ASTM B788/B788M-09(2014)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: B788/B788M − 09 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Practice for
Installing Factory-Made Corrugated Aluminum Culverts and
Storm Sewer Pipe
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B788/B788M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* Storm Sewers, and Other Buried Conduits
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
1.1 This practice describes procedures, soils, and soil place-
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600
ment for the proper installation of corrugated aluminum
kN-m/m ))
culverts and storm sewers in either trench or projection
D1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in
installations. A typical trench installation is shown in Fig. 1,
Place by Sand-Cone Method
and a typical embankment (projection) installation is shown in
D2167 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in
Fig. 2.The pipes described in this practice are manufactured in
Place by the Rubber Balloon Method
a factory and furnished to the job in lengths ordinarily from 10
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
to 30 ft [3 to 9 m], with 20 ft [6 m] being common, for field
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
joining. This practice applies to structures designed in accor-
D2937 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the
dance with Practice B790/B790M.
Drive-Cylinder Method
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D6938 Test Method for In-Place Density and Water Content
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
Depth)
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
3. Terminology
with the standard.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2.1 SI Units—SI units are shown in the text in brackets,
3.1.1 bedding, n—the earth or other material on which a
and they are the applicable values for metric installation.
pipe is supported.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 haunch, n—the portion of the pipe cross section
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
between the maximum horizontal dimension and the top of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
bedding.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.3 invert, n—the lowest point on the pipe cross section;
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
also, the bottom portion of a pipe.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.4 pipe, n—a conduit having full circular shape; also, in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
a general context, all structure shapes covered by this practice.
B745/B745M Specification for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe
3.1.5 pipe–arch, n—a pipe with an approximate semicircu-
for Sewers and Drains
lar crown, small-radius corners, and large-radius invert.
B790/B790M Practice for Structural Design of Corrugated
Aluminum Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Culverts,
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Corrugated aluminum pipe functions structurally as a
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B07 on Light
flexible ring which is supported by and interacts with the
Metals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B07.08 on
compacted surrounding soil. The soil constructed around the
Corrugated Aluminum Pipe and Corrugated Aluminum Structural Plate.
pipe is thus an integral part of the structural system. It is
Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published June 2014. Originally
therefore important to ensure that the soil structure or backfill
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as B788/B788M – 09.
DOI: 10.1520/B0788_B0788M-09R14.
is made up of acceptable material and is well-constructed.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Field verification of soil structure acceptability using Test
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Methods D1556, D2167, D2937,or D6938 as applicable, and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. comparing the results with Test Method D698 in accordance
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
B788/B788M − 09 (2014)
FIG. 1 Typical Trench Installation
d = ⁄2 in./ft [40 mm/m] of fill over pipe, with a 24-in. [600-mm] maximum.
NOTE 1—Section B-B is applicable to all continuous rock foundations.
FIG. 3 Foundation Transition Zones and Rock Foundations
When soft material is encountered during construction and
must be removed in order to provide an adequate foundation,
remove the soft material for a distance of three pipe widths,
unless the engineer has set another limit. See Fig. 4.
FIG. 2 Typical Embankment (Projection) Installation
6.3 Performance of buried pipe is enhanced by allowing the
pipe to settle slightly under load compared to the columns of
soil alongside. Thus, for larger pipes it can be beneficial to
with the specifications for each project, is the most reliable
purposely create a foundation under the pipe itself which will
basis for installation of an acceptable structure. The required
yield under load more than will the foundation under the
density and method of measurement are not specified by this
columns of soil to each side. It can usually be obtained by
practice, but they must be established in the specifications for
placing a layer of compressible soil of a suitable thickness, less
each project.
densely compacted than the soil alongside, beneath the struc-
ture. This creates favorable relative movement between pipe
5. Trench Excavation
and the soil on each side. It is of particular importance on
5.1 To obtain anticipated structural performance of corru-
pipe-arches.
gated aluminum pipe it is not necessary to control trench width
beyond the minimum required for proper installation of pipe
and backfill. However, the soil on each side beyond the
excavated trench must be able to support anticipated loads.
Whenaconstructionsituationcallsforarelativelywidetrench,
it shall be made as wide as required, for its full depth if so
desired. However, trench excavation must be in compliance
with any local, state, and federal codes and safety regulations.
6. Foundation
6.1 The supporting soil beneath the pipe must provide a
reasonably uniform resistance to the imposed load, both
longitudinally and laterally. Sharp variations in the foundation
must be avoided. When rock is encountered, it must be
excavated and replaced with soil. If the pipe runs along a
continuous rock foundation, it is necessary to provide a
suitable soil bedding under the pipe. See Fig. 3.
6.2 Lateral changes in foundation should never be such that
the pipe is firmly supported while the backfill alongside is not. FIG. 4 Soft Foundation Treatment
B788/B788M − 09 (2014)
6.4 Pipe-Arches—All pipe-arch structures must have excel- of backfill material into the pipe and to limit exfiltration of the
lent soil support at their corners by both the in-situ foundation flow through the pipe.
and the structural backfill. See Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. They do not
8.2.2 Joint System Components—The joining system shall
require the same degree of support under their large-radius
be specified by the project engineer. The components shall
inverts.
conform to the requirements of Specification B745/B745M.
The pipe fabricator shall provide the components specified for
6.5 Theengineerisencouragedtodevelopdetailsspecificto
the project or as designated by the fabricator in accordance
the site based on the general principles for foundation condi-
with Specification B745/B745M, Ordering Information. Con-
tions given in 6.1 through 6.4.
formance of the joining system components with the project
requirements shall be verified upon delivery to the project site.
7. Bedding
8.2.3 Joining System Installation—The performance of the
7.1 Material used for bedding beneath the pipe shall meet
pipe line and the joining system will be achieved only when all
the requirements of this section. Material in contact with the
components of the pipe system are properly installed. As an
pipe shall not contain rock retained on a 3-in. [75-mm] ring,
integral portion of the pipe system, the joining system must be
frozen lumps, chunks of highly plastic clay, organic matter,
assembled in accordance with the details in the project draw-
corrosive material, or other deleterious material. It is not
ings or the recommendations provided by the pipe fabricator.
required to shape the bedding to the pipe geometry. However,
8.2.3.1 Gaskets—If gaskets are a required component of the
for pipe-arches, it is recommended to either shape the bedding
joining system, they shall be placed on the pipe ends, at the
to the relatively flat bottom arc or fine-grade the foundation to
requiredlocationonthepipe,priortoinstallationofthecoupler
a slight v-shape. This avoids the problem of trying to backfill
orbands,orpriortostabbingabellandspigotjoint.Forjoining
the difficult area beneath the invert of pipe-arches. See Fig. 5.
systems incorporating o-rings(s), the o-ring shall be placed on
the spigot end of the pipe when the joint is a stab-type joining
8. Pipe Installation
system, or one shall be placed on each end of the pipes that
8.1 All pipe shall be unloaded and handled with reasonable
form a joining system that incorporates a coupling band. If the
care.Pipeshallnotberolledordraggedovergravelorrockand
joining system includes a flat gasket, the gasket shall be placed
shall be prevented from striking rock or other hard objects
over the end of the pipe previously placed and extended over
during placement on bedding. Pipe with protective coatings
the end of the adjacent pipe after it is positioned. In lieu of a
shall be handled with special care to avoid damage. Paved
single flat gasket, two smaller flat gaskets may be used with
inverts shall be placed and centered in the invert.
one gasket on the end of the pipe forming the joint. For pipe
8.2 Joining Systems:
supplied with a factory installed band or coupler, no field
8.2.1 Purpose of Joining systems—Joining systems for cor-
installed gasket will be required on the pipe end with the
rugated aluminum pipe serve several purposes: (1) to maintain
factory installed device. When recommended by the
pipe alignment during installation; (2) to join the ends of pipe
manufacturer, lubricant shall be applied to the designated
sections that will subsequently be buried; (3) to create a
surfaces. Once installed, the gasket shall be protected against
continuous flow line; and (4) to limit the amount of infiltration
damage until the joint is completely installed.
8.2.3.2 Coupling Bands—Couplingbandsshallbeplacedon
the end of the last pipe installed. When installing two-part
bands, the first portion of the band shall be placed to cover the
bottom portion of the pipe. When the subsequent pipe is
placed, the installation of the joining system is completed to
ensure proper alignment of the pipeline. The width of the
opening between pipe ends shall be as recommended by the
pipe fabricator. The band shall be tightened around the pipe
ends to the extent necessary to achieve proper performance of
the joining system. The band shall be placed over the pipe
being joined in a manner that matches any corrugations or
dimples in the band with the corrugations in the pipe. Follow
the pipe fabricator’s instructions and methods for tightening
the bands.
8.2.3.3 Sleeve Coupler and Bell and Spigot Joining
Systems—When a field installed sleeve coupler is utilized, it
shall be placed on the end of the pipe previously placed. With
a bell and spigot system, the first pipe is to be oriented so the
bell is open in a direction in which installation will proceed.
The subsequent pipe is installed by inserting the spigot, or pipe
end without the sleeve coupler, to the maximum depth permit-
ted by the joining system. Follow the pipe fabricator’s instruc-
FIG. 5 Bedding and Corner Zone Treatment for Pipe-Arch Struc-
tures tions for the method of assembly and use of insertion force.
B788/B788M − 09 (2014)
8.2.4 Joint Backfill—The joining system was selected based they will require closer control to obtain the specified density.
on the expected site conditions, specifically the type and Soil Groups ML and CL are not preferred materials, while soil
gradation of backfill material. The structural backfill material Groups OL, MH, CH, OH, and PT are not acceptable.
used around the pipe shall be in accordance with the project
9.3 Special materials other than soil are acceptable when
specifications. Backfill material shall conform to that specified
used as described in 10.1.
inSection9,andshallbeplacedinaccordancewithSection10.
Care shall be exercised during backfill placement not to
10. Structural Backfill Placement
damage or dislodge the joining system.
10.1 Structural backfill shall be placed in non-compacted
9. Structural Backfill Material
layers from 6 to 12 in. [150 to 300 mm] in depth depending on
9.1 Structural backfill is that material that surrounds the the type of material and compaction equipment or method.
pipe, extending laterally to the walls of the trench, or to the fill Each layer or lift shall be compacted before adding the next
material for embankment construction, and extending verti- lift. On flat bedding, care must be taken to place material under
cally from the invert to an elevation of 1 ft [300 mm] or ⁄8 the
the pipe haunches and compact it firmly. Structural backfill on
diameter or span, whichever is greater, over the pipe. The each side of the pipe shall be kept in balance. Generally, no
necessary width of structural backfill depends on the quality of
more than one lift difference will be permitted. Construction
the trench wall or embankment material, the type of material equipment shall not be used over or alongside the pipe without
and compaction equipment used for the structural backfill, and
sufficient compacted soil between it and the pipe to prevent
in embankment construction, the type of construction equip- distortion, damage, or overstressing. Mechanical soil compac-
ment used to compact the embankment fill.
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