 to 1 kPa (approximately 10−10 to 10 torr) is presented in this test method. All procedures are subjects of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Test Guidelines.  
1.2 The gas saturation method is very useful for providing vapor pressure data at normal environmental temperatures (–40 to +60°C). At least three temperature values should be studied to allow definition of a vapor pressure-temperature correlation. Values determined should be based on temperature selections such that a measurement is made at 25°C (as recommended by IUPAC) (1),2 a value can be interpolated for 25°C, or a value can be reliably extrapolated for 25°C. Extrapolation to 25°C should be avoided if the temperature range tested includes a value at which a phase change occurs. Extrapolation to 25°C over a range larger than 10°C should also be avoided. If possible, the temperatures investigated should be above and below 25°C to avoid extrapolation altogether. The gas saturation method was selected because of its extended range, simplicity, and general applicability (2). Examples of results produced by the gas-saturation procedure during an interlaboratory evaluation are given in Table 1. These data have been taken from Reference (3).  (A) Sr is the estimated standard deviation within laboratories, that is, an average of the repeatability found in the separate laboratories.(B) SR is the square root of the component of variance between laboratories.(C) SR is the between-laboratory estimate of precision.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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