ASTM D5679-95a(2012)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D5679 − 95a(Reapproved 2012)
Standard Practice for
Sampling Consolidated Solids in Drums or Similar
Containers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5679; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 NSC Document:
Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations,
1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods for
collecting samples of consolidated solids in drums or similar
2.3 Government Documents:
containers. These methods are adapted specifically for sam-
Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites,EPA/
pling drums having a volume of 110 U.S. gal (416 L) or less.
600/2-86/013, January 1986
These methods are applicable to hazardous material, product,
Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for
or waste. Specific sample collection and handling requirements
Hazardous Waste Site Activities, National Institute for
should be described in the site-specific work plan.
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Occupational
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Coast
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
Guard (USCG), and U.S. Environmental Protection
information only.
Agency (EPA), October 1985
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1 bonding—touching the sampling equipment to the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
drum to form an electrically conductive path to minimize
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
potential electrical differences between the sampling equip-
ment and the drum, reducing the buildup of static electricity.
2. Referenced Documents
2 3.1.2 bung—usually a 2-in. (5.1-cm) or ⁄4-in. (1.3-cm)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
diameter threaded plug designed specifically to close a bung
C702 PracticeforReducingSamplesofAggregatetoTesting
hole.
Size
3.1.3 bung hole—an opening in a barrel or drum through
C783 Practice for Core Sampling of Graphite Electrodes
which it can be filled, emptied, or vented.
D4547 Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile
Organic Compounds
3.1.4 consolidated—the characteristic of being cemented or
D4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
compacted, or both, and not separated easily into smaller
D4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
particles.
D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
3.1.5 deheading—removal of the lid of a closed-head drum;
Used at Waste Sites
usually accomplished with a drum deheader.
D5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-
3.1.6 drum—implies any drum, barrel, or non-bulk con-
lated to Waste ManagementActivities: QualityAssurance
tainer of 5 to 110 U.S. gal (19 to 416 L) capacity.
and Quality Control Planning and Implementation
3.1.7 pail—a small container, usually with a capacity of 5
U.S. gal (19 L). Pails typically have bungs or spouts, or the
entire lid can be removed.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 on
3.1.8 paperwork—all required site documentation, which
Sampling Techniques.
may include the manifests, waste profiles, material safety data
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originally
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D5679 – 95a (2006).
DOI: 10.1520/D5679-95AR12. Available from National Safety Council (NSC), 1121 Spring Lake Dr., Itasca,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or IL 60143-3201, http://www.nsc.org.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
the ASTM website. www.access.gpo.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5679 − 95a (2012)
sheets (MSDS), site forms, sample labels, custody seals, and 7.1.5 The sampling equipment, sample preparation
chain of custody forms. equipment,samplecontainers,etc.mustbeclean,dry,andinert
tothematerialbeingsampled.Allequipment,includingsample
3.1.9 work plan—a plan, specific to a particular site, for
containers, must be inspected before use to ensure that they are
conducting activities specified in the plan.
clear of obvious dirt and contamination and in good working
4. Summary of Practice
condition. Visible contamination must be removed, and the
equipment must be decontaminated with the appropriate rinse
4.1 Thedrumanditscontentsareinspected,andappropriate
materials. Decontaminated sampling equipment should be
sampling equipment is selected.Aclean device is then used to
protected from contamination. This may include, but not be
auger, chisel, chip, or core into the consolidated solid material
limited to, storage in aluminum foil, plastic bags, polytetra-
to be sampled. The sample is collected and placed in a sample
fluoroethylene (PTFE) film, or other means of protection that
container. The sampling device is then cleaned and decontami-
will not impact the sample quality or intended analysis.
nated or disposed of.
7.2 Basic Pre-Sampling Practices:
5. Significance and Use
7.2.1 Review all paperwork.
5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples of
7.2.2 Select the sampling equipment and sample containers
consolidated or compacted materials from drums or similar
appropriateforthematerialinthedrum,asdetailedinthework
containers, including those that are unstable, ruptured, or
plan.
compromised otherwise. Special handling procedures (for
7.2.3 Enter the work zone.
example, remote drum opening, overpressurized drum
7.2.4 Inspect all drums to be sampled visually. Note any
opening, drum deheading, etc.) are described in Drum Han-
abnormal conditions, including rust marks, stains, bulges, or
dling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites.
other signs of pressurization or leaks that may require special
6. Interferences
handling. The work plan should define clearly the limiting
conditions under which special handling procedures shall be
6.1 The condition of the materials to be sampled and the
condition and accessibility of the drums will have a significant initiated. See Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste
Sites for information on opening overpressurized drums and
impact on the selection of sampling equipment.
the use of remotely operated drum opening equipment.
7. Pre-Sampling
7.2.5 Stage the drums to be sampled in a designated work
7.1 General Principles and Precautions:
area if they cannot be sampled in their current location. See
7.1.1 Samples should be collected in accordance with an
Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites for further
appropriate work plan (Practice D5283 and Guide D4687).
information on staging drums.
This plan must include a worker health and safety section
7.2.5.1 Move the drums to upright stable positions if nec-
because there are potential hazards associated with opening
essary. Sufficient space shall be left between drums to prevent
drums as well as potentially hazardous contents. See Occupa-
movement hazards.
tional Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous
7.2.5.2 Number or identify uniquely all drums to be
Waste Site Activities for information on health and safety at
sampled.
hazardous waste sites.
7.2.6 Perform a detailed inspection of individual drums.
7.1.2 Correct sampling procedures must be applied to the
7.2.6.1 Record all relevant information from the drum
conditions as they are encountered. It is impossible to specify
labels, markings, data sheets, etc. in the field log book or on
rigid rules describing the exact manner of sample collection
forms specified in the work plan.
because of unknowns associated with each solid sampling
7.2.6.2 Make sure there are no discrepancies with existing
situation. It is essential that the samples be collected by a
paperwork.
trained and experienced sampler because the various condi-
7.2.7 Slowly loosen the ring that secures the lid or loosen
tions under which drummed solids must be sampled.
the bung, allowing any pressure or vacuum to equalize.
7.1.3 To be able to make probability or confidence state-
ments concerning the properties of a sampled lot, the sampling 7.2.7.1 Precautionary Notes:
(1) If the drum or pail appears to be under positive or
procedure must allow for some element of randomness in
selection because of the possible variations in the material.The negative pressure (that is, a slight lid bulge or dimple), control
sampler should always be on the alert for possible biases the release of pressure until it has equalized. For example, if
arising from the use of a particular sampling device or from the drum or pail is equipped with bungs, loosen the smaller
unexpected segregation within the material. bung first since doing so will make it easier to control the
7.1.4 All augering, chipping, or flaking sampling methods release of pressure.
may fail a prime sampling requirement: that of random (2) If the tope of the drum is dished inward (dimpled), it
selection of sample fractions. Particles on the bottom or along may “pop” when equalizing pressure, spraying the sampler
the sides of the drum may consequently never have an with any material that is sitting on top of the drum.
opportunitytobeincludedinasample.Sampleparticlesshould (3) If there is evidence of a chemical reaction or sudden
be selected by techniques that will minimize variation in pressure buildup, the sampler should leave the area immedi-
measured characteristics between the available fractions and ately and evaluate whether remote drum opening equipment
the resulting sample (Practice C702). should be used.
D5679 − 95a (2012)
(4) For flammable or explosive materials, the drum and 7.3.3.9 Spatula.
sampling equipment should be grounded if the generation of 7.3.3.10 Sample containers, lids, and liners.
static electricity while opening or sampling the drum is a 7.3.3.11 Sample labels.
possibility. The drum and sampling equipment should be 7.3.3.12 Chain of custody forms.
grounded to a ground stake or to an existing ground (building 7.3.3.13 Field log books.
ground, grounded water pipes, etc.). New sampling equipment 7.3.3.14 Sample cooler.
may have some residual static electrical charge due to the 7.3.3.15 Ice or gel ice.
materials in which they are packed and shipped.The work plan 7.3.3.16 Grounding cables with alligator clips and emery
should specify whether grounding is necessary. See Accident cloth.
Prevention Manual for Industrial Operationsfor information 7.3.3.17 Portable monitoring equipment (combustible gas
on grounding and bonding. indicator, organic vapor detector, radiation survey meter, etc.).
7.2.7.2 Drums should be opened, sampled, and closed 7.3.4 Equipment needed to open drums should be non-
individually to minimize the risk of exposure. sparking (brass or beryllium copper) and include, but not be
7.2.7.3 Drums (or Pails) with Bungs—Loosen the large limited to, the following:
bung slowly. Use non-sparking tools. 7.3.4.1 Bung wrenches (one straight and one bent),
7.2.7.4 Drums with Removable Lids—Loosen the ring 7.3.4.2 Flathead screwdriver,
slowly with a manual wrench or air impact wrench. Use 7.3.4.3 Breaker bar ( ⁄2 in. (1.3 cm)),
non-sparking tools. 7.3.4.4 Ratchet ( ⁄2 in. (1.3 cm)),
7.2.7.5 PailswithRemovableLids(Side-LeverLockRing)— 7.3.4.5 Speed handle ( ⁄2 in. (1.3 cm)),
Release the lever slowly. 7.3.4.6 Adjustable wrenches (10 and 12 in. (25 and 30 cm)).
7.2.7.6 Pails with Removable Lids (Snap-On)—Pry the lid 7.3.4.7 Air impact wrench and sockets, and
loose slowly with a pail lid opener. 7.3.4.8 Pail lid opener.
7.2.8 Manual or remote puncturing or deheading will be
required if the drum (or pail) has a stuck bung or the lid cannot
8. Sample Collection
be removed. See Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous
8.1 Basic Sampling Practices:
Waste Sitesfor further information on manual or remote drum
8.1.1 Bond the sampling equipment to the drum, if specified
opening.
in the work plan.
7.2.9 Any discrepancy discovered (such as evidence of free
8.1.2 Note the physical characteristics, including any dis-
liquid) upon opening the drum should be recorded in the field
crepancies (such as free liquid).
log book.
8.1.3 Collect the required number of samples from the
7.3 Sampling Equipment—Selection: drum.
7.3.1 Table 1 summarizes selection criteria for equipment
8.1.3.1 See Practice D4547 for the collection of samples for
by the material to be sampled. volatile analysis.
7.3.2 Sampling Equipment, Materials of Construction—
8.1.4 Place the collected material in a sample container.
Sampling devices will usually be made of stainless steel, brass,
8.1.5 Close the sample container.
aluminum, or plastic. Devices using permanent coatings or
8.1.6 Wipe the outside of the sample container. Dispose of
liners (such as PTFE) may be subject to abrasion, leading to
the wipe cloth properly.
contamination of the sample.
8.1.7 Record in the field log book all relevant conditions
7.3.3 Generic Equipment List—A general list of equipment
associated with the collection of each sample.
used for sampling consolidated solids follows:
8.1.8 Fill out all required paperwork for each sample, as
7.3.3.1 Scoop.
required by the work plan.
7.3.3.2 Rotating corer.
8.1.9 Complete and attach the label to the side of the sample
7.3.3.3 Thin-wall tube sampler.
container before or after sampling, as directed by the work
7.3.3.4 Chipper.
plan. The sample label should include the following:
7.3.3.5 Hammer and chisel.
(1) Sample ID number,
7.3.3.6 Auger.
(2) Name of sampler,
7.3.3.7 Pry bars.
(3) Sampler’s initials or signature,
7.3.3.8 Wipes or cloths, or both.
(4) Date and time of sampling, and
(5) Sampling location.
TABLE 1 Selection Criteria for Equipment
8.1.9.1 The sample label can also include the following:
ASTM Visually (1) Sampling information (for example, grab, composite,
Equipment Heterogeneous
Standard Homogeneous
etc.),
A
Auger D4700 X X
(2) Preservative and preservation required,
Chipper, hammer, and chisel . X X
(3) Special instructions, and
Rotating corer C783 XX
B C
Thin-walled tube D4700 N . (4) Analysis reques
...