ASTM D2255/D2255M-09(2020)e1

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: D2255/D2255M − 09 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Method for
Grading Spun Yarns for Appearance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2255/D2255M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Footnote 4 and Section 14.2.6 were editorially corrected in September 2023.
INTRODUCTION
Cotton yarn appearance standards were first adopted in 1938 and revised in 1964, with Series III
being revised again in 1975. The 1964 boards had different yarn sizes for the four-grade exhibits on
each board. The 1975 Series III board used the same yarn number for each grade.
The appearance grade of yarn is based on the composite evaluation of several factors, such as
unevenness, fuzziness, and neppiness. The differences in the yarn numbers in the 1964 standards along
with the differences in other factors distort the comparison between grades and makes grading more
difficult.
To overcome this shortcoming, in 1975 the Series III board was revised using the same size yarn
for all four grades. After evaluating the improvements, it was decided to revise all of the series using
a mid-range yarn number for each grade in the series, and narrow the range in the most active series.
This was accomplished by adding a new board, Series VI. A near mid-range yarn number was selected
to represent equal steps between adjacent grades for all the factors considered in yarn appearance
grading. These yarns were produced with current commercial manufacturing equipment and practices.
Finally, to obtain better yarn definition and better reproducibility from set to set, it was decided to
use offset photo printing.
Shortly after these new boards were published in 1979, it became apparent that in the Series II-79
Board the A and B grades were not clearly defined and appeared to be switched. This was corrected
in the 1987 Series II Board.
In 1987 a world wide survey was conducted on how the Yarn Appearance Boards were being used.
From responses it became apparent that the boards are being used for grading yarns other than 100 %
cotton combed or carded yarns. Respondents were using the boards to grade yarn blends, ring spun
yarns, open-end spun yarns and other spinning systems. The boards are used both for process quality
control and customer acceptance.
In view of the above findings, it was decided to revise the method to include grading of all single
spun yarns.
1. Scope must be used independently of the other. Combining values
from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the
1.1 This test method covers the grading of singles spun
standard.
yarns for appearance.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.2 This test method does not apply to plied yarns.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
each system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2020. Published February 2020. Originally
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approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D2255 – 09(2013) . The requirements for the appearance of cotton yarns are covered in Tolerances
DOI: 10.1520/D2255_D2255M-09R20. D2645, Roller-Drafted Yarns.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D2255/D2255M − 09 (2020)
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- yarn may have fewer neps than Grade C yarn. Grade D yarn
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical may have an over-all rougher appearance than Grade C yarn.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.5 Yarn Below Grade D—Yarn below Grade D may have
more defects and an overall rougher appearance than Grade D
2. Referenced Documents
yarn.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
NOTE 1—The permitted number of defects for any grade should always
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
be determined by comparison with the official “ASTM Spun Yarn
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
Appearance Standards” photographs.
D2645 Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted
Systems
5. Summary of Test Method
D3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
5.1 Yarn specimens, wound on black boards, are compared
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
with photographs of specimens representing the appearance
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
grades. The grade is based on fuzziness, neppiness,
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
unevenness, and visible foreign matter.
Spun Yarn Appearance Standards (6 Boards with Photos)
6. Significance and Use
3. Terminology
6.1 This method is considered satisfactory for acceptance
3.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this method:
grading of commercial shipments because it has been used
bunch, cover, fuzz, nep, slub, thick place, thin place, and yarn
extensively in the trade for this purpose.
appearance, refer to Terminology D4849. For other textile
6.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D123,
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
Terminology D3888, and Terminology D3990.
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
4. Description of Yarn Grades
assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a com-
4.1 Grade A Yarn—Grade A yarn may have no large neps parative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from
which are over three times the normal diameter of the yarn and the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate
very few small ones. Grade A yarn must have good uniformity results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal
from 25 mm to 25 mm (inch to inch), and good cover without numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the labora-
excessive fuzziness. No foreign matter may be present in
tories involved should be compared using a statistical test for
Grade A yarn. unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing
series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and
4.2 Grade B Yarn—Grade B Yarn may have no large neps,
corrected, or future test results for that material must be
but may have a few small ones. Grade B yarn may have no
adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
more than three small pieces of foreign matter per board or
specimen providing they do not form slubs. Grade B yarn may 6.2 The appearance of a woven or knitted fabric depends to
be slightly more irregular and may have slightly more fuzz than
a large extent on the smoothness, cleanliness, and general
a Grade A yarn. appearance of the yarns from which the fabric is manufactured.
Instruments are available for the measurement of unevenness
4.3 Grade C Yarn—Grade C yarn may have more neps, and
and for counting neps and other imperfections in yarn, but the
larger ones as well as more fuzziness and a greater amount of
values obtained from such tests are not easily integrated into an
foreign matter than Grade B yarn. The contrast between the
over-all expression for actual fabric appearance. Yarn appear-
thick and thin places and the normal diameter of the yarn may
ance grading affords additional information which the manu-
be greater than in Grade B yarn resulting in an over-all rougher
facturer of woven or knitted goods may, through experience,
appearance.
correlate with the appearance to be expected in fabrics made
4.4 Grade D Yarn—Grade D yarn may have some slubs that
from the yarns.
are more than three times the average diameter of the yarn.
Grade D yarn may have more neps, neps of a larger size, more
thick and thin places, more fuzz and more foreign matter than
TABLE 1 Requirements for Preparations of Specimens
Grade C yarn. When slubs or large neps are present, Grade D
B
Range of Yarn Numbers Wraps
A
Series Count
Single Cot-
Tex per in. per cm
ton Count
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM 1 1 to 12 590 to 50 8 20 8
2 12 to 24 50 to 25 18 22 9
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
3 24 to 36 25 to 16 30 26 10
the ASTM website.
4 36 to 50 16 to 12 42 32 13
Available from the ASTM International Headquarters. Request adjunct No. as
5 50 to 75 12 to 8 60 38 15
follows:
6 75 to 135 8 to 4 100 48 19
ADJD225501 (Series 1-79) ADJD225504 (Series 4-79)
A
ADJD225502 (Series 2-09) ADJD225505 (Series 5-79)
Actual single yarn count used on boards.
B
ADJD225503 (Series 3-09) ADJD225506 (Series 6-79)
The specified number of wraps is subject to a tolerance of ± 10 %.
ADJD2255ALL
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D2255/D2255M − 09 (2020)
7. Apparatus 7.4 Yarn Board Winder—A small machine to rotate a yarn
4 board end-over-end, and fitted with a traversing guide to
7.1 Spun Yarn Appearance Standards —A series of photo-
advance the yarn across the board as it is wound. The machine
graphic standards representing Grades A, B, C, and D in six
shall be capable of spacing t
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